Fig, Ficus of Moraceae, has large leaves and dense fruit.
Xianke imitates Jiangnan chant fig -57 14C-2
Figs are native to Eurasia.
When the Tang Dynasty was introduced to China, the Yangtze River valley spread earlier.
Not to mention quantity.
Ode to Xianke -57 14C-3
Tropical fig with perennial leaves.
Dark green, wide leaves, really nice. ?
Ode to Xianke -57 14C-4
The flowering period is April and May, and it bears fruit in summer and autumn.
Chrysanthemum fruit pear-shaped, black and purple when mature.
fig
Ficus carica mainly grows in some tropical and temperate places and belongs to subtropical deciduous small trees. There are 800 known varieties, most of which are evergreen varieties, and only those growing in temperate regions are deciduous varieties. The fruit is bulbous with a small hole in the tail, and the pollen is spread by wasps. In addition to fresh food and medicinal use, figs can also be processed and dried to make preserved fruit, jam, fruit juice, fruit tea, fruit wine, beverage, canned food and so on. Flowerless fruit juices and drinks have unique fragrance and are suitable for all ages. Ficus carica is a good ornamental tree species in gardens and courtyard greening because of its lush foliage and elegant state. Planted and produced that year, it is one of the best potted fruit trees. If we vigorously develop fig bonsai, the benefits will be very obvious, and it is one of the potted fruit trees with the highest profit rate at present.
Chinese name: fig
Nicknames: Yingri Fruit, Milk Berry, Honey Fruit, Tree Sweet Potato, Early Maturing Fruit, Mingmu Fruit and Bodhi Fruit.
Latin scientific name? Banyan tree? Carrica? Linn English name: Fig
Sanko? Moraceae, Ficus? Chinese banyan
1? Plant introduction?
Figs mainly grow in Shandong, Xinjiang, Jiangsu and Yunnan.
When ripe, the fruit is purple, soft and rotten, and tastes as sweet as a persimmon without a core. Because it bears fruit without flowering, it is called fig. Xinjiang is famous for its love of Xinjiang figs.
2? Morphological description?
Fig, dry skin grayish brown, smooth or irregularly longitudinally split. Branchlets are stout, stipules cover buds, and after stipules fall off, there are extremely obvious annular stipules marks on branches. Simple leaves alternate, thick-film-shaped, broadly ovoid or nearly spherical, long10 ~ 20cm, palmately parted with 3 ~ 5 pieces, with no teeth at the edge, rough top and short hairs at the bottom. Does the fleshy inflorescence have short stalks? , solitary in leaf axils; Male peanut is located on the upper part of the inner surface of gall receptacle, with 3 stamens; Female flowers are born in another inflorescence receptacle. Chrysanthemum fruit pear-shaped, black and purple when mature; Achene ovoid, light brown. The flowering period is from April to May, and the fruit can blossom and bear fruit from mid-June to 10. Many people think it expires twice a year? In fact, fruits are produced from June to 10. Xia Guo and Qiuguo are different because of their different qualities. Distribution of Origin: Originated in Europe and the Mediterranean coast of Central Asia, and introduced to China in the Tang Dynasty. It is planted in the Yangtze River basin and the coastal areas of North China. Fujian? There is only sporadic cultivation in the inland areas south of Beijing.
3? Ecological habits?
I like warm and humid maritime climate, like light, like fat, not cold-resistant, not waterlogging-resistant, but more drought-resistant. In the inland area of North China, if the new shoots meet the low temperature of-12℃, they are prone to freezing injury, and the aboveground parts may die at -20℃, so it is extremely important to prevent cold in winter.
Ficus carica is barren-tolerant, with strong soil adaptability, especially salt-tolerant, but fertile sandy loam is the most suitable for cultivation.
With broad leaves, peculiar fruits and numerous fruits in summer and autumn, it is an excellent courtyard greening and economic tree species. It has the characteristics of less resistance to various toxic gases, smoke and dust, pests and diseases. It can be used for greening of factories and mines and household sideline production, and its leaves, fruits and roots can be used as medicine. It's just that the cold resistance is low, so it should be planted in a warm place in the lee of the sun. Propagation and cultivation: cutting propagation is the main method, and sowing or layering propagation can also be used. Cutting in the first year can bear fruit in the second year, and it will reach the full fruit stage in 6-7 years. If planted on roadsides, lawns, Chi Pan and buildings, it can add scenery.
