Abstract: The Yellow Emperor and his era is an extremely important period in the history of China. However, due to historical documents, most scholars regard it as a legend. Based on archaeological data, this paper points out the credibility of historical documents, points out the essence of the Yellow Emperor and his era and the era corresponding to archaeological culture, and points out that the era of the Yellow Emperor is the foundation and source of Heluo culture by comparing the scope of activities and cultural creation of the Yellow Emperor.
Keywords: Huangdi; Times; Heluo; culture
I. The Yellow Emperor and His Times
Most Chinese at home and abroad call themselves descendants of the Yellow Emperor and respect him as the Chinese nation? * * * Zu? . This pious belief is a powerful link to maintain the great cohesion of the Chinese nation. But what about this? * * * Lord? In the past, academic circles regarded it as a legend. The emergence of this concept stems from the ambiguity of the Yellow Emperor in the existing history books and the inconsistency and inconsistency of many records. In addition, what people can read about the Yellow Emperor is not directly obtained from the ancient characters in the pre-Qin classics, but mostly translated and copied, so it is natural to doubt the authenticity of the Yellow Emperor. Fortunately, there are no secrets on the earth. With the discovery of archaeology, this problem can be solved. What was cast in Qi Weiwang in the middle of the Warring States Period? Chen Hou yin dun? The reference to the Yellow Emperor in the unearthed inscriptions can be mutually corroborated with the existing historical materials, indicating that the historical materials are precious and credible.
Since the Yellow Emperor is real, why are there many contradictions in its records, such as "Mandarin? Say it today? Yesterday, Shaodian married the Gaos and gave birth to the Yellow Emperor. "The century of the emperor" is also called the succession of Emperor Yan. From the eighth generation to 530, the Yellow Emperor gave birth to Emperor Yan. Historical records? The Chronicle of the Five Emperors said Levin, the son of the Yellow Emperor Changyi, Zhuan Xu; Historical records? Qin Benji, also known as Zhuan Xu's granddaughter's great cause of raising children, married Shao Dian's daughter. Hundreds of records about the Yellow Emperor in these ancient books are full of contradictions. First of all, Yan Di, the Yellow Emperor, as the two sons of Shaodian, could not replace Yan Di as the world after more than 500 years. Secondly, it is absolutely impossible that Zhuan Xu is the grandson of the Yellow Emperor, Nuxiu is the grandson of Zhuan Xu, and Nuxiu's son marries Huang Di's sister daughter Hua. How to treat and explain these problems or contradictions? Mr. Xu Shunzhan, a famous archaeologist in China, has a good explanation for this, that is, the Yellow Emperor is not only a person, but also a race or tribe. The name of the Yellow Emperor has a double meaning, and its tribal name is the same as that of clan leaders or chiefs in previous dynasties. The author agrees with this cognition very much. Huangdi is the hereditary name of a tribe and its leader, not just one person, but several generations, handed down from generation to generation until this name is replaced by other names. In the era of the Yellow Emperor, Emperor Yan came to Zhuan Xu to reign. In the approximate age of the Yellow Emperor, the author also agrees with Mr. Xu's inference that Erlitou culture is Xia culture, and its early stage was about 4200 years ago. Before the summer, it was the Yao and Shun era, and the corresponding archaeological culture was Longshan culture. Yao and Shun were in the Zhuan Ku era, which belonged to the late Yangshao culture to the early Longshan culture, about 5000 ~ 4200 years ago. It was the era of the Yellow Emperor and belonged to Yangshao culture. About 5000 to 6500 years ago. During this period, many tribes or small Tusi kingdoms appeared in China, that is, "the Yellow Emperor has kings". It is precisely because of the status and achievements of the Yellow Emperor tribe Xianhe that many tribes gathered together at that time, forming the first great ethnic integration in China and creating many splendid cultures. Therefore, it is natural to regard the Yellow Emperor as the representative of his time and the "* * * ancestor" of the Chinese nation.
Second, the scope of activities of the Yellow Emperor
It has been proved that the man of the Yellow Emperor was not invented by the pre-Qin ancient history translated by the Han Dynasty, but was written by a man in the middle of the Warring States Period (Qi Weiwang) 2,350 years ago, and the description of the Yellow Emperor was relatively common at that time, so the story about the Yellow Emperor was not completely empty. Therefore, the concept of time and space can be obtained by extracting and translating the outline of the whereabouts of the Yellow Emperor from the ancient books of the pre-Qin period and corresponding to the current geographical position.
