Preface of 0
The construction industry is characterized by many open-air and high-altitude operations, poor working environment, and widespread physical labor and heavy physical labor. The backward production mode determines that it is an industry with frequent safety accidents. In 200 1 and 2002, the death toll of construction safety accidents in China was 1045 and 1297, respectively, which increased by 23.3% and 24. 1% respectively over the previous year. The grim security situation not only poses a serious threat to the life safety and physical and mental health of employees, but also brings huge material losses to society. The construction industry urgently needs to establish a scientific management system to improve the management level of safety production. Occupational Safety and Health Management Series (OHSMS) is a standardized, standardized and systematic management system that meets the above requirements.
The emergence, development and characteristics of 1OHSMS
Generation of 1. 1OHSMS
With the expansion of enterprise scale and the improvement of intensive production, people realize that the standardization, systematization and standardization of occupational safety and health management are of great significance to improve the level of occupational safety and health management. Therefore, all countries have formulated a series of their own occupational safety and health management systems. ISO, the international organization for standardization, has been committed to the internationalization of occupational safety and health standards, and held two special conferences in 1996 and 1997 respectively, but no agreement was reached due to human rights issues. OHSAS 18000 standard was put forward by British Standards Institute (BSI), DNV and other organizations 13. OHSAS 18000, like ISO9000 and ISO 14000, is regarded as a management method in the post-industrial era and has been widely adopted by countries all over the world, becoming an international standard in the field of occupational safety and health management.
Characteristics of 1.2 ohms
The occupational health and safety management system has the characteristics of systematicness, dynamics, prevention, full staff and whole process control. The occupational health and safety management system takes the idea of "system safety" as the core, combines all the production factors of the enterprise into a system, and achieves the purpose of controlling accidents through hazard identification, risk evaluation and control. Occupational health and safety management focuses on accident prevention. In the process of management, it constantly reviews and improves the unsafe factors of the system according to the predetermined procedures and objectives, so that the system can reach the best safety state.
The development of 1.3 oh SMS in China
1996 studied the implementation of occupational health and safety management system in China. 1998 standard of occupational safety and health management system (for trial implementation) put forward by China labor protection society; 200 1- 12 The State Economic and Trade Commission promulgated the Code for Auditing Occupational Safety and Health Management System (OHSMS-2001); In the same month, the National Standardization Committee and the National Certification and Accreditation Committee jointly issued the Occupational Health and Safety Management System Specification (GB/T 28001-2001); In March, 2002, the State Administration of Work Safety issued the Audit Criteria for Occupational Safety and Health Management System-Implementation Guide. OHSMS-200 1 and GB/T 2800 1-200 1 are the same as or similar to OHSAS 1800 1 in system purpose, structure and content. Therefore, Chinese enterprises can choose one of the above three management system standards as the certification standard of occupational safety and health management system.
2 the role and significance of establishing occupational health and safety management system
2. 1 is helpful to improve the occupational safety and health management level of enterprises.
OHSMS summarizes the management experience of developed countries for many years in the most concise language, and points out the basic process of safety management. At the same time, the system itself has considerable flexibility, allowing enterprises to play and use according to their own characteristics and combine their own management practices to carry out management innovation. The occupational health and safety management system keeps continuous improvement and perfection through repeated activities such as planning, implementation, inspection and evaluation. This continuous improvement and spiral operation mode will continuously improve the occupational safety and health management level of enterprises.
2.2 To promote the implementation of occupational safety and health laws and regulations.
The occupational health and safety management system requires enterprises to promise to abide by laws, regulations and other requirements, and regularly review their implementation. At the same time, enterprises are required to have corresponding systems and procedures to track the changes of national laws and regulations. OHSMS combines the macro-management of the government with the micro-management of the enterprise itself, making occupational safety and health management an important part of the overall management of the organization, breaking through the single management mode with mandatory government instructions as the main means, making the enterprise change from passive acceptance of supervision to active participation in market behavior, and making contributions to the implementation of relevant national laws and regulations.
2.3 helps to reduce operating costs and improve the economic benefits of enterprises.
On the one hand, OHSMS requires enterprises to conduct corresponding training for employees of various departments, so that they can understand the occupational safety and health policy and the operating procedures of their respective posts, which is helpful to improve the safety awareness of all employees, prevent and reduce the occurrence of safety accidents, and reduce the economic losses and operating costs of safety accidents. On the other hand, OHSMS also requires enterprises to continuously improve workers' working conditions and ensure their physical and mental health, which will help improve the labor efficiency of employees and thus improve the economic benefits of enterprises.
2.4 help to improve corporate image and social benefits.
