A Review of Navigation Policies in Song and Yuan Dynasties

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The development of ancient navigation in China

Reward score: 0- Solution time: July 2008-13 19: 08.

Questioner: the first issue of 2007-Magic Apprentice 1 Best answer.

Introduction of navigation technology in past dynasties

First, the pre-Qin period.

During the Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties, people could not only make ships, but also make sails and sail in the wind. Oracle Bone Inscriptions used "sail" instead of "sail", indicating that the Yin people had already used sails in navigation, but at this time the sails were generally mainly used for navigation on land and rivers. With the rise of navigation activities in various countries during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, people's knowledge of navigation geography gradually increased. The different waters measured in the east of China are divided into "North Sea" (now Bohai Sea), "East Sea" (now Yellow Sea) and "South China Sea" (now East Sea). People learned about "all rivers run into the sea" and began to cruise along the coast. At the same time, people gradually understand the wind in the process of rivers and navigation, and use wind and sails to sail.

In the pre-Qin period, people not only knew about the wind, but also knew about some cloud and rain meteorology, such as "The moon starts from the stars, then it starts from the wind and rain" in Shang Shu Hong Fan, which is an empirical law summarized by people paying attention to the weather changes in navigation.

During this period, people have a certain understanding of marine hydrology, especially tides. For example, "Yu Gong Shang Shu" said that "welcome it in the morning and evening, and then go upstream", indicating that people at that time knew how to go to sea at high tide and use the ocean to orient the tide and go downstream.

It is worth mentioning that in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, navigation technology has been linked with astronomy. During the Warring States period, people have made quantitative observations on 28 stars and some stars, and achieved gratifying results. They also combined navigation with astronomy and used Polaris as the navigation direction. During the Warring States period, the magnet "Sina" was invented. But its use is mainly for land positioning. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the sun and Polaris were the main navigation signs at sea.

In a word, the navigation technology in the pre-Qin period had a certain foundation, and people gradually had a deeper understanding of the ocean, and had a certain understanding of ocean currents, winds, tides and maritime astronomy and meteorology. They used the sun and Polaris as navigation marks at sea and invented an instrument for measuring the height of celestial bodies at sea.

Second, the Qin and Han Dynasties

During the ocean navigation in Qin and Han Dynasties, people began to consciously use monsoon navigation. China people have mastered the laws of monsoon in the western Pacific Ocean and the northern Indian Ocean and applied them to navigation activities. As a matter of fact, Ying Xun of the Eastern Han Dynasty mentioned in "Customs and Righteousness": "There are plum blossoms in May, and Jianghuai thought it was a trade wind." "Mei Luofeng" refers to the southeast monsoon that appears after the rainy season. In the Han dynasty, people could only use the monsoon for ocean voyage.

The navigation technology in Qin and Han dynasties was further improved on the basis of astronomical navigation in pre-Qin period. According to Han Shu's Records of Literature and Art, there are 12 kinds of astrological works about navigation in the Western Han Dynasty, and there are 22 volumes of Five Stars in the Sea and as many as 136 volumes of other related books, which may be the astronomical experience and laws summarized by China seafarers during their navigation. Its content should be to record the position determination of constellations and planets in navigation to confirm the course.

In addition to astronomical navigation, terrain navigation and land positioning also play a very important role in navigation.

In the Han Dynasty, people have been able to use the "gravity difference method" to accurately measure the ocean topography. Li's "Island Actuary" in the Tang Dynasty recorded that the height of the island and the distance from the ship can be obtained by observing it twice with moments or tables, which had a far-reaching impact on the drawing of nautical charts and the calculation of voyage in later generations.

In the Han dynasty, people were not limited to the fluctuation of water surface, but also found out the reasons. In Lun Heng Xu Shu, Wang Chong scientifically linked the causes of tides with the movement of the moon for the first time, which reflected the progress of people's understanding of tides and also helped people navigate in and out of ports with the help of tidal current.

In a word, the shipbuilding industry was developed in Qin and Han dynasties, and it was able to sail by monsoon. At that time, the astronomical and geographical navigation was further improved, and the tidal phenomenon could be scientifically and reasonably explained. With the progress of navigation technology, China has stepped into the ranks of advanced navigation countries in the world.

Three. Wei, Jin, southern and northern dynasties

With the development of shipbuilding industry in the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, navigation knowledge and technology were further enriched and improved.