1. You Xiong: Huangdi is the capital, and scholars say it is located in the northwest of Xinzheng County, Henan Province. There is yellow water here, named after the yellow water in Woong San. About 60 kilometers west of Xinzheng County, it is today's Zhongyue Songshan area.
2. Dagu Juci Mountain: Qian Mu quoted "Shui Jing Zhu" as saying that there is Dagu Mountain 20 kilometers southwest of Xinzheng, now called Juci Mountain. Click to read Zhuangzi? Xu Wugui:? Will the Yellow Emperor see the mountains with mountains? Tone, the mountain should be a branch of Dakui Mountain, so the Yellow Emperor explored the road to find the shepherd boy, asking both the mountain with mountains and the location of Dakui.
3. Xiangcheng: About 60 kilometers southwest of Xinzheng today, the Yellow Emperor should have got lost and ran over his head to get here.
Dongting Lake: At the junction of Hubei and Hunan provinces in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, about 600 kilometers south of Xinzheng.
5. Han Quan: Qian Mu cited Shen Kuo's Meng Qian Bi Tan (Volume 3) for textual research. It is located in the east of Yanchijie County in the southwest corner of Shanxi Province, where there is Chiyou Village.
6. Zhuolu: Qian said it is near Hanquan, about12km west of Xie Xian.
7. Kongtong Mountain: Kongtong Mountain. Qian's "Looking at the Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic" is said to be between Linru, Xuchang, Yuxian and Mixian in central Henan, not west of Longshan. It borders Dagu Juci Mountain and Xiangcheng, both in central Henan, but in the west of Xiong You (Xinzheng).
8. Chishui: At the foot of Kunlun Mountain, the Water Mirror written by Li Daoyuan in the Northern Wei Dynasty? "River Notes" cloud:? Chishui goes out to the east of Guchuan, which is called Chishikuan, and enters the river in the east. . Located in the north of Yichuan County, Shaanxi Province, it is known that the Yellow Emperor once traveled to northern Shaanxi.
9. Kunlun: According to Kunlun Mountain, it is the largest mountain range in China, starting from Conglin Mountain in Xinjiang in the west and crossing to the seaside in the east, with a length of about 4,000 kilometers. Among them, the northeast of Kunlun Mountain passes through Qilian Mountain (in Gansu) and Helan Mountain (in Ningxia) and extends to Yinshan Mountain (in Inner Mongolia), belonging to Hetao area. It is reasonable for the Yellow Emperor to go to northern Shaanxi, climb Kunlun Mountain and return to its capital south.
10. Qingyaoshan: In Xin 'an, Luoyang, Shanhaijing? Three classics of the Middle Ages:? Aoan travels ten miles in Shandong, named Qingyaoshan, which is the secret capital of the emperor. Looking at the river bend in the north is riding a bird, looking at the water in the village in the south, and flowing northward into the river. ? The Yellow Emperor's secret residence is in Qingyao Mountain, and there is a bend of the Yellow River in the north. Water flows into the Yellow River from the mountain to the north, which is consistent with today's view.
Most of the above geographical context comes from the book Zhuangzi 2300 years ago. Compared with Qi Weiwang, it was about 50 years before he remembered his ancestor Huangdi. At that time, it was rumored that the scope of the Yellow Emperor's activities should be centered on Heluo area, going north to Shanxi, passing through northern Shaanxi, and boarding Yinshan Mountain in northern Hetao, Inner Mongolia; South to the junction of Hubei and Hunan, in an area about 1500 km long from north to south. Sima Qian, who was about 250 years later than Zhuangzi, described the activities of the Yellow Emperor in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, that is, the east was at sea, the west was with Kong Tong, the south was with the Yangtze River, the north was with Busan, and the city was in the land of Zhuolu. It is equivalent to the present five provinces of Henan, Shandong, Gansu, Hubei and Hebei, with an area of10.5 million kilometers and a circle in the north, south, east and west, but they have all moved to Zhuolu. This annotation of Zhuolu is quite different, so I won't discuss it in detail in this article. It is not difficult to see that although the two accounts are slightly different, the similarities between them are obvious, that is, the center of the Yellow Emperor's activity range is Heluo area.
Third, the cultural creation in the era of the Yellow Emperor.
