Underground salt palace in Poland
Wieliczka salt mine is located near Krakow. It was mined in 1 1 century and became a famous tourist attraction in14th century. The salt mine is 327 meters deep and more than 300 kilometers long, including many rooms, churches and underground lakes.
It became a scenic spot because this salt mine is like an underground palace. There are many gorgeous salt chandeliers hanging on the top of the salt mine, and more than 300 candles are lit inside. There is a life-size statue of Pope Paul II in the mine, and the cave wall is a relief painting of The Last Supper.
Underground cities in Australia
Cooper Patty in southern Australia is a real underground city.
The city is famous for its opal mine, and the outdoor temperature can be as high as 49℃, so most residents live in underground cities dug by rocks, where there are shops, churches, hotels and even swimming pools, which are comfortable and convenient.
American underground bunker
The Green Rose Bunker is located in West Virginia, USA. It was built in 1956 and has been hidden under the luxurious Green Rose Hotel for 30 years. It is said that this place was once a hiding place for congressmen and senators during the Cold War.
The area of the bunker is the size of two football fields, including 1 100 beds, a well-stocked cafe, a clinic and a TV lounge. After the bunker was completed, the government also built projects under the local airport and Interstate 64. Nowadays, these underground projects have become tourist attractions.
Underground cities in Turkey
Capadocia is located in the middle and west of Turkey, where there are not only beautiful scenery, but also a huge underground city group. No one knows when the "underground city" was built. Generally speaking, some people came here to escape the persecution of Roman rulers. They found that the volcanic rocks in this area were soft and easy to dig, so they built underground caves to defend the pursuers.
People have found 36 underground cities here, and the larger one is Delinkuyu Underground City, which has about 18 to 20 floors and goes deep into the ground for 70-90 meters. /kloc-more than 0/200 rooms have different functions, including storage rooms, wine cellars, kitchens, churches, graves, schools and even places for keeping animals.
A British underground city worth 5 million pounds
During the Cold War, the British government built a super-large "secret underground city" covering an area of 246 acres 37 meters underground in Wiltshire, England in the 1950s. There are various living facilities in the city, as well as subway stations and power stations, and a 0.9-kilometer-long tunnel connected with the outside world, which can accommodate 4,000 people living at the same time. After 44 years of dust, the British government finally declassified this "top secret" to the public for the first time in 2004.
Surprisingly, the British Ministry of Defence is now planning to sell this "secret underground city" with an estimated value of up to 5 million pounds.
This "secret underground city" is located in an abandoned mine 37 meters underground in Kesam, Wiltshire, England. During the Cold War, in order to guard against the nuclear attack of the former Soviet Union, the then conservative Prime Minister Harold Macmillan's government spared no expense to transform this abandoned mine into a super underground city.
As the "top secret" of the British government, the underground city has been given a mysterious code name-"Burlington Bunker". Covering an area of 246 mu, the location is quite hidden. The long-distance tunnel from the capital London to Bristol branches in half here, and one of its branches leads to this underground city unknown to outsiders.
Japan: 526 km underground city
Japan's territory is small, and urban land is tight. 1930 commercial counters were set up on both sides of the underground pedestrian passage of ueno railway station in Tokyo, Japan, forming the end of the underground street.
Today, the underground street has developed from a purely commercial nature into an interdependent underground complex composed of transportation, business and other facilities, including a variety of urban functions. After 1973, due to the fire, Japan once imposed some restrictions on the construction of underground streets, which reduced the number of newly developed urban underground streets, but the scale of a single underground street became larger and larger, the design quality became higher and higher, and the disaster resistance became stronger and stronger. At the same time, perfect legislation, planning and design have been formed.
Underground street development and utilization system. According to the size of underground streets in Japan, the minimum underground space is 3,000 square meters, and there are not less than 50 shops, and the maximum is 10000 square meters, and the number of shops is above 100. According to statistics, Japan has built 146 underground streets in 26 cities, and the number of people entering and leaving the underground streets every day reaches120,000, accounting for 1/9 of the national total. Japan's underground cities are among the best in the world. 198 1 year, the total length of underground space in Japan is 156.6 kilometers, and it has reached 526 kilometers at present. In recent years, Japan has planned and implemented the development and utilization of underground space in newly-built areas such as Yokohama Port 2 1 Century District and the renovation of old urban areas such as Osone area in Nagoya and downtown Sapporo.
Japan pays more attention to the environmental design of underground space. Whether it is a commercial street or a walkway, the air quality, lighting and even the design of architectural sketches have reached the environmental quality of ground space. Japan has fully played the role of underground space in municipal facilities such as underground highways, parking lots, underground rivers for flood discharge and storage, underground thermal power stations, water storage and snowmelt pools, and disaster prevention facilities.
New york, USA: The subway receives 565.438 million+people every day.