"Foreign Things in Zhou Nan", written by Wang Zhen of the Three Kingdoms, describes the navigation technology of seagoing ships sailing in the South China Sea at that time: "Its four sails are not straight forward, and all sails are evil. When it comes to riding the wind, it is evil for Zhang Xiang to ride the atmosphere." This record shows that at that time, the navigators in South China Sea of China owned four-sail sailboats that increased or decreased according to the situation, mastered the technology of "taking advantage of the bad situation" and used seven-sail sailboats to sail in the Indian Ocean.

With the increase of navigation activities after the Three Kingdoms, the laws of trade winds in the western Pacific and Indian Ocean have been recognized and utilized.

The improvement of navigation technology during this period also shows that people have a preliminary understanding of the coastal topography of the navigation sea area, such as corals in the South China Sea today, and astronomical navigation technology has also been adopted.

Fourth, the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties

During the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, the navigation technology became more and more mature, people were able to skillfully use monsoon navigation, the navigation level of astronomy and geography was obviously improved, and the tides could be further correctly explained.

In the Tang Dynasty, people realized that winds from the Sea of Japan in the north to the South China Sea came and went regularly, and this monsoon related to navigation became a "trade wind". While using these trade winds to sail, people have been able to correctly summarize and summarize the laws of their coming and going. Ruao arrived in Sri Lanka, a lost country in Southeast Asia, and returned home by understanding and utilizing the laws of the South China Sea monsoon, the North Indian Ocean monsoon and the Bay of Bengal. At the same time, people in the Tang Dynasty had a better understanding of marine meteorology and were able to predict typhoons with red clouds and halo rainbows.

The development of astronomical positioning in the Tang Dynasty is mainly reflected in the geodesy of determining the change of north-south distance by using the height of Polaris. In the Kaiyuan period, astronomers found it regrettable that they could measure the height of Polaris from the ground with "complex moment" instruments. Although there is a certain gap with the actual figures, this is the first time in the world to measure the meridian, and this measurement technology is likely to have been used in navigation. By the Tang Dynasty, navigators had mastered using the height of Polaris to locate and navigate.

Like astronomical positioning, the navigation technology in Sui and Tang Dynasties was also improved. The sailing direction, distance and time have been specified in "Guangzhou Tonghai Island", which clearly describes the geographical position or topographic characteristics of some areas, and the artificial navigation AIDS in ocean navigation are also recorded. Especially with the progress of mathematics, navigators have been able to use the "double difference method" of two observation calculations to measure landmarks on the basis of the similarity principle of Pythagoras' law, which greatly improves the level of coastal survey.

In "Sea Zhi Tao", the author Dou Shu deeply studied the synchronous law of tidal movement and moon movement, and discussed in detail the causes of tidal movement, the time when large and small tides appeared, the calculation method and the cycle of tidal cycles. Later, the closing performance also made a very clear discussion on the law of the passing of the January tide day by day.

V. Song Dynasty

During the Song Dynasty, the most prominent improvement of navigation technology was the wide application of compass.

Before the Song Dynasty, navigation was generally based on celestial phenomena and celestial bodies, with stars guiding the way at night and the sun relying on it to tell the direction. In the Northern Song Dynasty, there was a major breakthrough in navigation technology, making it possible to sail with a compass. The application of compass developed into a compass structure in the Southern Song Dynasty. With the continuous improvement of accuracy, its application is more and more extensive. Maritime navigation has gradually relied on the compass to indicate the direction, which is more progressive than in the Northern Song Dynasty. It also promoted the development of maritime traffic at home and abroad. The application of compass in navigation is a major breakthrough in the history of human civilization in the world and has made great contributions to the development of world civilization and culture.

The description of nautical charts in the Song Dynasty is very clear, such as the "Xuanhe Tujing" and the nautical charts presented to Jin, which all illustrate the development of nautical charts at that time. The development of maritime traffic routes has created conditions for the production of hydrological maps. The appearance of hydrographic map is the result of the continuous accumulation of human marine knowledge, which provides more technical tools and knowledge for human beings to further conquer the ocean and develop maritime transportation. Great progress has also been made in marine geographic identification and exploration. Determine the orientation and judge the environment according to the weather change. He also knows how to use long rope mooring to measure the depth of seawater and judge the navigation position and situation from the seabed sediments attached to the bottom of mooring. But also can use monsoon to sail, and its technology of controlling wind power is quite level. There are also certain safeguards in terms of maritime navigation safety. Use homing pigeons as sea transportation. And it has been able to repair ships underwater to prevent leakage and sinking. Due to the continuous improvement of navigation technology, the foreign maritime traffic in the Song Dynasty was safer, the course was more stable, and the sailing time was greatly shortened, which was conducive to the further development of Chinese and foreign maritime traffic and trade.

