1. The meaning of goods: labor products used for exchange.
Attribute: Use value and value are two basic attributes of commodities, and commodities are the unity of use value and value.
High quality and good price, genuine goods, good quality and low price show that goods are the unity of use value and value.
2. Comparison between commodities and other labor products:
Different: ① The former is used for exchange; The latter is not used for exchange; (2) The former is valuable and the latter is worthless;
③ The former is a historical category, while the latter is a social category.
Contact: ① Both are products of labor; ② Both of them have use value; ③ Both of them can be transformed under certain conditions.
3. The purpose of money is to separate from commodities and act as commodities in universal equivalents.
The essence of money is universal equivalent.
The basic functions of money are value scale (conceptual money) and circulation means (real money).
Other means: storage means function, payment means function, world currency.
3. Paper money: ① Meaning: It is a symbol of value issued and used by the country (or some regions).
The face value of paper money (face value ≠ the purchasing power of paper money (the value represented by paper money, or the actual ability to buy goods)
The state can stipulate the face value of paper money, but it cannot determine the purchasing power of paper money.
② Features: low manufacturing cost, easy to store, carry and transport, and avoid paper money from being damaged in circulation.
4. What factors determine the amount of metal money needed in circulation?
The amount of metal money needed in circulation is determined by the law of currency circulation. In a certain period of time, the amount of money needed in circulation is directly proportional to the total price of goods (= quantity of goods * price of goods) and inversely proportional to the speed of money circulation.
If too much paper money is issued, it may cause paper money to depreciate and prices to rise, that is, inflation; If too little paper money is issued, it will lead to falling prices and insufficient social demand, which may lead to deflation.
5. What are inflation and deflation? How to use monetary policy and fiscal policy?
Inflation refers to the phenomenon that paper money depreciates and prices rise. It is necessary to reduce currency issuance, reduce fiscal expenditure and increase taxes.
Deflation characterized by insufficient social demand and falling prices is usually accompanied by economic recession. It is necessary to increase currency issuance, increase fiscal expenditure and reduce taxes. ("Money" refers to paper money in circulation. )
6. Settlement: accounting for various economic income and expenditure transactions in a certain period of time. Divided into cash settlement and transfer settlement.
7. Common credit tools: credit cards and checks.
Credit card is a kind of credit certificate, which has the advantages of integrating deposit and withdrawal, consumption, settlement and inquiry.
These functions are: reducing the use of cash, facilitating shopping and improving the safety of consumers.
② Checks are divided into cash checks and transfer checks.
8. Foreign exchange: means of payment expressed in foreign currency in international settlement.
Exchange rate: the exchange rate between two currencies. If 100 unit of foreign currency is replaced by more RMB, it means that the exchange rate of foreign currency has increased, the exchange rate of RMB has decreased, the RMB has depreciated and the foreign currency has appreciated. or vice versa, Dallas to the auditorium
9. What is the significance of protecting the basic stability of RMB exchange rate?
Maintaining the stability of the value of RMB, the overall domestic price level and the exchange rate of RMB abroad is of great significance to the stability of people's lives, the sustained and rapid development of the national economy and the stability of world financial and economic development. Lesson 2 changeable prices
1. Factors affecting price (price is determined by value and affected by supply and demand)
Demand exceeds supply, prices rise-seller's market
① the relationship between supply and demand
Supply exceeds demand, prices fall-buyer's market
2. Relationship between price and value: value is the basis of price, value determines price, and price is the monetary expression of value.
3. Socially necessary labor time: refers to the labor time required to manufacture a commodity with the average social labor proficiency and labor intensity under the existing normal social production conditions.
Commodity value refers to the size of commodity value, which is determined by socially necessary labor time.
4. The relationship between commodity value and labor productivity:
The value of goods is directly proportional to the socially necessary labor time and inversely proportional to the social labor productivity;
② The value of commodities has nothing to do with individual labor time and individual labor productivity;
(3) The total value of commodities is inversely proportional to individual labor time and directly proportional to individual labor productivity;
④ The total value of commodities has nothing to do with socially necessary labor time and social labor productivity.
Note: Commodity value = commodity quantity * unit commodity value.
5. The content, performance and function of price method
① Content: The value of commodities is determined by the socially necessary labor time for producing commodities, and the exchange of commodities is based on value (only exists in the average of exchange), which is the basic content of the law of value.
(2) Form of expression: Affected by the relationship between supply and demand, commodity prices fluctuate around value.
③ Function: Adjust the distribution of means of production and labor in various departments; Stimulate commodity producers to improve technology, experience management and labor productivity; Promote commodity producers to survive the fittest in competition.
