Diabetes mellitus is a lifelong metabolic disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia caused by many reasons. Long-term hyperglycemia damages large blood vessels and capillaries, and endangers the heart, brain, kidneys, peripheral nerves, eyes and feet. According to the statistics of the World Health Organization, the complications of diabetes exceed 100, which is the disease with the most known complications at present. More than half of diabetes deaths are caused by cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and 10% is caused by nephropathy. Diabetic amputees are more than non-diabetic patients 10 ~ 20 times. Clinical data show that about 10 years after the onset of diabetes, 30% ~ 40% of patients will have at least one complication, and once the complication appears, it is difficult to reverse it with drug treatment, so it is emphasized to prevent diabetic complications as soon as possible.
Diabetes can be divided into 1 type diabetes, type 2 diabetes and other types of diabetes.
1 type diabetes: excessive drinking, overeating, excessive urination, emaciation and other signs;
Type 2 diabetes: the increase of blood sugar is mainly caused by obesity in adulthood;
Other types of diabetes: LADA (adult recessive immune diabetes).
clinical picture
1. Drink more urine and eat more to lose weight.
Severe hyperglycemia has typical symptoms of "three more and one less", which are more common in 1 type diabetes. In ketosis or ketoacidosis, the symptoms of "three more and one less" are more obvious.
2. Fatigue and weakness, obesity
It is more common in type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is often obese before onset. If it is not diagnosed in time, the weight will gradually drop.
cheque
1. Blood sugar
It is the only criterion for diagnosing diabetes. Those who have obvious symptoms of "three more and one less" can be diagnosed as long as the blood sugar level is abnormal once. Asymptomatic people need two abnormal blood sugar levels to diagnose diabetes. Suspicious people need to do a 75g glucose tolerance test.
Urinary sugar
Often positive. When the blood glucose concentration exceeds the renal glucose threshold (160 ~ 180 mg/dl), urine glucose is positive. When the renal glucose threshold rises, the diagnosis can be negative even if the blood glucose reaches the level of diabetes. Therefore, urine glucose determination is not used as a diagnostic standard.
3. Urine ketone body
When ketosis or ketoacidosis occurs, urine ketone body is positive.
4. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA 1c)
It is the product of non-enzymatic reaction between glucose and hemoglobin, and the reaction is irreversible. HbA 1c level is stable, which can reflect the average blood sugar level two months before blood collection. It is the most valuable index to judge the state of blood sugar control.
5. Glycosylated serum protein
It is the product of non-enzymatic reaction between blood glucose and serum albumin, and reflects the average blood glucose level 1 ~ 3 weeks before blood collection.
6. Serum insulin and C-peptide levels
Reflect the reserve function of islet β cells. In the early stage of type 2 diabetes or obesity, serum insulin is normal or elevated. With the development of the disease, the function of islet gradually decreased and the ability of insulin secretion decreased.
7. Blood lipids
Dyslipidemia is very common in diabetic patients, especially when blood sugar is poorly controlled. It is characterized by the increase of triglyceride, total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol. The level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased.
8. Immune indicators
Islet cell antibody, insulin autoantibody and glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody are three important indexes of humoral immune abnormality in 1 type diabetes mellitus, among which GAD antibody has high positive rate and long duration, which has important diagnostic value for 1 type diabetes mellitus. The positive rate of 1 diabetic first-degree relatives is also certain, which is significant for predicting 1 diabetes.
9. Urinary albumin excretion, radioimmunoassay or enzyme-linked method
Urinary albumin excretion can be sensitively detected, and urinary albumin is slightly increased in early diabetic nephropathy.
diagnose
The diagnosis of diabetes is generally not difficult. When fasting blood glucose is greater than or equal to 7.0 mmol/L and/or blood glucose is greater than or equal to11.1mmol/L two hours after meals, a diagnosis can be made. Diabetes should be classified after diagnosis:
1. 1 type diabetes mellitus
The onset age is relatively young, and most of them are
2.2 Diabetes
Common in middle-aged and elderly people, the incidence of obesity is high, often accompanied by hypertension, dyslipidemia, arteriosclerosis and other diseases. If the onset is hidden, there are no symptoms in the early stage, or only mild fatigue and thirst, and the blood sugar increase is not obvious, the diagnosis can only be made by glucose tolerance test. The serum insulin level is normal or increased in the early stage and low in the late stage.
Treatment suggestion
At present, there is no cure for diabetes in western medicine, but diabetes can be controlled through various treatment methods. It mainly includes five aspects: diabetes patient education, blood sugar self-monitoring, diet therapy, exercise therapy and drug therapy.
Diabetes is called diabetes in Chinese medicine. Diabetes is the name of Chinese traditional medicine, which refers to the comprehensive symptoms characterized by excessive drinking, excessive urine, excessive eating, emaciation, fatigue and sweet urine. If tested, the main features are hyperglycemia and urine sugar. Mainly in lung, stomach and kidney, the basic pathogenesis is yin and body fluid deficiency and excessive dryness and heat. If the thirst is quenched for a long time, the disease will be out of control, yin damage, body fluid deficiency, heat-induced blood stasis, resulting in two injuries of qi and yin, deficiency of yin and yang, blood stasis in collaterals, dystrophy of meridians, disorder of qi and blood, damage to viscera, furuncle, carbuncle, dizziness, chest pain, deafness, blindness, numbness and pain in limbs, gangrene of lower limbs, edema due to renal failure, etc. Diabetes in China's traditional medicine first appeared in the treatise on strange diseases in Huangdi Neijing, which was called diabetes at that time. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that quenching thirst, lung heat hurting body fluid, and thirst and drinking more are the upper elimination; Stomach fire is strong, and the valley is hungry. The kidney is not connected with water, and the frequency of urination is downward. Lung dryness, stomach heat and kidney deficiency can occur at the same time, or focus on them, leading to quenching thirst and being indispensable.
It is suggested to take a packet of our traditional Chinese medicine "Wenxi Tongguan Powder" every morning, put it in a covered cup (about 500 ml), soak it in boiling water for a few minutes (boiling water for five minutes is especially effective), and drink clear soup such as tea, which can be taken repeatedly with water, and the taste will be exhausted. Generally, the obvious effect can be seen in three or two days, and the effect is particularly good in seven to ten days. The curative effect is stable and lasting. Good luck!