1. Information superhighway
The "information superhighway" was first proposed by former US Vice President Al Gore in 1993. Its specific definition is: "National information infrastructure is a complete network composed of communication networks, computers, databases and daily electronic products that can provide users with a lot of information". The information superhighway consists of communication network, various information network service equipment, related software and tools, and information resources.
2.5G
The main goal of 5G network is to keep end users connected all the time. In the future, the 5G network will not only support smart phones, but also smart watches, fitness wristbands and smart home devices, such as the indoor thermostat in the Bird's Nest. 5G network refers to the next generation wireless network. The 5G network will be a real upgraded version of the 4G network, and its basic requirements are different from those of the wireless network.
3. Smart Earth
Smart earth is also called smart earth. Its core is to change the interaction between government, enterprises and people in a smarter way, using a new generation of information technology, so as to improve the clarity, efficiency, flexibility and response speed of interaction. This concept was first put forward by IBM CEO Peng.
4. Satellite communication
Satellite communication refers to the communication between two or more ground stations using artificial earth satellites as relay stations to forward or reflect radio signals. As long as three satellites are equidistantly distributed in fixed-point synchronous orbit, global communication can be realized except polar regions. Using this principle, the "Global Star" low-orbit mobile satellite communication system opened in June of 1999 and June of 10 realized global mobile phone roaming and global paging.
5. Cloud computing
The concept of cloud computing was put forward by Google. It aims to integrate a number of relatively low-cost computing entities into a perfect system with strong computing power through the network. The core idea of cloud computing is to manage and schedule a large number of computing resources connected through the network in a unified way to form a computing resource pool and provide users with on-demand services.
6. High-performance engineering plastics
High-performance engineering plastics have many incomparable advantages over metal materials: light weight, high strength, wear resistance, no rust and low cost. If a car uses an all-plastic body and a ceramic engine, the weight of the car can be reduced by half and the efficiency can be improved by more than 50%.
7. New composite materials
FRP, carbon fiber composite and ceramic composite are new composite materials that have developed rapidly in recent years. Glass fiber reinforced plastic is a kind of glass fiber reinforced plastic, and its strength is equivalent to that of steel. It is a composite material with high output and wide application at present. A new type of high-speed jet turbine blade made of carbon fiber-ceramic composite material can withstand the high temperature of 1400℃ and the high speed of 30000 revolutions per minute, and its weight is half that of titanium alloy blade. With the wide application of carbon fiber composites in aircraft, the weight of aircraft may be reduced by 50%.
8. Superconducting materials
Dutch physicist anis discovered. Superconducting materials have two valuable characteristics: one is zero resistance, which can minimize the loss of EHV transmission; The second is magnetic levitation. Superconducting levitation technology is now used to develop wear-free bearings, maglev trains, particle accelerators and nuclear fusion reactors.
9. Solar energy
Solar energy generally refers to the energy radiated by sunlight, which is produced by the continuous nuclear fusion reaction of sunspots inside or on the surface of the sun. There are three main forms of solar energy utilization: photothermal conversion, photoelectric conversion and photochemical conversion. Solar energy is both primary energy and renewable energy. It is rich in resources, can be used for free, does not need transportation, and has no pollution to the environment.
10. Biomass energy
Biomass energy is a form of energy in which solar energy is stored in biomass in the form of chemical energy, that is, energy with biomass as the carrier. It comes directly or indirectly from the photosynthesis of green plants, and can be converted into conventional solid, liquid and gas fuels, which are inexhaustible. It is a kind of renewable energy and the only renewable carbon source. Biomass energy is the fourth largest energy source in the world, second only to coal, oil and natural gas.
1 1. Nuclear energy
Nuclear energy, also called atomic energy, includes fission energy and fusion energy. Nuclear fission is mainly used for nuclear power generation, and its technical application is relatively mature. Nuclear fusion has several advantages: safety, no pollution and high efficiency. Fusion energy in nuclear energy is an infinite, clean and safe ideal energy source. Unlike fossil fuel power generation, nuclear power generation will not emit huge amounts of pollutants into the atmosphere, so nuclear power generation will not cause air pollution, nor will it produce carbon dioxide that will aggravate the global greenhouse effect.
12. Ocean energy
Ocean energy is the energy received, stored and released by the ocean through various physical processes, which exists in the ocean in the form of tides, waves, temperature differences and ocean currents. Marine energy is rich and renewable. However, the energy flow distribution is uneven, the density is low, the energy is changeable and unstable, and the utilization rate of ocean energy is low.
13. protein
Protein is the material basis of life. Without protein, there would be no life.
Protein is a complex organic compound, which is formed by linear arrangement of amino acid molecules. The carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid residues are connected together by peptide bonds. At present, there are 20 kinds of amino acids in most identified natural protein, but there are also some special amino acids in nature.
14. deoxyribonucleic acid
Genetic process is essentially a process of genetic material transfer. The transmission of genetic information depends on the process of DNA replication. DNA exists in every cell of an organism. 1953, james watson and francis crick proposed the double helix structure of DNA.
15. genetically modified food
Genetically modified food is the use of modern molecular biotechnology to transfer the genes of some organisms (including animals and plants) to other species, transform the genetic material of organisms, and make them change to people's needs in terms of morphology, nutritional quality and consumption quality.
16. Quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics is a physical science that describes the structure, movement and changing laws of the micro-world. The emergence and development of quantum mechanics marks a great leap in human understanding of nature from the macro world to the micro world. In August 2009, China built the world's first all-pass quantum communication network. Quantum secure communication technology is based on the principle of quantum mechanics, which can ensure the absolute security of key distribution between two places.
17. Space resources
Cosmic space or outer space, also known as outer space, refers to the space area outside the dense atmosphere of the earth. 198 1 The 32nd Congress of the International Astronautical Federation called land, ocean, atmosphere and outer space the first, second, third and fourth largest environments for human beings respectively.
18. Marine energy development project
Ocean energy is a renewable natural gas energy in the ocean, which mainly includes tidal temperature difference energy, wave energy and ocean current energy.