● Master plan
I. Overview of the Project
First of all, you should be familiar with the design task book (provided by the owner) and the design points of the project (provided by the planning department). Our company mainly does real estate development projects, that is, residential projects.
1. Project design task book:
Define the product positioning, product composition ratio and product requirements of the owner.
2. Key points of project design:
In order to master the design points of the project and the planning and design specifications of the project location, it is important to clarify the economic and technical indicators of the project land. The indicators are broken down as follows:
(1) The total land area of the project, understand the land scale, and form a preliminary impression in your mind.
(2) The plot ratio of the project, knowing the ratio of residential buildings to public buildings. Form the basic impression of floor area ratio
A. Single-family villa project with plot ratio of 0-0.3
B.0.3— 1.0 Pure townhouse, overlapping projects
C.1.0 ——1.8 townhouse plus high-rise residential project
D.2.0—2.5 Small high-rise residential project (12F- 18F)
E.2.5—3.5 Middle and high-rise residential project (18F-24F)
F.3.5— 10.0 High-rise and super-high-rise commercial projects (above 30 floors)
③ Project coverage: define the calculation method of coverage.
A. Less than 25% are generally multi-storey buildings.
B.30%-35% of high-rise residential buildings.
C.50% commercial buildings and commercial projects.
(4) Green space rate, which defines the calculation method of green space rate within the scope of project land use.
Usually 30-35%. In some places, the project is tight, so it is necessary to make a greening analysis map.
⑤ Capacity-counting construction area, excluding capacity-counting construction area, to improve the floor area ratio.
A. Ground space above the ground
B. The construction area of overhead floors above the ground can be counted as non-plot ratio area, and some as nuclear plot ratio area.
C the definition of semi-underground building area is slightly different in different areas, and some areas with an area less than 1.5M can be regarded as semi-underground.
D. underground building areas and civil air defense building areas. Underground buildings are generally garages and equipment, and civil air defense. Parking spaces in underground garages can be arranged by professional companies, and we can make a general plan for civil air defense. The specific civil air defense design is designed by the Civil Air Defense Design Institute, and the civil air defense area is generally calculated by changing the projected area of high-rise buildings in residential areas.
⑥ Calculation of total number of households, total number of people and total parking spaces.
A. The parking spaces corresponding to the total number of households have different requirements for parking spaces in each area.
B supporting facilities and buildings corresponding to the total population 1000 people. For example, whether to build a kindergarten and its scale, a clean vegetable market and so on.
C. parking spaces corresponding to commercial buildings.
⑦ Open position, main entrance and motor vehicle entrance of the project land. It is helpful to solve the needs of traffic and project image.
⑧ The distance between the red line of the concession land for the project land and the building spacing between the concession land and adjacent plots.
Pet-name ruby understand the present situation and future planning around the project land.
Second, the draft general concept of the project.
After we are clearly familiar with the general situation of the project, we can begin to conceive the overall planning scheme. The land used in this project is different in size and shape, such as the land used in Ma Pingchuan, and the land conditions with great ups and downs. , and according to the characteristics of land use to make a general layout design suitable for land use and project positioning.
Thinking and drawing of the draft general plan.
1. Design method of drawing bubbles.
Draw the bubble circle of each group on the project land according to the functional layout and land use scope with a pen, emancipate the mind and draw it several times to form the general plan, and then connect each group and functional partition in series through the line shape.
2. Shaft design method.
The land used for the project is strange, regular or irregular. We can organically connect the land use planning with the axis method, so that it has bones and flesh. Design method using long axis and short axis. (straight axis and crankshaft) feels like fishbones, trunk branches of trees, veins of leaves, star maps of constellations and so on.
For example, the axis is used to determine the main entrance and exit of the project, the central courtyard, the group enclosure, the overall layout of the landscape sight corridor complex and so on.
3. Design method of large semi-closed welt.
That is to say, the general plan design method of combining the east-west building layout with the layout around the ground and forming a large courtyard space in the center is generally suitable for projects with less land and high floor area ratio. The south uses more, while the north uses less.
4. Design method of painting composition.
It is to pay more attention to the graphic aesthetic feeling of the general plane, and use the point-line-plane composition method according to the project requirements to pursue the plane composition and improve the overall layout.