The cultural creation in the era of the Yellow Emperor has been described in many previous documents. However, scholars have different views on the documents describing the era of the Yellow Emperor, some of which are approved, some are not approved, some are only partially approved, and some are dubious. How to solve this problem? The author thinks that literature should be used as a clue and modern archaeological materials as evidence. The combination of the two can confirm each other, and it can be confirmed that the Yellow Emperor era is the first prosperous era of China's cultural creation and the basic era of China's traditional culture formation.
(a) Creating material and means of subsistence. Material and means of subsistence are the basic elements of human existence, the most direct embodiment of the level of social production development, and an important part of human civilization. The creation of material and means of subsistence in the era of the Yellow Emperor is mainly reflected in the following aspects:
1. The creation of pottery. "Original" includes? Xuanyuan's cooking? ; "Ancient History Examination"? Does the Yellow Emperor have a cauldron? ; Legend of the immortals? Ning Fengzi is Zheng Tao, the Yellow Emperor. It has been said that if you light a fire for him, he can produce five-color smoke. For a long time, he taught Fengzi, who knew the fire and set herself on fire. ? According to archaeological findings, the invention and creation of pottery appeared as early as the Yellow Emperor's era, and the earliest time of pottery may be as early as 10,000 years ago. However, it was not until Yangshao culture, that is, the era of the Yellow Emperor, that the making of pottery became more and more important in people's lives, and the types of pottery flourished. There were not only pots and pans mentioned in ancient historical research and original materials, but also pottery pots, pots, pots, Tao Pan and pointed-bottomed bottles, and even officials in charge of pottery making appeared? Zheng Tao? And painted pottery. Documentary records of burning pottery? Five-color smoke? It is a tortuous reflection when firing painted pottery. The appearance of painted pottery is a major breakthrough in the history of pottery making, which not only reflects the progress of pottery making technology, but also reflects the emergence of painting art and the germination of chemical experiments and scientific selection.
2. The creation of costume culture. What's in Yi Cohesion Biography? Huangdi hangs clothes? . "Shiben" includes? Apollo makes clothes? 、? Hu Cao wears a crown? , Zhong Song note:? Are Apollo and Hu Cao ministers of the Yellow Emperor? . Bamboo Records? (Yellow Emperor) Initial coronation suit? . It shows that people in the era of the Yellow Emperor have left the period when clothes were hanging on the leaves, and not only began to wear clothes, but also began to have a crown hat that represented their identity. Huainanzi? On Xun Xun? Bo Yuzhi's clothes are also intertwined, and his hands are hung by his fingers, which makes him a snare. ? The pattern on pottery in Yangshao period was sparse, just as the literature said, it was indeed linen after identification. Another "TongJian gaiden"? Lei Zu, daughter of Xiling family, imperial concubine of the Yellow Emperor. First, she taught the people to raise silkworms, treat cocoons to make clothes, and then offered sacrifices to silkworms first. ? This means that silkworms were raised in the era of the Yellow Emperor, and silk fabrics were used to make clothes. Silkworm cocoon remains and pottery silkworm figurines were found in Yangshao cultural site in the Central Plains. This shows that people in the Yellow Emperor era not only wore linen clothes, but also appeared more upscale and comfortable silk clothes.
3. Casting copper and the creation of production, life and transportation. "pipe? The number of places where the Yellow Emperor collected gold (copper) and Chiyou used bronze utensils was mentioned. In addition, in today's Lingbao, there are legends of the Yellow Emperor casting a tripod to ascend to the immortal, including the original tripod and the Mausoleum of the Yellow Emperor. The legend was originally difficult to prove, but copper casting residues were found in Yangshao cultural sites in Hebei, Henan and Shanxi, bronzes were found in Majiayao culture in Gansu five thousand years ago, and bronzes and brass were also found in xi 'an Banpo and Lintong Jiangzhai six thousand years ago. All these prove that the era of the Yellow Emperor has opened the prelude to the bronze casting culture.
Is it mentioned in Shiben? Yong dad's mortar? ,? Father's job? 、? Bow? 、? Yimou is the target? 、? Hanging? 、? Hanging? 、 ? Hanging? 、? * * * Barrels and goods are in the same boat? Wait a minute. According to records, Yongfu, Hua, Yimou, * * Drum, Huo Di and others are all ministers of the Yellow Emperor. Before Yangshao culture, the grain processing tools were mainly stone mills and stone rollers, and the emergence of Chu Jiu in the Yellow Emperor era went further. Bows and arrows appeared before the Yellow Emperor. Bows and arrows were improved on the basis of predecessors' inventions and were more effective. Stone arrows, clam arrows and bone arrows are common in Yangshao cultural sites.
