(A) The learning burden of primary school students is harmful to their health.
We have never forgotten a humiliating page in China's modern history. 150 years ago, the Qing government, which was closed to the outside world, was corrupt and incompetent, with weak national strength and poor people. How many people in China are poisoned by evil opium? Opium smokers are pale and emaciated. Because of this, China people have been dubbed "the sick man of East Asia". Pupils are the future of the country and the nation, the builders and successors of the socialist cause, and their quality is related to the future and destiny of the country and the nation.
However, it is an indisputable fact that primary school students in China have a heavy learning burden, which is mainly manifested in four aspects: First, the study time is too long. In a school year, students often go to school for about 300 days a year, working overtime, deducting winter and summer vacations and holidays; Second, there are too many classes, usually more than seven classes a day; Third, the workload is too large, almost bottomless; Fourth, study and even the whole school life are too monotonous, boring, boring and depressing. These heavy learning burdens have seriously affected the health of primary and secondary school students.
1, the heavy learning burden seriously affects the eyesight of primary school students. The heavy learning burden makes students write homework at close range, which makes eye muscles tired and unable to relax and adjust normally. At the same time, too much study burden is lack of sleep. Foreign studies have found that the dysfunction of systemic autonomic nerve caused by lack of sleep affects the dysfunction of local sympathetic nerve and parasympathetic nerve, leading to the disorder of ciliary muscle regulation, which is the pathological basis of myopia. In addition, the heavy learning burden is that the time of extracurricular physical exercise is reduced and the eyes can't get a good rest. On June 6, 2004, the health department of Anshan City organized ophthalmologists in some hospitals to conduct free clinics for some primary school students. In the waiting line, reporters can see a group of "glasses" from time to time. In the subsequent investigation, the reporter found that the myopia rate of the whole school was 19.8% in the eyesight column of the whole school student health questionnaire. Myopia is spreading quietly. It is understood that the latest data from the national student physical health survey shows that the incidence of myopia in primary school students in China is 22.78%, and that in middle school students is 55. 25%, high school students 70.34%. What is even more shocking is that the incidence of myopia in China has risen from the fourth place in 1998 to the second place in the world. At present, myopia is on the rise, ranking first among common diseases in primary schools. This will affect the career choice of high-quality talents in China and narrow the choice range of many special professionals. CoCo Lee, director and chief physician of the Department of Ophthalmology, Anshan Central Hospital of Chinese Medical Association, who has rich medical experience, told the reporter that the heavy learning burden is the main factor inducing the increase of myopia incidence among primary school students.
2. Excessive study burden affects sleep time and sleep quality. The Ministry of Education clearly stipulates the sleep time of primary and secondary school students in China: the sleep time of primary school students should exceed 9 hours, junior high school students should reach 9 hours, and senior high school students should reach 8 hours. Gao Yingjun, a professor at Beijing Normal University, pointed out that sleep plays a key role in children's growth and development. The growth and development of teenagers are not only related to heredity, nutrition and exercise, but also related to the secretion of auxin, which is closely related to sleep. So teenagers must develop well, grow tall and get enough sleep. This hormone is mainly secreted at night, and children can only grow tall and strong if they sleep well. However, the sleep situation of primary and secondary school students in China is not optimistic. "I am the earliest person to go to school and the latest person to leave school. I do the most homework, sleep the last, feel sleepy and tired, and it's me or me … "This popular" campus song "was heard by members of Sichuan CPPCC in some schools. Although a little funny, it does sing the bitterness and helplessness of students from a certain angle, and sleep has become a luxury for middle school students. China's first blue book for children revealed that 47% of primary school students did not meet the national standard of 9 hours' sleep. What is crowding out children's sleep time? The reason is, first of all, too much homework. In primary school 1-3 grade, 67% of urban children and 46% of rural children do homework more than 1 hour every day; In grades 4-6 of primary school, 37% of urban children and 26% of rural children have homework over 1 hour. 2 1% of urban junior high school students and 20% of rural junior high school students have homework for more than 2 hours. Not only the teacher leaves homework, but also the parents should assign