The so-called "Cambridge Rules" are some rules formulated by three universities in London, Oxford and Cambridge in the early 9th century. At that time, each team had 1 1 people. At that time, there were ten students and a teacher living in each dormitory in the school, so a dormitory-to-dormitory game was played, with each side having 1 1 person. At that time, the current 1 1 football match began. 1863101On October 26th, the British Football Association held a very important meeting in the history of modern English football. The return of the competition was drafted, but some terms are far from today's rules. For example, there was a rule at that time: when the ball entered the space between goalposts or crossed the space above, no matter how high it was, as long as it was not thrown, hit or transported by hand, it was considered as winning. At that time, the position and formation of players were also different from today's: each team had a goalkeeper, a defender, an avant-garde and eight forwards. Soon after the rules were made, the formation changed: one goalkeeper, two defenders, three avant-garde and five forwards. So there are eleven players in the last game.
However, many data show that the appearance of ancient football in China is earlier than that in Europe, with a longer history. In ancient China, football was called Cuju or Tuju, both of which meant kicking, and Juju was the name of the ball. The word "Cuju" first appeared in Historical Records, Bielu by Liu Xiang in Han Dynasty and Biography of Meicheng by Yan Shizeng in Tang Dynasty. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, "Cuju" was very popular and became an elegant activity in the court. 1958 in July, Dr. Havelange, former president of FIFA, came to China and said that football originated in China. Of course, due to the limitation of feudal society, the ancient cuju activity in China did not develop into a modern football sport based on the principle of "fair competition". This qualitative leap took place in capitalist Britain.
Cuju in Han dynasty
The Han and Tang Dynasties was the most prosperous period for the development of ancient football in China, and it developed into a direct confrontation game. In the Tang Dynasty (AD 6 18-907), the ball used in Cuju was changed from being filled with hair to being blown with the mouth, and two goals were used instead of the "bow room". In the Song Dynasty (AD 960-1279), Cuju had developed double-goal and single-goal competitions, and a club organization named Yun Qi Club or Round Club appeared. The balls used were blown by people with their mouths and inflated with a pump, which was more and more close to modern football.
Cuju was a means of training soldiers in Han Dynasty, and a relatively complete system was established. If the palace is specially set up, it is defined as a rectangle in the east-west direction, with six symmetrical "bow areas" at each end, also known as "bow rooms", each guarded by one person. There is a fence around the construction site. The game is divided into two teams, each with its own offense and defense, and the outcome is determined by the number of kicks into the opponent's bow room.
After the initial popularity in the Han Dynasty, cuju activities reached a climax in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and even the kicking method according to the position on the field appeared. Cuju has taken many forms in the Tang Dynasty, such as "bowing" based on the number of times of heading the ball, "beating in vain" in the center of the court, "jumping the bow" in which many people participate in fighting, and the game of setting up the goal. In this way, each team has a certain number of people and a fixed position, and it is stipulated that players can only play in their own positions and cannot move.
At the beginning of 2004, FIFA confirmed that football originated in China, and cuju was the earliest recorded football activity. The Warring States Policy and Historical Records are the earliest records of Cuju. The former describes the popular cuju activity in Linzi, the capital of Qi State (now Linzi, Shandong Province) more than 2,300 years ago, while the latter records that cuju was the best way to train soldiers and assess their physique in the world at that time ("it is impossible to trip, so you can also practice samurai, so you have knowledge and materials").
Introduction of Cuju before Song Dynasty
The word "Cuju" first appeared in Historical Records and Biography of Su Qin. When Su Qin lobbied Qi Xuanwang, he described Linzi as follows: "Linzi is very rich and practical, and his people are all players who play the pole, drum and bow." "Kick" means "kick", which means kick. "Bow and ball are ancient football. There are records about Cuju in Xijing Miscellany, Salt and Iron Theory, Cuju New Book and Liuxiang Bielu in Han Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the custom of cuju was still prevalent. Cuju was still a very common sport in the Tang Dynasty. Du Fu said in a poem: "Ten years' bird's eye view of the bow will make you go away, and so will the custom of swinging in Wan Li. However, it has made great progress. There are three main types:
(1) Use inflatable balls: The fact garden in the Song Dynasty contains: "Yan Shigu notes that Huo Qubing kicked a chrysanthemum cloud in the bud field:' Although the bow is covered with fur, it is also a play.' Yan said that the bow was like this, and the late Tang Dynasty was different. Xu Jian's Beginner: "Today Cuju said to play ball. It was made of wool fiber in ancient times, but now it is made of skin, which is realized by cells. "
(2) Set a goal: "General Examination of Literature" "Cuqiu Gai began in the Tang Dynasty, planting two bamboo trees several feet high, netting them, and measuring the ball as the door; The goal is about two points, and the victory or defeat depends on the corner kick. Isn't it another time? "
(3) Various kicking methods: double goal kicking method: recorded in Balloon Fu in Tang Dynasty. Kicking with one ball: You can see it in Cuju Atlas. Kicking without a goal: one or several people kick alone, which is called bowing; They both kicked in vain; Three or more people play together to call the field households, such as three-person field households and four-person field households.