Sixth, the Yuan Dynasty

Compass was more widely used and more accurate in Yuan Dynasty, and became an indispensable navigation tool for seagoing ships. When sailing in the Yuan Dynasty, many needle points of the compass were connected together to indicate the course, which was called the needle track. The application technology of compass has been further improved. Taking heavenly stems, earthly branches and four hexagrams (Gan, Kun and Gen) as the course directions arranged on the navigation compass, in this way, the navigation of seagoing ships can determine the course more accurately and master the course.

The improvement of navigation technology in Yuan Dynasty is also manifested in the understanding and mastery of coastal phenomena and laws to ensure the safety and stability of navigation of seagoing ships. Maritime traffic in Yuan Dynasty has been able to master and use the laws of monsoon. In the long-term maritime traffic practice in Yuan Dynasty, navigators summed up their experiences and worked out formulas about tides, floods, customs and meteorology.

The relevant formula is said to be "tried and tested", which shows that the Yuan Dynasty had a considerable understanding and mastery of the law of marine meteorological changes, which was helpful to further control the ocean and promote the further development of overseas transportation and trade.

Seven, the Ming dynasty

The navigation technology of the Ming Dynasty is mainly manifested in the application of comprehensive marine knowledge and the great improvement and progress of navigation technology.

1. About the course.

The application of compass in Ming dynasty was more popular and accurate. In the past, the compass was mainly used by single needle and sewing needle. However, in the Ming Dynasty, there were already "three stitches" and "four stitches" to bid farewell with the wind. Although the specific application method is unknown, it is certain that the course of the route will be more clear and accurate. Several compasses determine the course together, and there must be a unit of measurement to determine the voyage. At the latest in the Ming Dynasty, Geng was used as the unit of measurement in navigation. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Class One was about 60 Li. Therefore, "Geng" is not a simple time unit, but refers to the mileage that a ship passes at a standard speed in a Geng time. The use of "Geng" in navigation is also a sign of the development of navigation technology in Ming Dynasty. Combined with the compass, the position and speed of the ship can be calculated, which makes the navigation route more accurate. The navigation method of combining "needle" and "Geng" in Ming Dynasty has been very common, which embodies the advanced navigation technology in Ming Dynasty.

2. About topographic water

When sailing at sea, it is necessary to know the topography and water potential of the route, master the water depth of the channel and the shoal of the reef, so as to carry out maritime traffic activities safely and reliably.

In the Ming dynasty, people measured the depth of water and land with support as the unit, which was called pumping water. The Ming people also made great contributions to nautical charting. Although there were nautical charts in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, it was mainly coastal, and ocean navigation seemed out of reach. Until the Ming Dynasty, nautical charts had made great progress and reached a high level, not only in coastal areas, but also in overseas marine areas. The most typical one is Zheng He's Navigation Chart, which is included in 240 drawings of Military Records compiled by Mao in Ming Dynasty. This map was drawn from Nanjing to the coast of East Africa. The chart covers the vast western Pacific and Indian Ocean coastal areas, records more than 500 place names, and draws needle tracks, with high and low stars everywhere. The charts used in the peaks, islands, beaches, reefs and dangerous places during the voyage show the necessity and importance of the Ming people to master the topography and water potential of the route, and they have a profound understanding. In practical application, it reflects the development level of navigation technology in Ming Dynasty. Navigators in the Ming Dynasty had a good grasp of the topography and water potential of overseas routes. By the Ming Dynasty, similar specific guidance on route topography and water potential tended to be comprehensive and intuitive, reflecting the improvement of navigation technology in the Ming Dynasty.

3. About the navigation astronomical phenomena

Observe astronomical phenomena, including the changing laws of star positions, trade winds, ocean currents and tides.

Pull out the stars to determine the navigation position of the ship. Star pulling was a navigation technology that used astronomical conditions to locate at that time. That is to say, the height of a star is observed by using the star board on the ship, so as to determine the geographical position of the ship. Especially in the deep sea, it is difficult to provide effective terrain and water potential identification, and the navigation position is often determined by astronomical phenomena. The chart of Zheng He's navigation is accompanied by the chart of leading stars across the ocean, which records the navigation of leading stars in the Indian Ocean.