Lei, Geng, Qiang and Gou are all agricultural tools, which are found in Yangshao cultural sites, reflecting the prosperity of agricultural civilization in the Yellow Emperor era. Boat-shaped pottery was also found in Yangshao cultural site, which proved this point? * * * Barrels and goods are in the same boat? Record. When was the Yellow Emperor recorded in the Book of Changes? Boast wood for a boat, brush wood for a boat? , indicating that the ship was a canoe. In addition, tools not found in archaeological documents include axes, shovels, knives, sickles and chisels.
4. Architectural creation. The emperor's century? Above the Yellow Emperor, he lived in a cave, in the wild, and went to the Yellow Emperor. In order to build a palace, he went up to the next building and waited for the wind and rain. ? Although people had built houses before the Yellow Emperor, they were basically shack-type semi-cave houses. By the middle and late Yangshao period, that is, the era of the Yellow Emperor, people not only used semi-cave houses to build houses, but also used ground buildings, from round and square houses. The main column of the house has been erected with beams. The walls are wood and mud walls, and the interior is bright and dark. This housing construction mode has laid the foundation of residential buildings with China ethnic style for 5,000 years, and it is the originator of China ethnic architecture. In addition, pavilions and pavilions of ancient buildings representing the highest technology, level and artistic value in China appeared in the era of the Yellow Emperor. The chronicles of bamboo books? Emperor Huang built the twelfth floor, and the phoenix nest was in Aji for sixty years. ? Not only that, what else have you found in Yangshao cultural site? Front and back rooms? Did large-scale buildings enter the dynasty era? Sleep back and forth? The ancestor of architecture. Especially in the late Yangshao culture in Dadiwan, an area of 400 square meters was discovered? Quad house? Large building. Five thousand years ago, Yangshao culture appeared the architectural pattern of the imperial palace in class society, which is a miracle in the history of architecture.
(2) Innovation in spiritual culture, science and technology.
1. Form a monogamous family and a social form of polarization between the rich and the poor. The early stage of human society is the stage of group marriage, and a clan-based society has gradually emerged, which implements marriage outside the clan and pairing marriage. The nature of the clan was matriarchal at first, and then developed into paternal. In the era of the Yellow Emperor, the dominant position of patriarchal society was completely established. Among the many archaeological sites discovered in the era of the Yellow Emperor, rows of small rooms were found, some of which had their own production tools, such as grain tanks, grain pits, stoves and ponds. , is obviously a monogamous family image. The grave is another piece of evidence. The tombs found in the site can be basically divided into three categories: large, medium and small. The disparity of funerary objects in tombs shows that the polarization between the rich and the poor has gone to extremes. The male and female burial tombs are generally male left and female right, which is obviously an example of monogamy. 1996, 1997 The site of Sister-in-law Zhagen found on the bank of the Yellow River is a typical social form in the era of the Yellow Emperor. At this time, the society is no longer the primitive mode of the production society, but a class society with prominent polarization between the rich and the poor.
2. Form the Kingdom of the Emirates. Clans are combined into tribes according to their needs, and tribes form tribal alliances. Some tribal alliances have developed into tribes and even become chieftain kingdoms. This is the universal law of the development of world civilization. Mentioned in Historical Records? The Yellow Emperor has ten thousand princes? ,? Recruit teachers and princes? The vassal here refers to either the tribal alliance, the tribe or the emirate kingdom. Various forms of social organizations could exist at that time, and the emperor formed a large tribe at that time and formed the emirate kingdom. Historical records? The biography of the Five Emperors points out that the Yellow Emperor? After raising the wind, forcing grazing, often first, deluge the people? . Xie Ji quoted Zheng Xuan as saying:? After the wind, the Yellow Emperor is also a fair man? ; Lead the class and say:? Li Mu, the Yellow Emperor elephant also. ? Justice says:? These four men are all emperors and ministers. ? "pipe? The five elements said:? The six phases of the emperor rule the world, and the gods are there. Chiyou knew Heaven, so he did it at that time. Greatness often inspects geographical location, so it is a coward; The extravagant dragon distinguishes the east, so it is a native teacher; Zhu Rong distinguishes the south, so he is Stuart; Dafeng distinguishes the west, so it is Sima; After the earth argued against the north, it was Li, so it was also a spring earth teacher, Xia Situ, Qiu Sima and Dong Li. ? The emperor not only has six phases of handicraft industry, agriculture, military affairs and justice, but also has a division of labor within handicraft industry. Ningfeng is Zheng Tao, Yongfu is responsible for making farm tools, and Apollo and Hu Cao are responsible for clothing. Ling Lun and Rongcheng are officials, music officials and celestial officials respectively, who are in charge of astronomical calendars, while He Changyi is an expert involved in the formulation of legislation. It can be seen from the above that the Yellow Emperor is by no means an isolated hero, but a monarch with a huge leading group. The ancient tribes could not reach it, and neither could the tribal alliance. It is only possible to develop into the chieftain kingdom, that is, the Yellow Emperor can only be the hereditary leader of the chieftain kingdom, and he can become a great mythical figure who has influenced generation after generation.