homework. It is common for students above 0/0 in primary schools to go to bed. Secondly, the school requires them to get to school too early, and the children should get up at dawn to go to school. At school, exams and exam results are overwhelming. The main or even the only index used by society and families to evaluate a school and a teacher is the enrollment rate. This one-sided orientation of further education leads to misunderstanding of school education. Schools put pressure on teachers with scores, and teachers put pressure on students with scores. What is even more frightening is that scores are the only criterion for measuring students. Good grades mean everything is fine, while poor grades are left out, discriminated against, isolated and even excluded from the collective. In this case, primary school students have a heavy learning burden and their sleep time is greatly reduced. Under the heavy pressure, the physical quality of many students has declined, and the number of primary and secondary school students suffering from neurasthenia, spinal curvature and other diseases has been increasing. Due to the lack of sleep time and poor quality, many students have problems such as trance and memory decline. It can be seen that lack of sleep is very harmful to the health of primary and secondary school students. Without good physical fitness, how can you receive good learning results! Without good physical fitness, how can we provoke the burden of socialist construction! Therefore, it is urgent to reduce the learning burden of primary school students. We have the responsibility to give our children a good sleep, and we have the responsibility to create a healthy growth environment so that they can study happily and grow up healthily!
(2) The heavy learning burden of primary school students endangers their mental health.
1, the heavy learning burden makes primary school students feel tired of learning. Suhomlinski, a famous educator, pointed out that free time control is very important for the all-round development and formation of students' intellectual and aesthetic interests and needs. Too much homework and students' heavy burden will not only affect students' all-round development, but even produce weariness of learning, and teaching will only get twice the result with half the effort.
A friend's boy (6 years old) only attended the first grade of primary school for one semester in China. When I first arrived in Paris, it was difficult to attend classes because of the language barrier and different learning contents. Parents can't accompany him often because of work, and the child looks lonely, but he says "this place is better than China". Asked why, he said, "There is less homework here". Hearing this answer, I was deeply shocked. The choice of children is so simple! Let's take a look at the learning burden of students in other countries in the world. The homework of French primary school students can be said to be very few. There is basically no homework in the first grade of primary school. Students in grades two and three have only 20 minutes of homework every day, while students in grades four and five have 40 minutes of homework. Therefore, parks, street gardens, lawns, children's playgrounds and gymnasiums are full of children playing football, swinging and exercising, instead of studying and solving problems in the classroom until their parents arrive.
Learning is the main task of students, but it is not the only task, but a part of all students' spiritual life. Students' spiritual life is multifaceted: study, social practice, labor, sports, extracurricular reading, production activities, literature and aesthetic activities ... Although the central government and education administrative departments have repeatedly instructed to reduce students' excessive learning burden, compared with previous years, the learning burden of primary school students has increased. I have heard many heartbreaking facts: a primary school student hurriedly opened his schoolbag and did his homework after school. First, when he is too tired, he sits in a chair and writes on his knees. His tender hands left traces of holding a pen. After 10 in the afternoon, the homework was not finished. She was so anxious that she cried. Maybe she was so tired that she fell asleep crying on her desk. After waking up, she cried and did her homework ... the study burden was heavy. This has dampened the enthusiasm of learning, affected the formation of learning psychology and reduced the learning effect. Today, with the popularity of the Internet, many teenagers who are tired of learning begin to get happiness and satisfaction from the Internet. The purpose of surfing the Internet is to escape the troubles and emotions in real life. Excessive internet access will lead to emotional disorder of teenagers and trigger a series of social problems. Not long ago, a provincial congress was held, asking delegates to speak freely. What children say most is: how much they want to have a happy Sunday. "... the teacher will make up lessons for us on Sunday, and the parents will give us extra homework. We are really tired because of the full schedule. ""We need the space to run freely, what we need is a relaxed and harmonious learning environment "... These are the heartfelt voices of children.