The first recorded fan
Xiang Chu was the first recorded model in the Western Han Dynasty, but his experience was unfortunate. According to Records of the Historian Biography of Bian Que and Cang Gong, the famous doctor Chunyu Kun treated Xiang Chu and told him not to be overworked, but Xiang Chu didn't listen and went out to play football. As a result, Xiang Chu vomited blood and died, which also made Xiang Chu the first fanatical "fan" in the world.
The first starting list in history
The Old Story of Wulin in the Southern Song Dynasty once listed the names and positions of the two teams in the "Thirty-two-player Ball Building" competition: "Sixteen people in Zuo Jun: Zhang Jun, Wang Lian, Zhu Xuan, Shi Ze, Ding Quan, Zhang Lin and Chun Hu. ; Sixteen members of the right army: Li Zheng, Zhu Zhen, Zhu Xuan, Zhang Ning, Bin Xu, Wang Yong and Jun Chen. This is probably the first football "starting list" in history.
The history of football
In 307 BC, that is, during the Warring States period, King Wuling of Zhao reformed and practiced "riding and shooting", and Zhao people learned to ride horses and shoot arrows. Wang Zhao often rides out of town with his cronies, which is very spectacular. One day, when I came to a forest, I saw some rabbits in the forest. As soon as the king opened his mouth, he "captured him alive", so the soldiers divided into four ways and caught him together. I don't want to be scared. Rabbits ran around and escaped from the flat seam of the horse, but found nothing. Everyone shook their heads and sighed. A counselor suddenly brightened up and came forward with a suggestion: "Your Majesty, this kind of pigsty is very interesting. We might as well replace a rabbit with a ball and play every day without leaving the palace. " "Good idea" Wang Dajia praised "this matter is in your charge". Thus, football was born in China. But I was still riding a horse, called Cuju.
In the Han Dynasty, there was a football field dedicated to competitions, which was called "Cheng Ju". Cheng Ju is rectangular, with six megalithic chambers at each end, which are in the shape of a moon cave and symmetrical to each other, and there are walls around the venue. The Tang Dynasty was a prosperous period of Cuju activities. During this period, not only has there been great development, but football has also begun to be exported to the outside world. The first place to land is Britain.
Cuju was originally exported as a complete product, but because the traffic was underdeveloped and the means of transportation was very backward at that time, after several months of long journey, when Cuju arrived in England, the horse was exhausted and only one ball was left. However, it is such a dance that Britain still regards it as a treasure, but it is only an exclusive activity of the royal family, and people are forbidden to enjoy this kind of entertainment.
1 1 century, the Danes invaded England. One day, when the British were digging a battlefield, they accidentally dug up the skulls of several Danes. The British people were furious at the thought of the crime of Danish invasion. They lifted their feet and kicked their skulls hard to relieve their anger, and they felt quite happy playing football. As a result, more and more British people who dug the battlefield took part in the "ball" kick, and a group of children kicked it when they saw it. However, they found that the skull hurts when they kick, so they switched to cow bladder blowing-this is the birth of modern football. This patriotic act touched the king of England. In order to reward the people, the king of England ordered the royal football to be opened to the people. Soon, football spread among the people and became a popular sports and entertainment activity.
/kloc-At the beginning of the 20th century, there was a football match in England. Competition is an entertainment activity, twice a year, usually held between two cities. The host threw the ball into the air and the game began. The two sides will jump together, shouting, kicking and hugging. Whoever can kick the ball to the downtown area of the other side is the winner. If the ball rushes into a resident's house halfway, the players will rush in and disturb the kicking method, often smashing things in the house, and the owner has to sigh for his bad luck. Pedestrians on the road will encounter unexpected trouble when they touch the ball. So, at that time, when the game came, people had to avoid disasters and close their doors until the game was over. Such a football match was strongly opposed by the public, and the British government issued a ban: it was stipulated that football matches must be played in open spaces, and those who entered downtown areas would be severely punished, so special football fields appeared.