3. Creation of military culture. The polarization between the rich and the poor and the emergence of classes caused social unrest, and the contradiction between tribes and polis catalyzed the war. "Shang Jun? "Said planning? In Shennong's world, men plow and eat, women weave and dress, and punishment is not needed, so Jia Bing can't afford to be king. Shennong didn't, beating the weak with the strong, and fighting the widowed with violence. Therefore, the Yellow Emperor is regarded as the righteousness of monarch and minister, the gift of father and son, the union of husband and wife, the expert's knife saw, and Jia Bing's external use. ? Historical records? Biography of Five Emperors is more specific. At the time of Xuanyuan, Shennong declined, and the vassals invaded and despoiled the people, but Shennong was able to levy, so Xuanyuan was used to using soldiers to levy, and the vassals invited guests. Fight with Emperor Yan in the field of Hanquan, and then win his ambition after three wars. Chiyou didn't need the emperor's command to make an insurrection. The Yellow Emperor was a vassal. He fought Chiyou in the wild and killed Chiyou one by one. ? These records illustrate an obvious problem, that is, with the polarization between the rich and the poor and the emergence of classes, the Yellow Emperor era developed to the stage of expert knife sawing and external use of armor soldiers, which gave birth to the development of military culture. The appearance of Sun Tzu's Art of War After the Wind, Sun Tzu's Art of War Limu and Sun Tzu's Art of War Ghost Town (Da Hong) is the inevitable crystallization and product of the military development of his time.
4. Painting and sculpture creation. "Stone Book" contains: Stone Yellow Painting? , Zhong Song note yue:? Emperors in history and ministers of the Yellow Emperor also painted objects and images. ? Zhang quoted Yi Tong Guayan as saying? XuanYuanZi wonderful dragon, painting for painting ancestors? Used as notes in the early days, it gradually separated from notes and developed into painting. There was no record of painting before the Yellow Emperor, but the painted pottery painting of Yangshao culture in the Yellow Emperor's era attracted worldwide attention, including animals and plants, which gradually developed from early pictographs to abstractions until a large number of geometric patterns were painted. There is no exact record of sculpture in the literature, but it is quite rich in archaeological discoveries. Exquisite pottery and various decorations belong to the category of sculpture art. In addition, exquisite pottery birds, pottery geckos, pottery heads and pottery ding have also been found in Yangshao culture, and raccoons, bird-shaped raccoons and jade turtles have also been found in Longshan culture.
5. Music creation. "Shiben" said:? The title of the Yellow Emperor's song is Xianchi? , "Historical Records? Le Shu Ji Jie quoted Zheng Xuan as saying: Yao Zengxiu used the music name created by the Yellow Emperor. Salty, both are also; The words of the pool are also the words of virtue. ? The Chronicle of the Yellow Emperor said: The Yellow Emperor destroyed the western musical instrument, which was twenty-five strings, seven feet and two inches long. Xianchi? The specific content is unknown. At that time, the plug was not found in the current archaeology, but the pottery drum was found in Yangshao culture and the crocodile drum was found in Longshan site. " Shiben said again:? The Yellow Emperor asked Ling Lun to build a chin. Although there are no stone chimes found in Yangshao culture, many stone tools with holes can be used as percussion instruments, and the stone chimes in Longshan culture are quite mature. In Yangshao culture, there is another musical instrument, Tao Qi. In addition, seven-tone bone flutes dating from seven to eight thousand years ago were also found in Peiligang culture before Yangshao culture. From this, we can infer the musical level of the Yellow Emperor era.
