2. Open the window frequently to keep the air circulating, and spray various air disinfectants indoors regularly.
3. Educate children to pay attention to food hygiene, personal hygiene and civilized lifestyle, and develop the habit of washing hands before and after meals;
4. Children's bedding, clothes and handkerchiefs are often exposed to the sun, and utensils, toys and toilets should be disinfected regularly to eliminate the spread of pathogenic bacteria;
5. Because the child has a high metabolic rate and a large amount of exercise, don't let the child wear too much at ordinary times, let the child get used to the colder environment, and pay attention to let the child do more outdoor activities to improve the body's resistance to pathogens;
6. If there are patients with respiratory infectious diseases at home, food and daily necessities should be special, and family members should wear masks when contacting patients;
7. When respiratory tract aggregation cases occur in nurseries and schools, they should cooperate with nurseries and schools, inform health care teachers in time, and go to the hospital when necessary;
8. Eat more fresh vegetables and fruits in your diet. You can give some sweet and sour foods, such as sweet and sour pork ribs and fish, or choose foods rich in protein, such as bean products, meat, fish and eggs.
Scarlet fever is an infectious disease with high incidence in spring, which is more common in children. The main manifestations are fever, sore throat, red papules all over the body, flushed cheeks, pale mouth and bright red tongue coating like strawberries. Child care is very important. Keep the room clean and sunny. Children had better not stay in bed, eat liquid food and drink plenty of water. Pay attention to oral hygiene and strengthen skin care.
The pharyngeal manifestations of mumps are inflammation and swelling of one or both parotids, which peak in spring, and children aged 3- 15 are prone to this disease. Prevention should focus on protecting adolescents with contact history, especially boys, because the disease will damage male reproductive trachea. Drug prevention can be carried out in epidemic season, such as oral Banlangen decoction.
Prevention and treatment of children's eruptive infectious diseases in spring
The turn of winter and spring is the frequent season of respiratory infectious diseases, especially some infectious diseases spread through the respiratory tract with rash as the main manifestation, whose pathological changes are roughly the same, and should be differentiated according to their respective characteristics and characteristic skin symptoms.
Rubella is more common in children. The rash first appeared on the face. It was a pink macula with mild itching. It quickly spread to the neck, trunk and limbs within 24 hours, and gradually subsided within 1 ~ 2 days. Often see the rash of lower limbs and the rash of face and neck has subsided, leaving no trace after fading. About 24 hours before the eruption, the lymph nodes behind the ear and under the occipital bone of the child were swollen and slightly tender, and dark erythema could appear on the soft palate and cheeks in the early stage of the onset, which is one of the main points of diagnosis.
Rubella can also be prevalent in young people or adults, and symptoms such as fever, headache and sore throat appear 1 ~ 2 days before eruption. Rubella occurs in pregnant women in the third month of pregnancy, which can lead to abortion, stillbirth, premature delivery and fetal malformation. Therefore, when pregnant women come into contact with rubella patients, they should be injected with gamma globulin immediately for emergency prevention.
Children under 5 years old have the highest incidence of measles. Is it characterized by high fever, conjunctival congestion, fear of light, increased secretion and runny nose? Mucus suppuration? Cough. After 2 ~ 3 days, blue-white or purple spots appeared on the buccal mucosa opposite the second molar, and there was a blush around it, which could spread to the whole buccal mucosa and the inside of the lip. The rash began to subside the next day, which is an early feature of measles and has differential significance.
On the 3rd to 4th day after onset, a rash began to appear behind the ear, hairline and face, and quickly spread to the neck, upper limbs, trunk and lower limbs. It's a rose-colored maculopapular rash, which will come out in about 2 to 5 days. Then the body temperature began to drop, and the rash gradually subsided in the order of eruption, leaving spots. It takes about two weeks for the lesion to disappear.
Acute rash of infants mostly occurs in infants under 2 years old. Sudden high fever, accompanied by loss of appetite, a small number of children can also appear drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, cough, retrooccipital and cervical lymph node enlargement. After 3 ~ 5 days, the body temperature began to drop and returned to normal in about 24 hours. Rose-colored maculopapules appeared at first in the neck and trunk, and gradually spread to the arms and lower limbs, but there was no rash on the neck, elbows, knees, palms and soles. 1-2 days later, the rash subsided, leaving no trace. At the beginning of the disease, there are small nodular bulges on both sides of the uvula, which are surrounded by congestion and become halo mucosal spots, which is helpful for early diagnosis.
Scarlet fever suddenly appeared with high fever, headache, sore throat, nausea and vomiting. Babies may have convulsions. At the beginning of the disease, the nipple of the tongue is swollen, which is called "white bayberry tongue". After 3 ~ 4 days, the white tongue coating falls off and becomes bright red, which is one of the key points of diagnosis.
After onset, 1 day appeared in the neck, chest, trunk and limbs in turn, and 1 ~ 2 days reached the peak of the whole body, showing diffuse and dense erythema, especially in elbows, armpits and groin, flushing on cheeks and forehead, but no rash, with a characteristic "pale circle around the nose and mouth". The rash began to subside in 2 ~ 4 days, and desquamation appeared in 7 ~ 8 days. The palms and soles were flaky desquamation, sometimes like gloves and socks.
Although these respiratory infectious diseases with rash as the main symptom will cause epidemic among children, they are mostly self-limited diseases and generally do not need special treatment. As long as proper attention is paid to bed rest, drinking plenty of water, symptomatic treatment and prevention of complications.