6. The influence of price changes on people's life and production and operation.
(1) Influence on People's Life:
A. the influence of price changes on people's purchasing power. B. Different commodities have different responses to price changes. Price changes have little influence on daily necessities, but have great influence on high-grade durable goods. C. Substitutes and supplements (the price of a given product increases, the demand for its substitutes increases, and the demand for its supplements decreases)
② Influence on production and operation: regulating production; Improve labor productivity; Produce marketable high-quality products. Lesson 3 Colorful Consumption
1. Factors affecting consumption:
Basic factor: the level of economic development
Main factors: residents' income (income is the basis and premise of consumption) and consumer goods prices.
2. The consumption level of residents depends not only on the current income, but also on the past and future income levels.
3. Consumer goods prices affect people's consumption choices: ① Changes in consumer goods prices will affect people's purchasing power. ② The price changes of different consumer goods have different effects on people's lives. Basic daily necessities are less affected by price changes than luxury goods. (3) the relationship between price changes and consumption of various commodities. With the rise of commodity prices, the demand for its substitutes increases and the demand for its supplements decreases.
4. Consumption type:
① According to different product types: tangible goods consumption and labor service consumption;
(2) According to the transaction mode: monetary commodity consumption, loan consumption and rental consumption;
Loan consumption is mainly used to buy bulk commodities and services, and the difference with the other two methods is explained in the notes.
③ According to the purpose of consumption: surviving consumption, developing consumption and enjoying consumption.
5. The meaning of consumption structure and Engel coefficient
Consumption structure: reflects the proportion of people's various consumption expenditures in total consumption expenditures.
The reason for the change of consumption structure is the change of economic development (mainly) and residents' income, and its direction is from survival needs to development to enjoyment.
Engel coefficient: the proportion of food expenditure to total household expenditure.
7. The relationship between Engel's coefficient and the change of consumption structure
If Engel's coefficient is too large, it will inevitably affect other consumption expenditures, especially the increase of development materials and enjoyment materials, and limit the improvement of consumption level and quality. The decline of Engel's coefficient shows that people's living standards have improved and the consumption structure has improved.
8. How to treat and evaluate various consumer psychology? (Subjective factors affecting consumption)
Evaluation of consumers' psychological performance characteristics
Introduction to conformity psychology
Consumption imitation of hair
repeatability
Blindness is beneficial: a healthy and reasonable herd mentality can drive the development of an industry.
For example, green consumption drives green industries.
Advantages and disadvantages: unhealthy and unreasonable herd mentality misleads the healthy development of the economy and is harmful to individuals.
Life is not good either.
Attitude: it is not advisable to blindly follow the crowd when analyzing specific problems.
Consumption innovation caused by the psychology of seeking difference
Innovation is beneficial: displaying individuality can also promote the emergence of new technologies and products.
Advantages and disadvantages: high cost and social disapproval.
Attitude: Being too unconventional is not worth advocating.
Consumption exaggeration caused by comparison psychology
Blindness has advantages and disadvantages: it is not bad for personal life.
Attitude: unhealthy psychology is not worth promoting.
The consumption caused by realistic psychology accords with reality.
Pay attention to efficiency: rational consumption is beneficial to personal life and society.
Attitude: It is worth promoting.
9. How to be a rational consumer?
① Live within our means and consume moderately. 2 avoid blind obedience and rational consumption.
③ Environmental protection and green consumption. (4) Diligence and hard work.
10. What is green consumption? Why advocate green consumption?
Green consumption is the general name of all kinds of consumption behaviors aimed at protecting consumers' health and saving resources, which meet the standards of human health and environmental protection, and the core is sustainable consumption.
Reason: (1) As a scientific, healthy and reasonable consumption concept, green consumption is being recognized and accepted by people. Environmental problems force people to protect the environment and nature, which is a kind of knowledge. (2) Green consumption, saving resources and reducing pollution; Green life, environmental protection procurement; Reuse and reuse; Classified recycling, recycling; The nature protection is characterized by the existence of all things. (3) The concept of green consumption is not only beneficial to personal life and health, but also beneficial to environmental protection, resource conservation and social sustainable development. We should strongly advocate it. (4) As a new type of consumption, green consumption is conducive to promoting the development of green industries. (5) Green consumption reflects that consumers pay more attention to the use value of commodities, which is conducive to promoting commodity producers to improve product quality, enhance environmental awareness and better meet consumer requirements. (6) Advocate green consumption and fully implement the people-oriented Scientific Outlook on Development. Lesson 4 Production and Economic System
1. The relationship between production and consumption
(1) Production determines consumption: ① Production determines the object of consumption; (2) the way in which production determines consumption; ③ Production determines the quality and level of consumption; ④ Production creates power for consumption.
(2) Consumption reacts on production: ① Consumption is the purpose of production; ② Consumption is the driving force of production; ③ Consumption plays a guiding role in the adjustment and upgrading of production (consumption regulates production); ④ Consumption creates more labor for production.