4? Detailed introduction
Ficus carica originated in Arabia and was introduced to Syria, Turkey, China and other places. At present, fig is the most cultivated in Mediterranean countries. Fig is one of the earliest fruit tree varieties cultivated by human beings. Cultivation began around 3000 BC and has a history of nearly 5000 years. In ancient Rome, there was a sacred fig tree, because it sheltered Prince romulus, the founder of Rome, and escaped the fierce witches and woodpeckers. This fig tree was later named "patron saint". In the ancient legends of Mediterranean countries, figs are called "sacred fruits" and used as sacrificial fruits.
Fig is the earliest plant cultivated and preserved by human beings. The latest archaeology confirms that the history of fig cultivation has reached ten thousand years. More interestingly, many experts and scholars at home and abroad have long concluded that figs are the fruit of wisdom stolen by Adam and Eve in the Bible-the Old Testament. The beautiful and broad leaves of figs naturally became the first costume described in the Bible.
Figs were introduced to China in the Tang Dynasty, about 1300 years ago. Figs are distributed in other provinces (regions) except Northeast China, Tibet and Qinghai. Although it is widely distributed, it is rarely concentrated in pieces and mostly distributed sporadically. The main distribution areas in China are Xinjiang, Shandong, Jiangsu, Guangxi and other places. The total cultivation area in China is about 45,000 mu, which is only equivalent to11.220 of the apple cultivation area and 1/420 of the citrus cultivation area. It is one of the smallest fruit trees in China at present. Therefore, although fig has a long history of cultivation and utilization, it is also included in the category of the third generation fruit because of its small cultivation area, which has a very broad development space.
Ficus is a berry tree species, with edible rate as high as 92%, thin seedless skin, soft and sweet meat, and high nutritional value and medicinal value. Planting banyan trees has high economic, ecological and social benefits. First of all, fig has high nutritional value, and its fruit is rich in sugar, protein, amino acids, vitamins and mineral elements. According to the determination of Shandong Forestry Department, the soluble solid content of mature figs is as high as 24%, and the sugar content of most varieties is between 15%-22%, which is more than 1 times that of many first-and second-generation fruit varieties. Fruit contains 18 amino acids, 8 of which are essential for human body. Secondly, figs have extremely high medicinal value. Its fruit contains a lot of pectin and vitamins, which can absorb a variety of chemicals after water absorption and expansion. Therefore, after eating fig, all kinds of harmful substances in the intestine can be absorbed and excreted, which has the functions of purifying the intestine, promoting the proliferation of beneficial bacteria, inhibiting the increase of blood sugar, maintaining normal cholesterol content and quickly discharging toxic substances. Fig is rich in protein-decomposing enzymes, lipases, amylases and oxidases, which can promote the decomposition of protein. Therefore, when people eat more meat rich in protein, fruits cooked with figs have a good effect on digestion. The fruit, leaves, branches and even the whole grass of fig can be used as medicine. In addition to appetizing and helping digestion, fruit can also stop diarrhea and cure sore throat. Putting dried fig leaves in the bathtub has the functions of warming the body, preventing and treating neuralgia, hemorrhoids, swelling and pain, and beautifying the skin. Therefore, the packaging of fig products in Japan is printed with the propaganda words of "healthy food" and "beauty". The most important medicinal function of Ficus carica is its remarkable inhibitory effect on cancer, and its anticancer effect is also recognized by all countries in the world, and it is known as "the patron saint of human health in 2 1 century". Ficus carica contains a variety of anticancer substances and is an important raw material for the study of anticancer drugs. Japanese scientists have extracted benzodiazepines, bergamot lactone, osteoprotegerin and other anticancer substances from flower-free juice, which have obvious inhibitory effects on cancer cells, especially on gastric cancer. Experts in the former Soviet Union experimented with mice, and the cancer inhibition rate was 43% ~ 64%. According to the experiments of Nanjing Agricultural University and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Prevention, the inhibition rates of Ficus carica on EAC, S 180, Lewis and HAC were 53.8%, 4 1.82%, 48.85% and 44.4% respectively. After taking Ficus carica extract, patients with gastric cancer have obviously improved their condition, and the analgesic effect is also very obvious, which is expected to become the first health care fruit in China and even the world.