1863,101October 26th, the English Football Association, the first football organization in the world, was established in London with unified rules, and modern football was formally established.
In ancient China, kicking the ball with feet was called "Cuju". As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period more than 2,000 years ago, there was the Cuju movement. In the Western Han Dynasty, Cheng Ju was built for competitions. The Tang Dynasty was the prosperous period of Cuju activities. The ball filled with air replaced the ball filled with hair in the past, which was called "air blanket", and the goal replaced the bow room. In the west, after 10 century, some countries, such as France, Italy and Britain, had football matches. By the end of 15, it was called "football", and then it gradually developed into a modern football sport. 1863, 10/0 On October 26th, the British established the first football organization in the world, the British Football Association, and unified the rules of football. People call this day the birth day of modern football. The football rules formulated this time are *** 14, which is the basis of today's football rules. Since 1900 2nd Olympic Games, football has been listed as an official Olympic event, but professional athletes are not allowed to participate. 1904 on may 2 1 day, FIFA was established in Paris. Since 1930, the World Football Championship (also known as the World Cup) has been held every four years, and the restrictions on professional athletes have been lifted. Since then, modern football has developed day by day.
In medieval England, football became a keen activity for many young people. They run after the ball in the narrow street and often kick the ball to the windows of people in the street. So the king of England had to ban playing football. From12nd century to16th century, the king of England issued a "football ban" four times. However, due to the special charm of football, the ban failed to make it die.
1835, the world's first football club was established in Sheffield, England. 1863, the first football association in England was established. Since then, organized football under certain rules has spread from Britain to Europe and the world. /kloc-at the end of 0/9, football was quite popular in western European countries. 1896 In the first Olympic Games, football was listed as one of the events. As a result, Denmark beat Greece 9-0 and became the first champion in the Olympic football match.
1904, the football associations of Britain, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland established the International Football Federation in France, and in 20 10, Ge Lan was elected as the first FIFA World Cup President.
[Edit this paragraph] Football has become the first sport in the world.
First, the essence of sports: football itself embodies the characteristics of human sports, and the sudden start between athletes is like a sprint; Goalkeepers jump up and down and jump sideways, just like jumping events; Those athletes with good flexibility hang a gold hook upside down and jump to the top, like gymnastics; The reasonable collision between two players is a bit like the expressive force and aesthetic feeling of football. ...
2. Popularization: One of the important reasons is that football has low requirements for participants. Players who play football, unlike other sports, do not have the big problem of being tall and thin. For example, football, the small one must suffer a big loss; Basketball is the world of "long people" Football, on the other hand, provides all the children in the world with the opportunity to have a "superstar dream".
3. Unpredictability: The contingency of football match results is an important reason for the fanaticism of fans all over the world. Because in the football world, there is no absolute strong team. Liverpool may be "knocked down" by an unknown second-division team or even an amateur team. Brazil, which was piled up with stars, was defeated by Japan, which was still immature at that time, in the Olympic football match. 1966, North Korea, a "third world" football team, once defeated Italy and entered the quarter-finals of the World Cup. Therefore, in a football match, you never know the result until the last moment.
4. Handsome guy: Handsome guy on the football field is the reason why football has become the "first sport in the world". There is a simple reason. The girls are worshipping and desperate to go to the stadium to watch the ball (mainly to watch people). Can their boyfriends not worry? Even men who are not interested in football should follow their girlfriends to the stadium. The most important thing is to keep an eye on your girlfriends and prevent them from being taken away by those "sweetheart" on the court.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) environment: Fans are like diners, having a mouth-watering football feast, but the atmosphere of "eating" is better. Lively, atmospheric and spectacular, these football fields have them. Compared with the sultry badminton hall and a small table tennis table, the wide court is magnificent and exciting.
Six, freedom: tens of thousands of fans together, hilarious. To be honest, if you want to watch the ball quietly, who will?
Controversy: "The biggest charm of football is controversy." A farsighted old man said a farsighted sentence. This old man is former FIFA President Havelange. Yes, if football matches are all "dead" and mechanical, then football will lose its great charm. Just because the referee is a person, he may misjudge, take bribes, manipulate the game and so on. This has caused great controversy and more people's attention.
[Edit this paragraph] Sports characteristics
The reason why football has such great charm is not only because it is pregnant with rich connotations, but also because of its characteristics.
First, honesty. In the football match, each team has 1 1 players. 1 1 people on the field should think in unison and act in unison. Move when attacking, and obey all the rules. The overall awareness of participating in the war is stronger. Only by forming an overall attack and defense can we get the initiative of the game and good results.