The use of trade winds. Xin's "Xinglan Exhibition City Map" said: "In December, Wuhu County, Fujian Province opened Yang, Zhang, and stayed with the wind for ten days and nights, occupying the city." In Huan's Ying Ya Sheng Lan Jia, he said that he would return to China, "when the south wind is smooth, he will return to Kaiyang in mid-May". It is said that Ming Ming people have a good grasp and application of monsoon laws.

Ming people are also very familiar with the changing laws of the weather, currents and tides of the sea. Many meteorological records and songs in this field are recorded in Farewell with the Wind and Guide Law, which shows the understanding and attention of the Ming people to marine phenomena, such as "Moon Wind Law", "Time of Tide Setting", "On Electric Songs of Four Seasons" and "Electric Songs of Four Sides" in Farewell with the Wind. According to the lunar calendar, the wind and rain laws of marine meteorology are described in detail.

Eight, the early and middle Qing Dynasty

Although there was no great innovation in navigation technology in the early and middle period of Qing Dynasty, we still fully understood and summarized the importance of marine geography. The drawing of charts is also quite level. Chen Lunjiong's News of Overseas Chinese in Qing Dynasty has six pictures, which are more detailed and accurate than the previous maps. Chen's "Sea State in the World" gives a detailed description of the marine landforms and hydrological shipping in the northeast and southeast coasts of China. These are very valuable for navigation guidance.

In the application technology of navigation, it basically inherits the traditional way of predecessors. But it has also developed to a certain extent. In the application of compass, the three-needle method is widely used, and the observation of navigation astronomical phenomena, navigation topography and water potential is systematically mastered. Start timing with an hourglass. Compared with traditional incineration, it smells more fragrant and estimates the time of the sun and the moon more accurately. The application of hourglass in the early Qing Dynasty shows that the technical performance and level of navigation tools at that time were constantly improved on the basis of absorbing foreign navigation technology.

"The foreign ships in China are different from those in the west, using a celestial globe and a ruler to measure the sky. When they are out of the day, when they are out of the water content, they will know that they are somewhere. " In contrast, China's navigation technology has begun to lag behind the West.

Reply: Liu Laoxie-Introduction to Jianghu Level 2 7- 1 1 22:09

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The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were the formation period of China's ancient navigation. During this period, maritime exploration, large-scale maritime transportation, overseas trade and frequent naval battles successively emerged as maritime powers-Qi and wuyue.

In the middle of the 7th century BC, Qi was located in Shandong Province, which had great economic advantages due to its geographical advantages, proximity to the sea and the benefits of fishing and salt, and eventually destroyed more than 30 vassal states. Qi has become a maritime power that can directly control the navigation around Shandong Peninsula and Bohai Sea, and its power even reaches as far as the East China Sea and Qiantang River estuary.

Yue people have been good at sailing since ancient times and have the custom of "cutting off their hair and tattoos". Perhaps this is because they are often in the water, and their long hair is inconvenient, so they are cut short and tattooed, symbolizing the son of the dragon, seeking his safety in the sea. Nature is also superstitious. Vietnamese often dive and swim, and are good at shipbuilding and sailing. The ships they built are only suitable for naval battles, but also civilian gondolas, canoes and boats. Under the leadership of Gou Jian, after ten years of unity and lessons, Yue became stronger. In 482 BC, Gou Jian took the opportunity of Fu Cha, the king of Wu, and led a good soldier to join the alliance in Huangchi (now southwest of Fengqiu, Henan). He sent 2,000 sailors, 40,000 soldiers, 6,000 gentlemen (elite) and 1000 imperial troops to attack Wu, and captured Wudu Gusu (now Suzhou, Jiangsu) in one fell swoop. Focha was forced to make peace with Vietnam with a generous gift. In 473 BC, Wu finally perished. Fu Cha, king of Wu, committed suicide.

After the downfall of the State of Wu, in 468 BC, Yue Cong Huiji "moved the capital to evil [Y× tooth]" along the road of Wu going north (Chronology of Bamboo Books). Langxie, now the northwest of Langxie Platform in Jiaonan, Shandong Province. At this time, there were two counties in Vietnam: Langson and Huiji. Sometimes "8,000 dead, 300 ships", let the foot soldiers on the ship "2,800 people cut the bamboo cabinet into branches". In 379 BC (thirty-three years of King Yue), he moved the capital to Wu. Wu is now Suzhou, Jiangsu. At this time, Qi, which is located along the coast of Shandong, is powerful, while Yue is declining, so there is no room for development in Shandong, so it has to move back to Wu from the sea again.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the maritime navigation ability was already very strong. Wu people regard "boats as horses" and "huge seas as dikes". Yue has always regarded boats as cars and Yi as horses. Yue's two moves to the capital also illustrate its navigation ability.