American cities are highly concentrated, and urban contradictions are very acute. The American government has specially developed underground space for this purpose. The subway in new york, USA, has the longest operating line in the world, reaching 443 kilometers. At most, there are 504 stations, which receive 565,438+million passengers every day, approaching 2 billion passengers every year.
Four fifths of office workers in new york CBD use public transport. This is because new york Metro has highlighted the characteristics of economy, convenience and high efficiency. Most subway stations in new york are relatively simple. Generally, only the concrete floor is paved in the station, and there is little decoration outside the building. As for the convenience of subway, Beijing and Shanghai lag far behind new york.
Manhattan has a permanent population of 654.38 million, but nearly 3 million people entered the area during the day, most of whom arrived by subway. The underground pedestrian walkway system extending in all directions is not affected by the climate, which solves the problem of separation of people and vehicles, shortens the transfer distance between subway and bus, and connects subway stations and large public activity centers from underground.
The typical underground pedestrian walkway system in Rockefeller Center connects the major large public buildings in 10 block underground. An underground pedestrian walkway system has been built in Dallas, a southern American city, with 29 pedestrian walkways, which are not affected by the high temperature in summer and connect the main public buildings and activity centers underground. Houston's underground pedestrian walkway system is also quite large, with a total length of 4.5 kilometers, connecting 350 large buildings.
In addition, the single design of underground buildings in the United States has also achieved remarkable results in schools, libraries, offices, experimental centers and industrial buildings. On the one hand, it makes good use of underground characteristics to meet functional requirements, and at the same time, it reasonably solves the problem of combining new and old buildings, creating an open space for the ground. For example, the underground public library in the southern business center of Minneapolis, underground and semi-underground libraries such as Harvard University, University of California, Berkeley, University of Michigan and University of Illinois have better solved the connection with the original library and preserved the original appearance of the campus.
In addition, on the ground of the underground exhibition center of Moscone in the Yebabuguna area of downtown San Francisco, the only remaining open space in the city was reserved and a park was built. The large-scale water supply system in new york City, USA is completely arranged in underground strata, with a volume of10.3 million cubic meters of stone and 540,000 cubic meters of concrete. In addition to a water conveyance tunnel with a length of 22 kilometers and a diameter of 7.5 meters, there are several groups of large underground caverns for control and distribution, and each level is a large rock project with complex spatial layout.
Canada: Developed Underground Walking System
Toronto and Montreal in Canada also have developed underground pedestrian walkway systems, among which Montreal's underground city (R&; Eacute is the largest underground city system in the world. Its large scale, convenient transportation, comprehensive service facilities, beautiful environment and good reputation have ensured the exchange of various business and cultural affairs in the long winter climate.
At present, there are * * * 32km underground tunnels in the underground city of Montreal, and the total coverage area of the underground city reaches12km2. The facilities connected with it are subways, shopping centers, apartments, hotels, banks, gyms, office buildings, universities, museums, seven subway stations, two local light rail stations and long-distance bus stations. There are 1 * * 20 above-ground entrances and exits in the underground city1*, and 80% of the office area and 35% of the commercial area in downtown Montreal are connected with this 100 entrance and exit. In winter, about 500 thousand people use the facilities of the underground city every day. Because of the underground city, Montreal is sometimes called a two-tier city and a twin city.
Toronto's underground pedestrian system was four blocks wide and nine blocks long in the 1970s. It connects 20 parking garages, many hotels, cinemas, shopping centers and about 65,438+0,000 stores. In addition, it also connects the city hall, the federal railway station, the stock exchange, five subway stations and the basements of 30 high-rise buildings. This system has several gardens and fountains, and there are more than 100 ground entrances and exits.
Canadian government's underground pedestrian system shows that building underground pedestrian system in the center of big cities can improve traffic, save land, improve the environment, ensure the prosperity of cities in bad weather and provide conditions for urban disaster prevention. Its experience is that it needs perfect planning and advanced design, and the important issues are safety and disaster prevention. The bigger the system, the more prominent the problem. The passage should have enough entrances and exits and sufficient width to avoid too many turns, and obvious guiding signs should be set.
Northern Europe: 90 meters deep can make the best use of it.
Northern Europe has good geological conditions and is an advanced area for the development and utilization of underground space. Large water supply systems in southern Sweden are all underground, with a depth of 30-90 meters and a tunnel length of 80 kilometers, which flows by gravity.
The large-scale water supply system in Helsinki, Finland, with tunnel length 120 km, filtration and other treatment facilities are all underground. The water source of Norway's large underground water supply system is also underground. Building a large water storage reservoir in the rock stratum not only saves land but also reduces the evaporation loss of water.
Sweden's large-scale underground drainage system is in the leading position in the world, both in quantity and treatment rate. The sewage treatment plants in Sweden's drainage system are all underground, and there are 200 kilometers of large drainage tunnels in Stockholm alone. There are 6 large sewage treatment plants with a treatment rate of 100%.