5. Coordinate method, tiling and extrusion method.
According to the land used for the project, an X-axis, Y-axis and angle are set, which are arranged and tiled in the form of groups, and the groups squeeze each other to form a public greening and landscape space, thus completing the grouping and overall layout.
Second, go deep into the general layout design with the problems to be solved in the project (in fact, it is also a process of solving and answering questions).
1. Calculate the number of households and average construction area of the project according to the floor area ratio requirements, determine the total construction quantity of the project, and estimate the number and number of buildings in the general layout design.
2. Calculate the construction area of supporting facilities according to the dry index of the project, and determine the location and mode of its layout.
3. According to the requirements of national and local codes (building spacing and sunshine requirements), the general layout is arranged. this
This process can be aided by hand drawing and CAD, thus speeding up the general layout design.
4. After the building floor area ratio comes out, we will optimize the graphic composition of the general plan, the determination of various functional divisions, the form of image entrances and exits, the location of landscape greening, and the focus of various spatial sequence nodes by hand drawing.
Overall traffic planning, fire route design, whether people and vehicles are separated, relatively separated and so on.
5. There are still some projects that need to be carried out at the same time as the overall planning, because the single plane
Will have a direct impact on the layout of the general plan.
6. According to the detailed planning and urban design of the area where the project land is located, or the specific needs of the project, design the general plan.
Context and style design, such as Jiangnan water town, amorous shopping street, coastal leisure resort, etc.
Third, after the basic draft general plan is determined, the next step should be to improve the design.
1. You can go to CAD formally, vectorize all the conceived things with CAD, and use computer assistance.
The design repeatedly scrutinizes the conceptual scheme of the general plan.
2. Using CAD to improve traffic streamline, central courtyard, node space, landscape greening, garage entrance and exit,
Pedestrian system and so on. When designing this stage, we can learn from the works of other project companies, so that,
Fast and accurate. Don't waste time thinking about it alone.
3. Analyze and examine the design by using the volume of SULA Building. Sue is a good thing, intuitive and comprehensive,
It is a good tool to assist design and design, and everyone must master it.
4. We can also use the model cutting machine to cut out the volume model to scrutinize the scheme, which is the most stereoscopic and intuitive.
Methods, we can also promote.
5. All standardized economic indicators in the master plan should be carefully calculated and accounted for, and all cooperative colleagues should be serious.
It is very important to check that there can be no mistakes.
● Building monomer
After discussing the overall planning, we can enter the study of single buildings. Generally, the projects we contact are civil buildings, which are divided into two categories: residential and public buildings. To solve their functions, space, use, appearance and so on. Through the design, the detailed design of plane, elevation and section is expressed.
I. Residential buildings
Residential buildings are familiar to our company. More than 95% of the company's business is real estate residential projects. Residential buildings can be divided into three types according to the number of floors and height: low-rise, multi-storey and high-rise, and each type has different levels.
Low-rise residence
It can be subdivided into single-family, quasi-single-family, double-family, townhouse and superimposed villa.
1, single family.
(1) Independent villas are surrounded by gardens, and we measure their grades according to their size. Is it 1 mu or more than 2 mu of land? Generally, the overall planning plot ratio of comfortable single-family buildings is below 0.3, the horizontal spacing of single-family buildings is 8 ~ 9m, and the forward spacing is above 15M. Special attention should be paid to the size of private gardens occupied by single-family houses, which is a standard to measure their level.
(2) The single-family building area is generally > 300m2, and the width and depth are > > 15M, and the plane part stretches and flows, and the space is open. In addition, a functional basement can be added, and the concept of double first floor can be added, and the height of a single house can be set at a high point. For example, the height of 3M can be changed to 3.3M, 3.6M and 3.9m. ..
(3) Now we can talk about the plane function of single-family buildings.
First of all, the functions of the first floor plan are: flat garage, single or double parking spaces, garage, entrance, reception room, guest room, bathroom, living room, dining room and Chinese and western kitchens.
Functions on the first floor: workers' room, bathroom, laundry room, storage room, activity room, entertainment room, wine cellar, gym, etc.
Functions on the third floor: 2 ~ 3 suites with bathroom or study. The master room has a large terrace, and the stairwell is on the roof as needed.