In the Western Zhou Dynasty, Ji Zi, an aristocrat of Shang Dynasty, was sent to Korea. During the Warring States period, the people of Yan State and Qi State, which were adjacent to North Korea, could not bear the cruel rule and migrated to North Korea in batches. At the same time, we have brought many advanced production technologies and tools. Bronze priests, swords and other objects have also been unearthed on the Korean peninsula. According to textual research, some of them are cultural relics from the Warring States period. These indicate that the working people in China were able to sail in the Yellow Sea during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. There are also many Japanese who crossed the Korean peninsula to Japan to escape the scourge of war. They brought bronze and iron production tools and rice planting technology. Metal tools and farming culture are two characteristics of Yayoi culture. Since then, Japanese culture has changed from the original rope culture to Yayoi culture (from 200 BC to 300 AD), and Yayoi culture is the culture from China. Especially from the northern coast of China.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Vietnamese along the southeast coast of China often sailed in the South China Sea and traded through Panyu Port. Panyu was founded by a branch of the Vietnamese people. "Nine doubts, south of Cangwu to the cloud, connected with Jiangnan, Panyu is also one of the cities. Pearl, rhinoceros, hawksbill, fruit, cloth. " (Biography of Huo Zhi in Historical Records) At the same time, the gold, pearls, rhinoceros and elephants obtained by Baiyue's voyage to the Western Ocean were also presented as tributes to the State of Chu.

The Qin and Han Dynasties was the first peak of China's ancient shipbuilding industry, which inherited and developed the technical level of the shipbuilding industry in Bashu area and some countries in the original six countries. During this period, the ships in China were not only large in scale, but also various, and they could build high-tech construction ships.

Qin was able to organize a huge fleet capable of transporting 500,000 stone grain in the war to pacify the south. After Qin Shihuang unified the whole country, he was in office for 12 years (22 BC1year-2 BC10 year) and organized five large-scale sea cruises, which showed the navigation ability of Qin Dynasty.

Qin Shihuang made a total of five cruises, except for the first one in 220 BC, and the second to fifth cruises at sea, that is, four cruises in 2 19 BC, 2 18 BC, 2 15 BC and 2 10 BC. His voyage at sea will certainly strengthen the development of navigation. If China's navigation in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties was just an initial period, then China's navigation entered a development stage after the Qin Dynasty unified China.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty tried his best to open up maritime traffic and devoted himself to the exchanges between countries at sea. With the efforts of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Han Dynasty finally opened three important sea routes. Sailboats in the Han Dynasty opened a route from the South China Sea to the Indian Ocean, which was the first ocean-going route in China's history and the earliest overseas trade in the world.

In the Tang Dynasty, Jian Zhen visited Japan six times, passing on scriptures and sending treasures.

During the Song Dynasty, the most prominent improvement of navigation technology in the Song Dynasty was the wide application of compass. Before the Song Dynasty, navigation was generally based on celestial phenomena and celestial bodies, with stars guiding the way at night and the sun relying on it to tell the direction. In the Northern Song Dynasty, there was a major breakthrough in navigation technology, making it possible to sail with a compass.

Zheng He's voyages to the West promoted the economic exchanges between China and Asian and African countries. Strengthened the friendly relations between China and Asian and African countries. This is a feat in the history of world navigation, more than half a century earlier than the voyage of European navigators. Zheng He was a great navigator in the history of China and the world.

Since15th century, China's shipbuilding technology and navigation technology have been in the leading position in the world. The development of China's ancient shipbuilding industry is closely related to the country's navigation and foreign relations, which complement each other. When the rulers attach importance to the development of foreign relations and navigation, the shipbuilding industry will develop, for example, in the Han, Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties, when foreign exchanges are frequent, the shipbuilding industry will develop. From the mid-Ming dynasty to the Qing dynasty, the shipbuilding industry was affected by the rulers' implementation of the sea ban policy.

The closed-door policy in Qing Dynasty restricted the development of China's foreign trade and navigation, and hindered the cultural exchange between China and foreign countries.

The development of ancient navigation in China reached its peak in Qin and Han Dynasties, Song and Yuan Dynasties and early Ming Dynasty. The navigation situation of each dynasty is summarized. Above, I hope to help you.

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