Second, the overall situation. The football match has a large venue and a large number of people. How to make good use of the venue and the number of people is the key to winning or losing. The two sides use effective passing and smooth cooperation to break through the layers of defense and mobilize each other through a wide range of transfer balls in space in order to find loopholes or tear apart the defense. At the same time, the football league has a long season and heavy games. Reasonable physical distribution and proper player rotation are all factors that consider the whole season.
Third, fineness. Football is thick and thin, and the big guy is actually very smart. Personal dribbling pays attention to exquisite skills and appropriate timing. Sometimes a short time difference or a few steps will cause a breakthrough, a wonderful pass or even a goal! However, the players of both sides not only confront each other in football, but also have constant psychological contests: small action harassment, big action pressure causing the fear of the other side, verbal provocation and provocation of others, and handling the ball under high pressure at critical moments (such as the mentality of the shooter and goalkeeper during penalty kicks, and whether they can stay awake in overtime) are all the highlights and chewiness of football.
Fourth, antagonism. Football is an antagonistic sport with fierce competition. In the competition, the two sides fight for control in hand-to-hand combat, so as to attack the opponent's goal without letting the ball enter their own goal, especially near the two restricted areas, and the competition for time and space is extremely fierce and wonderful. In a high-level competition, both sides fell to the ground more than 200 times because of the competition and collision, which shows the fierce confrontation.
Verb (short for verb) variability. Football is an aperiodic sport with colorful techniques, unpredictable tactics and unpredictable outcome. When using skills and tactics in the competition, they are directly interfered, restricted and resisted by their opponents. Skills and tactics are flexibly used and played according to the specific situation on the field.
Sixth, ease of use. The rules of football match are relatively simple, and the requirements for equipment are not high. There are no strict restrictions on the time, number of participants, venue and equipment of a general football match, so it is a very relaxed mass sports event in the national fitness.
The earliest stars.
In the Song Dynasty, artists who played football organized their own groups, called "Round Club", to promote Cuju activities and competitions. Gao Qiu was born in the Yuan Dynasty in the Northern Song Dynasty. According to Wang Mingqing's The Dust Settles, Gao Qiu's skill is superb. Because he played football with Song Huizong, he was promoted to be the conductor in front of the temple. This is one of the earliest famous stars.
Ding Wei, a scholar in Song Dynasty, was famous for playing football. He knows that the Prime Minister likes playing football. In order to be promoted, he waits outside the wall of the Prime Minister's House every day. One day, he finally waited until the ball flew over the wall. Liu Sanfu picked up the ball and entered Xiangfu in the name of returning it. When he visited the Song Dynasty in Ding Wei, he threw the ball into the air and bowed.
From the Spring and Autumn Period to the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, Cuju experienced a process of development to a climax, but in the Qing Dynasty, this activity declined. From 65438 to 0863, modern football was born in Britain, which opened another historical chapter in the development of football.
The birth of modern football
1893 spectators watching the game
From the 8th century to19th century, the predecessor of modern football existed in Europe in various ways. Until 1863, Britain established the first formal football rules, which also marked the birth of modern football.
A boy's impulse
/kloc-in the 0 ~ (th) century, football was resumed and widely developed in some colleges in Britain. At that time, there were no uniform rules for football matches. The competition will be held in a rectangular venue, and the time and number of participants will be temporarily agreed by both parties. When the ball kicked into the opponent's goal, it scored. During this period, Cambridge University, Hatton College and New Clifton University all had their own ways of playing, and no one thought of unifying the rules of football. At that time, the most unlucky people were the "notarized mediators" who were the predecessors of the referee and were responsible for recording the number of goals and mediating disputes and disputes. However, due to the lack of uniform rules, these mediators are always difficult to convince the public and are often chased and intercepted by dozens of people in the audience.
A boy's impulse changed everything. 1823165438+1October 2 1 day, in a game, a boy named William Webb Eszli, aged 15, suddenly picked up the ball with his hand and rushed to the opponent's court to launch an attack. This action later triggered a big debate about football rules, and people realized that it was necessary to formulate unified football rules. In the debate, the party who agreed to use both hands and feet gradually developed the game into today's rugby, while the party who insisted on using only feet began to explore and establish modern football rules.
The first sport in the world was born in a bar.