6. Invention and creation of writing, gossip and astronomical calendars. "Shiben" said? Cang Xie lived in Yong country, and wrote a book. ? Song Zhongzhu? In Juyong, Cang Xie was the minister of the Yellow Emperor. ? Everything is wrong. Five articles, Huainanzi. History books such as Thai Articles and Xu Shen's Talking about Wen Zi all admit that Cang Xie was the first writer. Many pottery symbols have been found in Yangshao cultural sites, and most scholars think they are primitive characters. "Imperial Century" said? Yao Xi's eight diagrams, Shennong's sixty-four hexagrams and Huangdi's Yao Shun's extensive application are divided into two changes. Zhixia people say that the mountains are linked together, while Yin people say that the return to Tibet is due to the Yellow Emperor. Sixty-four hexagrams are ninety-six hexagrams, which is called Zhouyi. ? "Book of Changes" has become a household name, and it has become a hot topic of easy learning. Yi-ology contains the philosophy of social science and natural science, and represents the highest level of ancient culture in China. Archaeology discovered the Eight Diagrams in the Yellow Emperor's era, and the hexagrams dating back 6000 years were found in the Qingdun site in Hai 'an. Some scholars have pushed the source of gossip to the Yangshao culture period in Anbanpo, Xi 'an. Dawenkou culture found pebbles in turtle shell, which was a tool for divination. The discovery of Oracle bones at Yangshao cultural site in Xiawanggang, Zhejiang Province, proves that divination appeared in the Yellow Emperor's era. Bamboo Records? (Yellow Emperor) Swimming in Luoshui, he saw a big fish and killed five animals to reward it. It rained heavily, and the fish flowed in the sea for seven days and seven nights, and there were no books. Dragon map out of the river, turtle book for Luo, red Wen Weng seal awarded Xuanyuan. ? Here? Huturo book? It is an ancient astronomical calendar, which is closely related to gossip. Historical records? The almanac contains:? Gai Huangdi studied the ephemeris, established the five elements, started the news, and it was a leap moon, so there were gods of heaven and earth, called the five senses, and each carried out his duties. ? Suoyin quoted Shiben and Law Calendar and said:? The Yellow Emperor made He Zhanri, Changyi occupy the moon, and the stars in ten thousand areas, while Ling Lun made laws and regulations, made great efforts to do Jiazi and do official arithmetic, which made it possible to combine these six techniques to write "Conghua". ? This passage points out that the Yellow Emperor attached great importance to astronomical observation and set up full-time officials to measure ephemeris, while the calendar compiled by Rongcheng covered many scientific and technological achievements. Combined with archaeological discoveries, the jade plate turtle book gossip of Dawenkou culture was discovered in Lingjiatan 5000 years ago. Astronomers generally believe that this is the earliest calendar in China. A tomb of Yangshao period more than 6000 years ago was found in Xishuipo, Puyang, with a round tomb in the south and a round tomb in the north, which reflected the theory that the sky was round and the sky was covered by the local sky. The dragon and tiger carved with clam shells around the tomb owner are thought by astronomers to be celestial bodies? East Palace? 、? Nishimiya? The understanding of vernal equinox is also the understanding of vernal equinox and autumnal equinox in calendar.
Four. conclusion
From the above discussion, it is not difficult to see that the Yellow Emperor and his era did exist, which is an extremely important link in the historical development of our country. Its activity scope is in most parts of northern China with Heluo area as the center. The era of the Yellow Emperor is the golden age of China's ancient culture, an epoch-making social stage and a stage of great cultural creation and prosperity, which laid the foundation of Heluo culture. The era of the Yellow Emperor can be called the source of Heluo culture.
Precautions:
① Xu Zhongshu: Textual Research on the Four Instruments of Chen Hou, Book III of Collection of Institute of History and Language, Academia Sinica, the fourth score, p. 479. ( 1933)
2 Jin? Huangfu Mi: The Chronicle of the Emperor, Qian Mu: Textual Research on Historical Records (hereinafter referred to as? Money? )。 ( 1968)
(3) Qian Mu: Ancient History Theory Series, p. 134. ( 1982)
(4) the Zhuangzi Guo Xiang note? Heaven and earth? Volume 12, volume 5, page 3.
(5) Zang Lihe et al. : China Dictionary of Ancient and Modern Geographical Names, page 79 1. (193 1 year).
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⑥ Archaeological report of Xiaolangdi Reservoir on the Yellow River (2)? Sister in law and Zhai Gen. Zhengzhou: Zhongzhou Ancient Books Publishing House, (2006)