2. Four links of social reproduction:
Production (decisive role), distribution (bridge and link connecting production and consumption), exchange (same distribution) and consumption (ultimate purpose and motivation of production process).
3. Why should China vigorously develop productive forces?
Reason: China is currently in the primary stage of socialism, and the contradiction between backward social production and people's growing material and cultural needs is the main social contradiction. Vigorously developing social productive forces is the requirement of socialist essence. Only by vigorously developing productive forces can we lay a solid material and technical foundation for consolidating the socialist system; Only in this way can we get rid of the backwardness of economy and culture, narrow the gap left over from the history of developed countries, catch up with or even surpass developed countries, and fully demonstrate the superiority of socialism; Only in this way can we continuously enhance our comprehensive national strength and improve our international status.
It is the fundamental task of our country to concentrate on socialist modernization. We must unswervingly adhere to the party's basic line, take economic construction as the center, concentrate on construction and seek development wholeheartedly. All walks of life must obey and serve the center of economic construction.
China's basic economic system is socialist public ownership.
China's basic economic system is: public ownership is the main body, and various ownership economies develop together.
Public ownership economy is an important part of socialist economy.
Non-public ownership economy is an important part of socialist market economy.
5. Public ownership economy includes: state-owned economy, collective economy and mixed ownership economy.
6. The dominant position of public ownership economy is mainly manifested in the following aspects: First, as far as the whole country is concerned, public assets occupy a dominant position in total social assets. As far as the whole country is concerned, differences are allowed in some places and some industries. Second, the state-owned economy controls the lifeline of the national economy and plays a leading role in economic development. The leading role is the ability to control the development direction of the national economy, the overall situation of economic operation and important scarce resources.
7. The realization form of public ownership and its significance;
Form: joint-stock system and joint-stock cooperative system. (Share-holding system is the most important form of realization)
Significance of shareholding system: Shareholding system can enhance the vitality of public ownership economy, improve the operating efficiency of enterprises and capital, expand the control scope of public capital, and enhance the main role of public ownership.
8. Non-public economy includes: individual economy, private economy and foreign-funded economy (wholly foreign-owned enterprises with foreign investment, Sino-foreign joint ventures and Sino-foreign cooperative enterprises).
Non-public ownership economy is an important part of socialist market economy.
9. Two unwavering: We must unswervingly consolidate and develop the public sector of the economy and unswervingly encourage, support and guide the development of the non-public sector of the economy.
10. Why should we adhere to China's basic economic system?
The basic economic system with public ownership as the main body and multiple ownership economies developing together adapts to the unbalanced and multi-level development of socialist productive forces and conforms to the essential requirements of socialism. Practice has proved that it is conducive to promoting the development of productive forces, enhancing comprehensive national strength and improving people's living standards. We must adhere to and improve this basic economic system.
1 1. How to treat the development of non-public economy in China?
Non-public economy such as individual, private and foreign capital is an important part of socialist market economy, and it must be unswervingly encouraged, supported and guided. Adhering to public ownership as the main body and promoting the development of non-public ownership economy are unified in the process of socialist modernization, and the two cannot be opposed. Various ownership economies can give full play to their respective advantages, promote each other and develop together in the market. Lesson 5 Enterprises and Laborers
1. The meaning of an enterprise: An enterprise is an economic organization that aims at making profits, engages in production and business activities, and provides goods or services to the society. Divided into: state-owned enterprises, collective enterprises, private enterprises and mixed ownership enterprises.
2. Organizational forms of enterprises: corporate system (the most important and typical), sole proprietorship enterprise and partnership enterprise.
3. The meaning of the company: it is a profit-making enterprise legal person established according to law, all of which are funded by shareholders and composed of shares.
There are two legal forms of companies: limited liability companies and joint-stock limited liability companies.
A limited liability company is an enterprise legal person, its shareholders are liable to the company to the extent of their capital contribution, and the company is liable to its debts with all its assets. A joint stock limited company is an enterprise legal person whose total capital is divided into equal shares, shareholders are liable to the company with their shares, and the company is liable to the company's debts with all its assets.
Their differences (mainly 1, 2 and 6): limited liability company.
The company's capital does not need to be divided into equal shares, and its capital contribution can be in the form of technology, factory buildings, land, etc., instead of currency. The capital of a company must be divided into equal shares, and its capital contribution is generally in the form of currency.
The number of shareholders must be established by two or more shareholders, but not more than 50. Not less than the legal minimum number, and there should be more than 5 promoters.
Shareholders' liability for the company's debts shall be limited to the amount of capital contribution jointly made by shareholders. Shareholders are limited to paying off the debts of the company with their subscribed shares.
Shareholders' voting rights shall be exercised in proportion to their capital contribution. One share, one vote principle.