In order to establish an occupational health and safety management system, enterprises must provide a strong guarantee for the safety and health of employees and related parties. This process reflects the enterprise's respect for employees' lives and labor, which is conducive to improving corporate public relations, enhancing social image, enhancing cohesion, and enhancing the reputation and reputation of enterprises in the financial and insurance industry, thereby increasing the chances of obtaining loans, reducing insurance costs and enhancing market competitiveness.
2.5 help to promote China construction enterprises to enter the international market.
The construction industry is a labor-intensive industry. China's construction industry has an advantage in the international market because of its low labor cost. However, many developed countries have adopted some non-tariff barriers to protect their traditional industries (such as access standards for safety, health and environmental protection) to prevent products and services from developing countries from entering their own markets. Therefore, if China enterprises want to enter the international market, they must standardize their own management in accordance with international practices and break through various access restrictions set by developed countries. As the third international passport of standardized management, the implementation of OHSMS will help China construction enterprises to enter the international market and improve their competitiveness in the international market.
3 Principles, steps and modes of implementing occupational health and safety management system
3. 1 Implement the principles of occupational health and safety management system
The main principles of implementing the occupational health and safety management system are: putting prevention first, focusing on continuous improvement, emphasizing the commitment and responsibility of top managers, the principle of full participation and whole-process management, the principle of systematization, proceduralization and documentation, and the principle of compatibility and integration with other systems.
3.2 Steps to implement occupational health and safety management system
The steps of establishing the occupational health and safety management system are as follows: leadership decision → establishment of working group → personnel training → hazard identification and risk assessment → initial state review → planning and design of the occupational safety and health management system → system documentation → system trial operation → internal audit → management review → third-party audit and certification registration, etc.
3.3 Health and Safety Management System Model
The occupational health and safety management system follows the systematic Deming model (PDCA), that is, the enterprise's activity plan is divided into four interrelated links: planning, implementation, inspection, evaluation and improvement. Its core content is to guide enterprises to achieve the set goals systematically with the idea of continuous improvement. OHSMS mode is shown in figure 1.
4 Several problems that should be paid attention to in the implementation of occupational health and safety management system
4. 1 should be fully integrated with the characteristics of the construction industry.
As a standardized management system, the occupational health and safety management system provides a set of general management modes and methods. Although this model has universal guiding significance, it does not include the professional management and technical standards of specific industries. On the basis of these general models, construction enterprises should integrate safety management and technical standards of their own industries, and effectively implement them within enterprises through the implementation of occupational health and safety management system, such as strengthening construction organization design and other activities and dynamic management of construction process; Strengthen the education and training of contractors; Strengthen information exchange and communication with contractors, owners, supervisors and suppliers; Control risks in temporary facilities, accommodation in living quarters and catering management.
4.2 Implementation of integrated certification and management
The construction industry involves the requirements of quality, environment and safety. The standardized management system of these three aspects is an important part of modern enterprise management and needs certification. The authentication and implementation of each system need to invest a lot of resources. If each system is certified and operated separately, it will not only waste resources, but also complicate daily management. Because the three systems follow the same management mode (PDCA), the management elements are similar and the management principles are the same, which provides conditions for the integrated certification management of enterprises. Therefore, enterprises should consider combining quality, environment and safety management systems to establish an integrated management system. The integration of the three systems is conducive to rational allocation of resources, optimization of organizational management institutions, and overall management of activities with consistent requirements, thus reducing management costs, improving system operation efficiency, and also conducive to the cultivation of compound management talents. Which is convenient for authentication and effective management.
4.3 Other issues
In addition, we need to pay attention to the following issues:
(1)OHSMS is not a mandatory standard. Enterprises should follow the principle of voluntariness when carrying out certification.
(2)OHSMS standard is not unattainable, and any enterprise wishing to strengthen occupational safety and health management can establish and implement it, which will achieve good economic benefits.
(3)OHSMS does not put forward absolute requirements for the occupational safety and health performance of enterprises, but only pays attention to continuous improvement, and each enterprise can set its own improvement goals according to specific conditions.
(4) Enterprises should not be certified for the sake of certification, but should strengthen their occupational safety and health management and control occupational safety and health risks through the certification and implementation of the occupational health and safety management system.
5 concluding remarks
The establishment of occupational safety and health management system in China construction enterprises can not only improve the management level of occupational safety and health, reduce occupational safety and health accidents, improve the economic and social benefits of enterprises, but also create conditions for further entering the international market. Although the implementation of OHSMS in China is still in its infancy, as a modern scientific management method, OHSMS has broad prospects for popularization and application, and it is the development direction of occupational safety and health management in the construction industry in the future.
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