It can be seen that the phenomenon that primary school students in China are overburdened with learning has caused students to feel extremely bored. With the deepening of reform and opening up and the increasingly extensive communication in the world, reducing the burden is the unshirkable responsibility of every educator, and we must work hard for it.
2. Overweight study burden tends to distort students' personality. Personality is a complex psychological phenomenon. There are many factors that affect personality: genetic factors, environmental factors and biological factors will all affect the formation of personality. Environmental factors are the main factors affecting the formation of personality, including family, school and other factors. Personality affects people's spiritual life and is also related to people's physical health. Primary and secondary school students are in a period of physiological, psychological and physical changes. In terms of psychological theory, the exertion of people's physical and mental potential should conform to objective laws. At present, primary school students' learning burden is too heavy, which forces them to exert their physical and mental potential excessively and makes their physical and mental burden in a state of full load and overload. This is a kind of damage to their healthy growth, which will definitely lead to destructive consequences and make their personality appear defects that should not appear. I remember there is a saying that "sadness is greater than mental death". What a terrible thing it is when a person loses interest in everything, is silent about everything and has no enterprise. Many middle school students are faced with a heavy learning burden. They feel that there is no happiness in life except the heavy burden of study. As far as it is concerned, it is so monotonous. Over time, it will lead to their personality distortion, resulting in loneliness, helplessness and loneliness, which will lead to lying, truancy, running away from home, and even committing crimes. This is really worth pondering.
(3) The heavy learning burden of primary school students has seriously hindered the implementation of quality education.
Over the past 20 years of reform and opening up, China has achieved rapid economic development, and at the same time, education has also made remarkable progress. However, like most developing countries, China also faces such problems; The education foundation is relatively weak, the culture is relatively backward and the economy is underdeveloped, which forms the reality that the per capita share of resources is low and the quality of the population needs to be improved urgently. Social development has formed a serious contradiction between the situation of urgent need for talents and the reality of scarce high-quality talents. Reflected in the field of education, entering universities through further study has become an established path for many people to become talents. This kind of understanding once existed in leading cadres of governments at all levels, leaders of education management departments, teachers, even parents of students and students themselves. Students simply pursue further studies, schools unilaterally pursue the rate of enrollment, and society evaluates the quality of schools by the rate of enrollment. Such a series of misconceptions have contributed to such a wrong educational tendency as "exam-oriented education". Under the education mode of exam-oriented education, primary school students have a heavy academic burden and long study time, which seriously affects their physical and mental health.
1June, 1999, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council held the third whole church since the reform and opening up, and made a major decision to comprehensively promote quality education. To promote quality education in an all-round way is to adhere to the "three orientations" as the guidance, fully implement the national education policy, take improving the national quality and national innovation ability as the fundamental purpose, focus on cultivating students' innovative spirit and practical ability, and cultivate a new generation oriented to 2 1 century. Excessive burden on students has become a "bottleneck" that restricts the all-round promotion of quality education and the all-round improvement of education quality. At present, there are many primary school courses and the textbooks are deep; Some localities, departments and units require schools to carry out various special education, see it in textbooks and enter the classroom. There are more than 30 courses in primary and secondary schools in a province, including 9 subjects, 6 activities and about 20 topics. Some schools also engage in injection, sea tactics, various mock exams, big exams, middle school exams, quizzes and tests for students. China students have been "formatted" by exams, and have lost the ability of innovation and creation. An uncreative country and nation means the stagnation of development. Last year's "May Day" holiday, a fifth-grade student in a primary school had to do 33 pages of exercises and 8 compositions. The student asked: Why do we have to do so much homework when our parents have a holiday? These wrong behaviors and practices seriously violate the laws of education and teaching, distort the nature and tasks of basic education, deprive children of childlike innocence and fun, seriously hinder their all-round, vivid and active development, and restrict the overall improvement of the quality of basic education. Obviously, this educational tendency can not only meet the needs of social talent training, but also hinder the healthy development of education.