In addition to fresh food and medicinal use, figs can also be processed and dried to make preserved fruit, jam, fruit juice, fruit tea, fruit wine, beverage, canned food and so on. Dried figs, without any chemical additives, have a rich and sweet taste and are very popular in domestic and foreign markets. Flowerless fruit juices and drinks have unique fragrance and are suitable for all ages. Ficus carica is a good ornamental tree species in gardens and courtyard greening because of its lush foliage and elegant state. Planted and produced that year, it is one of the best potted fruit trees. If we vigorously develop fig bonsai, the effect will be very obvious, and it is one of the potted fruit trees with the highest profit rate at present.
Ficus carica is easy to cultivate, with wide adaptability and low requirements for environmental conditions. Areas with annual average temperature above 13℃, minimum temperature above -20℃ in winter and annual precipitation of 400 ~ 2000 mm can grow and bear fruit normally. Generally speaking, Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia are the northern boundaries of fig cultivation in the open field. To cultivate figs in northern Beijing, greenhouses and other facilities must be used, otherwise it is impossible to overwinter in the open field. Generally speaking, from the Yellow River basin in the north to Guangdong, Hainan, Yunnan and other vast areas in the south, it is a suitable ecological area for fig cultivation in China. Ficus carica doesn't require much soil, and can grow normally on typical gray loam, calcareous sandy soil, humid subtropical acid red soil and alluvial clay loam. Strong saline-alkali tolerance, can grow and bear fruit well on saline-alkali soil. Ficus carica originated in the arid zone of West Asia, which is not strict with water conditions and is drought-tolerant. Ficus carica can't tolerate waterlogging, so it's better to choose the hillside in Gao Shuang or the flat dam with smooth drainage to build gardens. Figs are light-loving trees, so try to choose sunny slopes or flat dam areas with good light in the garden.
Ficus carica is one of the fastest growing fruit trees in the world, with high yield, no age, few pests and diseases, and easy cultivation and management. Figs are planted in the same year and bear fruit in the same year. With proper management, the yield per plant can reach 2 kg and the yield per mu can reach 500 kg. What's even more peculiar is that seedlings can bear a lot of fruits in the nursery that year, which is very rare in fruit trees. This excellent characteristic of fig makes the investment recover in a very short time, which is extremely beneficial to arouse the production enthusiasm of the majority of fruit farmers, and is also extremely beneficial to the industrialization of local governments and meet the requirements of maximizing profits of large domestic companies. Fig is one of the best projects for large-scale capital investment in agriculture. From the third year to the fifth year, the yield per mu is generally more than 2,500 kilograms in the high-yield period, and there are few diseases and insect pests, which is especially beneficial to the production of green fruits and conforms to the international fashion trend. Most fig varieties bear fruit in summer and autumn, and the fruit ripens in June ~165438+1October. The sales time of fresh fruit is long, the sales pressure is low, and the processing time is greatly extended, which is especially beneficial to improve the utilization rate of factory equipment. Fig trees have a long life, with an average economic life of 30-50 years.
Although fig cultivation has a long history, the systematic research on cultivation theory and technology started late. China began to study figs in the 1980s. With the progress of research on Ficus carica by scientists all over the world, especially the gradual understanding of its medicinal value and health care value, and the research progress in treating cancer, people have a new understanding of its economic value. With the rapid development of China's economy and the improvement of people's living standards, people pay more and more attention to their own health care, especially in the busy and high-paced life of modern people, physical exercise is reduced, physical fitness is declining, and various diseases are gradually increasing, especially the incidence of various cancers in China is getting higher and higher. The efficacy of figs in health care and cancer treatment will be paid more and more attention. We believe that Ficus carica will make great achievements in improving people's physical health, and may become the first health care fruit in China and even the world. The world's fig production is about 2.5 million tons, with a per capita figure of 0.04 kg, while China's is less than 30,000 tons, with a per capita figure of 0.025 kg. The fig market has broad prospects. With the improvement of packaging and transportation conditions and the further improvement of finishing technology, and with the optimization and adjustment of China's rural industrial structure, Ficus carica, as a fast-growing, high-quality, high-yield and efficient foreign exchange-earning agricultural project, will surely develop rapidly and play a great role in the development of western China and the poverty alleviation of farmers.