(4) Let's talk about the dimensions of rooms and halls in the plane function.
The living room bay is ≥5.4M, and the depth is greater than the bay;
The opening of the dining room should be ≥3.6M, and the depth should be greater than the opening;
Single parking garage ≥3.3×6M, double parking garage ≥ 6× 6m;
Entrance bay ≥2.4M, kitchen bay > > 2.7M, area >12m2;
Living room or guest room ≥ 3.6m;
Suite with bathroom, minimum bathroom room > > 1.8M master bedroom, assistant master bedroom and suite are designed according to levels, and the functions of study and dressing room are added.
In graphic design, we should pay attention to the relationship between functional spaces, expand the line of sight distance in the plane as much as possible, and make the living space more open and smooth. (For the interior design of Xiaolangdi Villa, Gao Wenan Company mentioned this point when it proposed the modification of the scheme).
5] side problem, you can also talk about it.
First of all, the height of the first floor is 3.6M, the height of the second floor is 3.3m, and the basement of the first floor is 3.3m. The main living room is also 1 floor and a half or two floors high, and the height of the master bedroom can be increased as required.
The staircase is a double staircase with a width of > > 2.4M, a width of > 1.2m, a step height of < < 175mm and a width of > > 250mm. The number of floors of a single-family building should not exceed 3, except for the terrain with large drop, otherwise the height-width ratio of the facade is not good, like a turret or a farmer's house.
[6] We can also say a few words about cosmetic problems.
First of all, it is a principle to design the facade according to the use of functions. In graphic design, the design of facade should be considered at the same time, and these two parts can be carried out in parallel. The style system and proportion of the facade should run through, which is the support of the theory. According to the function, the design of window openings, door openings and decorative components should be determined and measured by unified standards. Plane, vertical and section should be aligned, and you should assume that you are a construction worker, brick by brick.
2. Single family
It is a product of the situation that the country does not allow the construction of single-family villas and developers want to build single-family villas. The gables are less than 6m apart, and there are frames and structures between the two villas, which look like single-family villas, but they are not.
3. Single-family villas
The design method and principle are close to that of single-family villas. Considering the level of rooms and halls, it is easy to be too symmetrical and rigid when making facades. It should be noted that the plane layout can be divided or spelled with different units.
4. townhouses
Connecting single-family houses together and arranging them in a row becomes a townhouse. There are 3 townhouses and 4 townhouses ... The most watched townhouse is 12, like a fence, Vanke has a long proportion of townhouses.
We usually distinguish the level of branches through units. Our studio starts at the minimum of 4.5M, and goes up to 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12M, and so on.
Let's talk about the points that should be paid attention to in row design.
(1). Townhouses can be divided into two types: medium-sized apartments and terminal apartments. In general layout, it can also be divided into north entrance and south entrance (garage entrance and entrance door). Minimum facing distance of townhouses 10 ~ 12m (Vanke City is like this). A medium-sized apartment has two gardens, and a medium-sized apartment has three gardens.
⑵. The area of the row ranges from140m2 to 280m2, and the grade is generally distinguished by the width of the unit.
Let's talk about plane functions first.
Floor functions: living room, dining room, kitchen, entrance, public health, garage, inner courtyard.
Garages in Guangdong are generally leveled on the first floor because of convenience and simple drainage. In Jiangsu and Zhejiang, because of the problem of floor area ratio (garages don't want to occupy too much floor area ratio), most of them are semi-underground garages.
Functions of the first floor: semi-underground garage or multi-function hall, public health, workers' room, basement area ≤50㎡ (fire protection).
Two-story plane function: sub-bedroom, family hall, bathroom, etc. And the master bedroom is also arranged on the second floor.
Three-story plane function: master bedroom, large terrace, meeting the daily design requirements.
In addition, we also need to consider whether the air conditioning system of the exhaust system is centralized air conditioning or split air conditioning. Basement, garden and roof can generally consider central air conditioning, and consider split air conditioning in combination with facade.
⑶. Some design methods of garage, living room, dining room, porch, stairs, master bedroom, master bathroom, study, terrace and other plane functions.