The company's financial affairs need not be disclosed to the whole society. It must be made public to the whole society.
The minimum capital limit is 654.38+10,000 yuan to 500,000 yuan. The registered capital is relatively high, not less than100000 yuan.
6. Organizational structure of the company:
Decision-making bodies: shareholders' meeting and board of directors. Deal with major management issues of the company.
Executing agency: general manager. Handle the daily affairs of the company.
Supervisory body: the board of supervisors supervises the work of the board of directors and the manager.
7. Advantages of the company system: The company system has the advantages of independent legal person status, limited liability system and scientific governance structure; Through the standardized company system reform, state-owned enterprises have been revitalized, enhanced their competitiveness and played a leading role in the development of the national economy.
8. Factors of successful operation of the company
(1) The company should formulate a correct business strategy. (Navigation mark operated by the company)
② Companies should rely on technological progress and scientific management to form their own competitive advantages. (Ways and means of company development)
② The company should operate in good faith and establish a good reputation and corporate image. (an important factor in the success or failure of the company)
9. Merger of enterprises: An economic phenomenon in which dominant enterprises merge inferior enterprises according to the principle of voluntary compensation.
Enterprise bankruptcy: an economic phenomenon in which an enterprise suffers long-term losses, is insolvent, has no hope of turning losses, and is liquidated according to legal procedures.
10. Employment significance: Employment is the foundation of people's livelihood and is of great significance to the production and development of the whole society. Employment combines labor and means of production to produce material wealth and spiritual wealth needed by society. Workers get paid through employment, thus obtaining a source of livelihood, so that social labor can continue to reproduce. At the same time, the employment of workers is conducive to realizing their social values, enriching their spiritual life and improving their spiritual realm, thus promoting the all-round development of people.
1 1. Establish a correct view of employment: establish an independent view of employment; Establish a competitive employment concept; Establish the concept of occupational equality; Establish a concept of employment through various means.
12. Workers' rights:
The right to equal employment and choice of occupation; The right to receive remuneration for labor; The right to rest and vacation; The right to labor safety and health protection; The right to receive vocational skills training, enjoy social insurance and welfare, and submit labor disputes; And other rights stipulated by law.
China implements the labor contract system and signs labor contracts according to law, which is an important basis for safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of workers.
13. Ways for laborers to protect their rights: complaint, negotiation, application for mediation, application for arbitration, and filing a lawsuit in court.
14. How to expand employment and reemployment?
(1) The core of solving the problem of employment and reemployment is to develop the economy, which can fundamentally create more opportunities and jobs for the newly unemployed. (2) Laid-off workers should change their employment concept, find jobs themselves, start their own businesses, and achieve employment in various forms and flexible ways. (3) Market economy is an effective way to realize the optimal allocation of resources. As an economic resource, the allocation of labor force should be mainly regulated by the market. We should give full play to the role of the market in regulating employment. Governments at all levels should conscientiously implement policies and measures to promote the reemployment of laid-off workers, strengthen the government's service and adjustment functions, and vigorously carry out vocational training and employment services. Do a good job in expanding employment and reemployment.
Lesson 6 The Choice of Investment
1. Commercial banks:
① Meaning: Financial institutions engaged in the business of absorbing public deposits, issuing loans and handling settlement. And take profit as the main business goal.
② Types: wholly state-owned banks (Agricultural Bank of China), state-controlled banks (Bank of China, China Construction Bank and ICBC), private joint-stock banks and foreign banks.
The Bank of China refers to the Bank of China, while the People's Bank of China is the central bank of China, which ranks alongside commercial banks.
③ Business: deposit business, loan business (industrial and commercial loans and consumer loans) and settlement business.
The principles that loans should follow are authenticity, prudence, safety and effectiveness.
2. Savings deposits
① Savings institutions: commercial banks, credit cooperatives and postal enterprises.
② Interest = principal * interest rate * deposit period (theoretically)
Actual interest = principal * interest rate * deposit period *( 1-20%). Note: 20% interest tax
Time deposit (agreed term): the income is higher than that of demand deposit, but the deposit period is long and the liquidity is poor.
③ Classification
Current savings (no agreed term): strong liquidity, flexibility and convenience, but low income.
3. stocks
Meaning: Shares issued by a joint stock limited company to investors when raising capital.
② Nature: It is a share certificate, which represents shareholders' ownership of a joint stock limited company (comprehensive rights, including attending shareholders' meetings, voting, participating in major decisions of the company, receiving dividends, etc.).
③ Repayment method: Shareholders' shares cannot be returned, and they can only sell their shares.
4 stock returns: a. dividends; B. the price difference caused by the rising stock price.
Step 4 combine
① Classification: national debt, financial debt and corporate debt.
② Comparison: Revenue: National debt