The birth of modern football
London queen street Club Tavern is the birthplace of modern football, and a landmark meeting in the history of football was held here. Before 1848, Cambridge University tried to create a rule about football matches. Although it has not been recognized by the public, it has become common sense to unify rules. 1863101October 26th, representatives from1kloc-0/London Club and College held a meeting in the pub of * * * Club to formulate rules and establish an authoritative football organization, which is also recognized as the birthday of modern football. At the meeting, the debate about the rules was fierce. A few people, represented by Gamber, insisted on using both hands and feet, and the final voting result was 13 to 4. The landmark rule that hands are not allowed in modern football has been passed. To this end, Gambo and others left angrily and later established the Rugby Federation 187 1.
* * * Ji Hui wineshop
The English Football Association was also established at the meeting of the club pub, and the world's first unified football rules were recorded in writing. Two months later, on February 26th, 1863 18, the Football Association held another meeting in a small hotel in Misa Street, Crewe, London, and refined the rules of football into 14, which began to be implemented nationwide. 1 1 Clubs and colleges attending the * * * club pub meeting:
Forest Club (later renamed Ranger); Gilborn; Barnes; War office; Crusaders; Pasival; Black Hayes Club; Kensington College; Soapy; Blake Hayes College; Crystal palace.
[Edit this paragraph] Standard rules
The earliest rules of football
1. The site area is 150 yards long and 100 yards wide. On each sideline, 25 yards from the finish line, there are two sign posts respectively.
The goal consists of two vertical posts, which are 10 feet apart.
3. Choose the target or tee off with coins.
4. After the first half of the game, change the venue.
5. When a player kicks the ball, when any player on the same team stands in front of the ball and is closer to the opponent's end line than the other team, he shall not take part in the game to touch the ball, nor shall he hinder other players from touching the ball in any way.
6. When the ball kicked out of the sideline, it was a dead ball, and the opponent kicked the ball directly into the court at the out-of-bounds place to resume the game.
7. When a team kicks the ball out of the opponent's end line, any player who gets the ball first can serve a free kick 25 yards from the vertical end line.
8. When kicking off, players should not touch the ball behind the opponent's end line.
9. If the ball falls behind the end line and exceeds the sideline mark, the free kick should be served 25 yards from the end line.
10. When a player kicks a free kick, the player of the same team shall not stand between him and the opposing team, and the opposing team shall not stand within 10 yards from him.
1 1. Players can kick free kicks in any way.
12. If the ball passes between the poles, or passes infinitely high above the poles, you win a goal.
13. In the game, you can touch the ball with any part of your body, but you are not allowed to hold the ball or hit the ball with your hands, arms or shoulders.
14. All impacts are fair and legal, but it is forbidden to hug, push, trip or make noise with your feet.
This set of formal original rules was published by the president of the English Football Association in BELIS LIFE magazine. Three years later, the Football Association increased the goal height by 6 yards and the width by 8 yards, and pulled a rope between the two columns as the goal height.
References:
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Other answers *** 1
This sport originated in Britain more than 100 years ago and spread rapidly in Europe. At first, there was no strict definition of whether you can touch with your hands. Later, it was divided into rugby and football. Because of the insistence of Italians and most British people, football can't be touched by hands. In the end, Uruguay won the first World Cup 1930. Since then, it has been held every four years, with 1 countries participating. More and more 1940, the world went into great turmoil and the World Cup was forced to be cancelled. 1950, with the end of the war, the World Cup began again. Uruguay once again lifted the World Cup, and the world economy advanced by leaps and bounds after the 1970s. Many business models have participated in football, and football has become the first sport in the world. More and more European top five leagues are gathering. By the 1990s, the Italian League was almost a household name in the world. The arrival of foreign stars such as diego maradona, Holland, Three Musketeers and German Troika has achieved great success in the league system. In 2002, Korea and Japan won the right to host the World Cup, and Asia made great progress in the field of football. At the opening ceremony, politicians and heads of state of various countries put down their work and paid attention to the competition. President Bush admits that he likes football better than basketball, and Brazilian President Lula even admits that he is a big fan of Ronaldo. In the end, Brazil won the championship, and the team added another star, becoming the first team in the five World Cups. In the 2006 World Cup in Germany, Italy was shocked by the phone number. Countries such as La Liga and Premier League won the championship under the pressure of other leagues. In 20 10, South Africa won the right to host the World Cup, which was the first time that an African country hosted the World Cup. Since then, the World Cup has also lit up the four oceans on five continents (Australia was classified as the Asian Football Association by the World Football Association because of its relatively few administrative regions). The ratings of football and the Olympic Games are equal. Due to the difference of two years, it can basically reach the first World Cup in 2006, with the audience rating of 65.438+0.5 billion. Almost one in five people on earth is watching the World Cup.