5. Overlapping villas
It can also be called superposition duplex. Generally, 1 has one household on the second floor, another household on the third and fourth floors, and one household on the fifth and sixth floors. There are several superimposed ways to enter the house:
The first one is that the ground enters the house, and the third and fourth floors enter the house through public elevators.
The second is that the third and fourth floors can also be accessed from the apartment.
The third is to use 1 and the mountain height difference of the second floor, and the third and fourth floors are flat.
At present, the superposition of OCT Oriental Garden is not bad.
2. Multi-storey residence
Generally speaking, we call it a multi-storey house with more than three floors and less than seven floors. From 1980s to 1990s, multi-storey houses were still very popular because of their low cost, short construction period, high utilization rate and low management and maintenance costs. Lianhua Village 2 in Shenzhen was then a national demonstration community.
However, with the development of society, multi-storey houses have been gradually eliminated, because it is too wasteful of land and it is difficult to climb stairs, so it is not easy for apartment types to have room to play. There is a staircase, two floors, three floors, four floors and so on. At present, most of the remaining multi-storey houses are used for the scene houses registered by Vanke. Each standard layer is different, and customers can ask for it according to their needs.
3. Small high-rise residential buildings
8-storey ~ 1 1 storey houses are called small high-rise houses, which can be divided into plate-type and point-type high-rise houses. There are two, three, four, five and six economic households 1 stairs as elevators. If the staircase is a small high-rise building with plate type, it is better to make a closed staircase instead of a closed staircase, which is more beautiful and practical. Garbage cans can be placed on the landing, and the elevator room of the building should be as far away as possible.
4. Middle and high-rise residential buildings
12 ~ 18 is a medium-high-rise residence with two elevators and a closed staircase. Need to consider the tube well reservation of each equipment.
5, high-rise residential buildings
High-rise residential buildings with floors 18 ~ 33 and below 100M, with more than four elevators, two double-running stairs or a shear staircase, should be designed with independent front rooms or shared front rooms.
Four. 1. Apartment graphic design (standard floor graphic design)
(1) Let's talk about the design of the traffic core tube and elevator room.
It is mainly composed of elevator shaft, elevator hall, evacuation ladder, equipment tube shaft and walkway. The size of the elevator shaft is generally 2.3M wide and 2.4M deep (axis). The width of the evacuation double ladder is 2.6, and the width of the scissors ladder is 2.8M When planning the tube well, the position should be reserved first, and the size and position should be determined together with the equipment at the initial design. The aisle width is generally set to 1.6m ~ 1.8m, so that the entrance door can reach 1 ~ 1. 1m, and there are Spring Festival couplets and doorbell positions. It is best to have natural lighting and ventilation in the elevator hall in Guangdong, and the glass area is > 3m2, so that the pool area will be larger. In the northern region, the elevator hall can be unnaturally ventilated and the pool will be smaller.
Daylighting windows can be used as convex windows; The windowsill can rest the residents waiting for the ladder. Some projects in Guangdong have improved the standard floor by rebuilding, expanding or adding hanging gardens. Several design methods of elevator hall are illustrated with examples.
1. Zhongshan Dongcheng Guangzhou Times Rose Garden.
② Shenzhen-Hong Kong Li Haoyuan, Lianjinhai Garden and Jincheng Lanwan.
③ Shenzhen CITIC Hongshuwan, the west bank of Hongshuwan, Zhuoyuewei Harbour, 1 Xiangmi Lake, Guangzhou Pearl River Dijing and Guangzhou Yufeng Garden.
(2) Entering households
1. Try not to face the elevator door at the entrance door. Small apartments can tolerate it.
2. It's best for the entrance door to face the living room or dining room, so that it will feel more open after entering the house. It is best not to face the toilet door or the master bedroom door.
3. You can set up a garden at home to transition the space. Home garden is also a better design method. You can calculate half the area of your home garden to beautify the home environment, and the other side can not be counted (two stories high or floor after digging a hole). Some developers think that the garden is only used to put shoes and pile up sundries, and it is not respected.
④ The width of the entrance door is ≥ 1M, and it is best to open the door by single door. For a luxury house, you can consider double doors, but the sub-doors are actually not very easy to use. Some furniture is too big for the entrance and elevator to get in. There is a crane on the roof to hang furniture from the balcony (also on the west bank of mangrove forest).