It can be seen that it is empty talk to talk about quality education without solving the excessive burden of students, and the excessive burden of students is a stumbling block to quality education.
(D) The heavy learning burden of primary school students has affected the consolidation and improvement of the "two basics"
"Two basics" means basically popularizing nine-year compulsory education and basically eliminating illiteracy among young people. Selling all kinds of supplementary teaching materials, books, newspapers and periodicals, and student supplies to primary school students is one of the important reasons for the heavy burden and unreasonable fees of primary schools. It is understood that primary school students in a province have an average of 22.3 books in grades one to six, including 25 in grades four and five. According to the principal of a primary school, the fifth-grade students in the school only taught 20 supplementary materials and special education books. A student in a primary school affiliated to a normal school in a province has 20 supplementary teaching materials and special education books, with a total cost of 62.05 yuan. A junior high school student in a province has all kinds of textbooks 19, * *16.8 yuan, all kinds of picture books, exercise books and problem sets 2 1 book, * * 88.75 yuan; The cost of supplementary teaching materials and special education books for the second grade of junior high school in a city is 156.70 yuan per semester, which exceeds the cost of purchasing textbooks. Coupled with the arbitrary charges of some schools and other "hitchhiking" fees, many rural students drop out of school because they can't afford the fees, thus affecting the implementation of nine-year compulsory education and seriously affecting the consolidation and improvement of the "two basics". One of the outstanding problems in the current "two basics" work is the rebound of junior high school dropout rate. According to the statistics of some provinces, about 50% of them dropped out of school because of family financial difficulties.
(e) The heavy learning burden of primary school students has damaged the image of the government and education.
In recent years, despite repeated requests, some departments, units, social organizations and individuals continue to sell all kinds of teaching AIDS, special education books, books, newspapers, audio-visual products and student supplies to primary school students, and some even use this as a condition for evaluation and reward. Some Xinhua bookstores sell all kinds of non-textbook books when ordering textbooks from schools. Some educational administrative departments, schools and teachers organize students to order various books and periodicals, without considering the wishes of students and parents. There are as many as 3 1 kind of review materials for the sixth grade in a city. In some places, primary school students' schoolbags weigh about 5 kilograms, and some even use suitcases. In a town of a certain province, the annual per capita income of rural areas is 1924 yuan, and the tuition fee of primary schools in this town is 1998, of which 462 yuan is for generation students, accounting for 24% of the per capita income; The first-class fee is 654 yuan, accounting for 34% of the per capita income; Senior one tuition 12 14 yuan, accounting for 63% of per capita income. It not only increases the financial burden of parents, but also encourages unhealthy trends and damages the image of the government and education.
Third, the main measures to reduce the learning burden of primary school students
(A) pay attention to publicity and education and public opinion guidance, and establish a scientific concept of quality education talents.
First of all, we should increase the propaganda of quality education and create a public opinion atmosphere for quality education. Gradually change the traditional view of teaching quality, and measure the teaching quality by learning the knowledge spread in textbooks; Change the traditional concept of students and think that students are containers for passively accepting knowledge. Establish a scientific concept of new talents for quality education. Quality education is the education of sustainable development. From the psychological point of view, it requires students to develop in an all-round way, with innovative spirit, ability and level. Therefore, talents in 2 1 century should not only master "double basics", but also learn how to study, develop good study habits and master scientific learning methods, so as to lay the foundation for lifelong learning and solving new problems in future life. To achieve this goal, educators must emancipate their minds, renew their ideas, give full play to the enthusiasm of teachers and parents, and improve the new educational evaluation system. Give full play to the guiding and stimulating functions of the education evaluation system. At the same time, students spend more time on extracurricular activities after reducing the burden. As a school and even the whole society, we should provide healthy and beneficial venues for students, carry out colorful extracurricular cultural and sports activities, mobilize and cultivate students' interests, and promote their physical and mental health and all-round development.