In other small and medium-sized cities, there are also underground sewage treatment plants, which not only protect urban water sources, but also protect the Baltic Sea from pollution. Sweden was the first country to test the use of pipelines to remove garbage, and began to develop air blowing systems in the early 1960s. 1983, in a residential area with 1700 households, an air-blown pipeline garbage removal system was built, which is expected to be used for 60 years. Due to the supporting construction with recycling system, the investment can be recovered within 4 years.
At the same time, Stockholm, Sweden has a large underground heating tunnel with a length of 120 km. Central heating has been realized in many areas, and underground heat storage is being tested, which has created favorable conditions for using industrial waste heat and solar energy to save energy. The underground ditch in Stockholm, Sweden is 30 kilometers long and built in rocks with a diameter of 8 meters. It can be used as a civil defense project in wartime.
In addition to numerous municipal facilities, Finland's underground space utilization is a developed cultural, sports and entertainment facility. Underground swimming pool near Helsinki shopping center, area 102 10 m2, completion date 1993. 1987, the underground swimming pool and fitness center of mental hospital were completed. 1993 Givas Kola Sports Center, covering an area of 8,000 square meters, serves14,000 residents. It consists of gymnasium, turf and sand ball competition hall, sports dance hall, wrestling judo hall, rhythmic gymnastics hall and shooting hall.
In order to maintain the low-density buildings and green features of Kuninan Town, a 7,000m2 stadium serving 8,000 residents built in 1988 was built underground, equipped with standard handball and tennis courts, spectator stands, shower rooms, changing rooms, clothes storage rooms and offices.
Ritchie Art Center attracts 200,000 visitors every year, with an exhibition hall of 3,000 square meters, a gallery of 2,000 square meters and a 1000-seat concert hall with high-quality sound effects.
The combination of underground space utilization and civil defense engineering in northern Europe is a major feature. There are 83 underground garages in Paris, which can accommodate more than 43,000 cars. Foyo Street has the largest underground garage in Europe, with 4 floors underground, which can park 3,000 cars. Building a large number of parking lots is an important condition for the normal operation of the city. Building a parking lot underground can save a lot of land.
The utilization of underground space in Paris has made outstanding contributions to the protection of historical and cultural landscape. The Louvre in the center of Paris is a world-famous palace. In the absence of expansion land, the original classical buildings must be maintained, which can not meet the expansion requirements. The designer used the underground space under Napoleon Square surrounded by palace buildings to accommodate all the expansion contents. In order to solve the lighting and entrance layout, three tapered glass skylights of different sizes were set in the center and both sides of the square, which successfully modernized the classical architecture.
Russia: The subway extends in all directions.
Russia is also an advanced country in the development and utilization of underground space, which is characterized by a developed subway system. Moscow subway system is the city with the highest passenger flow in the world, reaching 2.6 billion passengers every year. It is famous for its high quality of construction and operation, especially its station architectural style. Each station has its own characteristics, and the architectural layout of each transfer station is quite ingenious. At the intersection of as many as four lines, passengers can transfer in the least time. In addition, underground tunnels in Russia are also quite developed. Moscow has an underground interactive space of 130 km, and there are all kinds of pipeline lines except gas pipelines.
From the development of underground space in the world, all countries have a common feature: people-oriented, efficient use of space, energy, logistics, transportation, sewage treatment are concentrated underground. Reserved a fresh world for the above-ground space of the city. Judging from the development of underground space abroad, the development of underground cities in China is far from up to standard. Perhaps in a few decades, in first-tier cities like Shanghai and Beijing, a complete and efficient underground city is no longer a concept, but an entity closely related to everyone's life.
Beijing underground city
The underground city in Beijing belongs to the key foreign visiting units in Beijing. The predecessor of Beijing Underground City is the Civil Air Defense Project, which was built in 1969. It can accommodate all the population in this area and is divided into three fortifications, which lead to all directions in the urban area, forming a civil air defense tunnel network that has begun to take shape.
1980, using part of the space of civil air defense fortifications, the front door arts and crafts service department was opened in the underground city, dealing in various handicrafts such as Four Treasures of the Study, enamel and jade, jewelry, celebrity calligraphy and painting, tourist medicinal materials, etc., and at the same time offering Chinese medicine consultation and stamp engraving services.
Guangdong Huizhou Underground City
At the bottom of Huizhou West Lake13m, the West Lake Station of Guan Hui Intercity Railway will be built into an underground city complex integrating catering, shopping and leisure. The project will be completed and put into use in 20 13.
Shi, deputy director of the Housing and Urban-Rural Planning and Construction Bureau of Huizhou City, said that the intercity rail that has been fully started at present will set up Huizhou West Lake Station near Lipu Style, the former site of Huizhou Municipal Government, and the rail will pass through the ground 0/3 meters away from the bottom of the West Lake/KLOC-,completely avoiding the damage to the landscape of Huizhou West Lake after the completion of the intercity light rail.