⑤. The elevator goes directly to the house. The elevator opens in both directions, and the elevator hall opens, which is the garden that enters the house. It feels as if you opened the elevator door and went straight home, without going through the public elevator hall, and needed intelligent management. For example, Xiangmihu 1, Zhuo Yue Victoria Harbour, Oriental Garden, Zhongshan Dongcheng? Yi Shu.
(3) Living room and dining room
(1) The living room and dining room are integrated, and there is no obvious boundary. Guests and restaurants are distinguished by furniture; Most of them are small apartments with 2 rooms 1 hall and 1 room 1 hall.
(2) The living room and dining room are connected in a staggered way, which is the general layout of the middle-sized apartment with one staircase and three households in Jiangsu and Zhejiang.
(3) The living room is connected with the dining room in the north and south, with a vertical wall overlapping. Guangdong likes this layout very much, and the north-south convection is transparent.
④ The living room and dining room are arranged horizontally, that is, the horizontal hall. The effect is that the public space of guest rooms and restaurants will be larger.
A living room.
1 room 1 living room 3.3 ~ 3.6m
The living room with 2 bedrooms and 2 living rooms is 3.6 ~ 3.9m.
The small living room with 3 rooms and 2 halls is 3.6~3.9M, the large living room with 3 rooms and 2 halls is 4.2m ~ 5. 1m, and the living room with 4 rooms and 2 halls is 4.5 ~ 6m.
We determine the width grade of the living room according to the building area and apartment type.
(4) Kitchen, life balcony
① Minimum kitchen bay 1.8M, which is the requirement of small apartment. The Code for Residential Design stipulates the area of the kitchen. The kitchen should be equipped with a smoke exhaust pipe with a size of 350 × 350 mm, and the flue should extend out of the roof. The kitchen door can be a sliding door, and the door leaving life balcony can be used as a glass door for lighting. When cooking kitchen utensils, you should reserve refrigerator space and cooking technology. The kitchen door can be 0.7 meters wide (minimum).
② Generally, life balcony is mainly used to store sundries and washing machines, while life balcony can be appropriately enlarged in design for convenience. Life balcony guardrail had better use solid wall, so sundries are not easy to fall out from the balcony.
(3) Some large-sized life balcony is similar to the equipment platform (for air conditioning), and the equipment platform is not considered as the floor area ratio.
5] male * * * bathroom
The minimum size of public health studio is 1.6M, and the depth is longer to arrange 3-piece sets. If it is not deep enough, you can steal 600 mm-900 mm from the window sill of the French window, or you can make a shower room, dry and wet separation design or reserve the position of the washing machine. It's best to arrange the three-piece suit and the pipes. The minimum width of the bathroom window is 400 mm.
[6] Hanging Gardens
Directly use 1 room or 2 rooms as a balcony or garden, and steal half the area. The size and definition of concave balcony and hanging garden are different in each region, and the current local norms should be considered when designing. For example, the Sky Garden Excellence Victoria Harbour, Vanke Fifth Garden, and CITIC Mangrove Bay.
Once the bedroom
The minimum width of the second bedroom is generally 2700mm, but recently, due to the control of 90㎡, a small bedroom with a width of 2450mm appeared in Vanke Fifth Garden, catching up with the apartment type in Hong Kong, and the second bedroom was also changed to a sub-size.
As the master bedroom
The smallest studio in the master bedroom is ≥3.6M, and some small rooms within 90m2 are 3.3 ~ 3.4m ... The master bedroom has a master bathroom, and the bathroom door should not face the master bedroom. The master bedroom can be designed with a cloakroom, and the study room or the second bedroom near the master bedroom can be transformed into a study room.
(9) Balcony and terrace
In a very early time, the concept of balcony was just an ordinary balcony, just drying clothes and blowing the wind. The general depth of the balcony is only 1.5M, as if the balcony is just an accessory.
Now balcony design is a highlight of the apartment. The size of the balcony has generally increased, and it can be used for leisure, playing cards, drinking tea, exercising and sightseeing. At present, our balconies generally protrude 1.8 ~ 3m, and some of them are relatively large, such as Swan Century Garden in Chengdu (protruding more than 5M, requiring columns). Balcony is generally calculated as 1/2 area.