(2) Change the traditional classroom teaching mode and comprehensively promote quality education.
In order to reduce the heavy psychological burden and academic burden of primary school students, we must reform the teaching mode, break the closure of classroom content and form, and build a new mode in the open: First, we can adopt various teaching forms such as individual study, group study, large group discussion, teacher explanation, teacher-student question and answer, etc., so as to release students from their cages and stimulate their learning enthusiasm and interest; Second, classroom teaching is not limited to classrooms, libraries, sports fields, etc. It should become a classroom and extend to communities, factories, rural areas, pictures, pictorial, movies and so on. Implement open teaching to broaden students' horizons; Third, actively adopt modern teaching methods to greatly mobilize students' learning enthusiasm and cultivate their ability to obtain, use and process information.
(3) Strive to improve teachers' professional ethics, theoretical accomplishment and teaching professional level.
A century-long plan, education-oriented, education-oriented, teacher-oriented. To reduce the burden from the quality level of teachers, it is necessary to further improve teachers' professional ethics and enhance their professionalism, professionalism and sense of responsibility. On this basis, we should encourage teachers' scientific research consciousness and innovative spirit, study teaching business hard, innovate teaching modes and methods, apply knowledge of pedagogy, psychology and physiology, guide teaching practice and students' learning, improve classroom teaching efficiency and quality, and effectively reduce students' extracurricular burden. Make new contributions to the cultivation of socialist modernization builders and successors with all-round development in morality, intelligence and physique and facing the 2 1 century.
Conclusion: It is a fact that the excessive learning burden distorts and destroys the personality development of primary school students, such as the high myopia rate, the decline of students' physical fitness, various psychological abnormalities caused by overwhelming psychological pressure, the disappearance of social responsibility and the defects of practical ability, which have reached an alarming level. When Mr. Tao Xingzhi criticized the education in old China more than half a century ago, he said: China's education cultivated "bookworms", and these "bookworms" were actually distorted and destroyed by the heavy learning burden. The times have undergone earth-shaking changes, and the "injury education" that Tao Xingzhi lashed at that time has not disappeared today, which makes people sad. With the pace of history, we have entered a brand-new era. Due to the rapid development of productivity, science and technology and the unprecedented improvement of socialization, industrialization and informatization, the demand for talents in society is multi-level, multi-category and multi-specification. Under this background, Comrade Deng Xiaoping put forward the strategic thought that "education should face modernization, the world and the future". A century-long plan, education-oriented! Today's society is in the era of knowledge economy, and knowledge innovation is considered as the driving force for the development of a country and a nation. The competition between countries is becoming more and more fierce and cruel. Essentially, it is the competition between talents and education. As Vice Premier Li Lanqing pointed out: "Education plays an increasingly important role in a country's economic and social development. The various qualities of today's young students will directly affect the success or failure of the socialist cause. " Carrying out quality education is a strategic measure to meet the challenge of 2 1 century, improve the national quality and cultivate cross-century talents. "Improving students' moral, intellectual and physical qualities in an all-round way" and "making students lively" are the destination of quality education, and the heavy academic burden of students is a major problem in implementing quality education. Article 20 of the revised Law on the Protection of Minors, which was adopted at the 25th meeting of the 10th the NPC Standing Committee on February 29th, 2006, stipulates that schools should cooperate with the parents or other guardians of underage students to ensure their sleep, entertainment and physical exercise time, and should not increase their learning burden. Therefore, it is an urgent task for us to fully implement the national education policy in primary schools, reduce the learning burden of primary school students and actively promote quality education. Only in this way can our education flourish and our motherland's tomorrow will be more beautiful and brilliant!