In view of the huge development potential of Ficus carica, in the spring of 1998, Chongqing Ficus carica Research Institute, the first professional research institution in China, was established in Tongliang County, Chongqing. Since the establishment of the Institute, more than 90 new varieties of Ficus carica have been introduced from the national "948 Project Ficus carica Research Group", the United States, Japan and other channels, and now 12 excellent varieties have been selected and popularized throughout the country. [HT5 "SS] These varieties are both fresh and processed, with high sugar content and excellent fresh food quality, which overcomes the shortcomings of poor fresh food quality and poor palatability of many local fig varieties. The price of these varieties of fresh fruit is about 10 yuan/kg, and the output value per mu in that year is about 2,500 yuan, which has obvious economic benefits.
5? Plant efficacy?
Figs are not only nutritious, but also have high medicinal value. Generally settled in Shandong, Jiangsu, Sichuan and other places, and set up a fig planting base in Weihai, Shandong Province to plant a large number of figs in a standardized way. 20 10 was approved by the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of China, and it was decided to implement the protection of national geographical indication products for the banyan tree in Weihai from May 24, 20 10. Figs? [1] is a green and pollution-free food. Figs can also be green. The effect of fig: sexual taste: sweet; Sexual apathy? . Meridian tropism: lung; Stomach; Indications of large intestine meridian: clearing heat and promoting fluid production; Spleen strengthening and appetizing; Detoxification and swelling reduction. Main sore throat; Dry cough and hoarseness; Lack of milk; Intestinal heat constipation; Loss of appetite; Dyspepsia and diarrhea; Carbuncle swelling; Tinea? .
5- 1. Ficus carica contains malic acid, citric acid, lipase, protease and hydrolase. , can help the human body digest food, promote appetite, and because it contains a variety of lipids, it has the effect of moistening the intestines and relaxing the bowels;
5-2. Lipase and hydrolase contained in fig can reduce and decompose blood lipid, and can reduce the deposition of fat in blood vessels, thus reducing blood pressure and preventing coronary heart disease;
5-3, fig has the function of anti-inflammatory and detumescence, which can relieve sore throat and detumescence;
Pregnant women should always eat a proper amount of figs, because figs are not only nutritious, but also can treat hemorrhoids and promote lactation. Traditional Chinese medicine has concluded that figs are mild and sweet in long-term clinical practice. It has effects in invigorating stomach, clearing intestine, relieving swelling and detoxicating, and can be used for treating enteritis, dysentery, constipation, hemorrhoid, sore throat, carbuncle and scabies.
6? Variety classification
Branrick
It is a dual-purpose species of summer and autumn fruit, with few Xia Guo, mainly autumn fruit, Xia Guo oval, yellow and green when mature, single fruit weighing 80g, and large fruit up to150g; ; Autumn fruit is inverted cone or oval, with an average single fruit weight of 50-60g, yellow-brown peel, no cracked fruit at the top and hollow fruit. The pulp is reddish brown, containing more than 65,438 06% soluble solids, sweet and good quality. This variety has moderate tree vigor, semi-open tree shape, short tree body, weak branches, strong continuous fruiting ability, high yield, cold tolerance and strong salt tolerance.
Penglai persimmon
This is a special kind of autumn fruit, which is rare in Xia Guo. Autumn fruit is inverted cone or oval, with a round and slightly flat top, which is easy to crack. The weight of a single fruit is 60-70g, and the peel is thick and purplish red. The flesh is bright red and contains 16% soluble solids. It tastes sweet, but the meat is thick and odorless. This variety has strong tree potential, upright tree posture, tall crown and vigorous growth. The branches are sparse, long and thick, with good yield and cold tolerance.
Lvkang 1
It is a dual-purpose species of summer and autumn fruits, mainly autumn fruits. Autumn fruit is in the shape of an inverted cone, and the weight of a single fruit is 60-80g, with a maximum of over 120g. When ripe, it is light green, the top of the fruit is not cracked, and the fruit shoulder is cracked. The pulp is purplish red and hollow, containing more than 65438 06% soluble solids, and has excellent flavor. This variety has strong vitality, half-opened, few thick branches and cold tolerance.
8 medicinal value [2][3][4]? edit
Acquisition:? Picking immature cyan figs in summer and autumn, scalding them with boiling water, immediately picking them up and drying them in the sun.
Character:? Juhuaguo is conical or spherical, about 2 cm long and 1.5 ~ 2.5 cm in diameter. The surface is yellow-brown or brown-black, with wavy and curved longitudinal ridges, slightly flat upper end, circular protrusion in the center, narrow base, pedicels and residual bracts. Hard and sweet.
Chemical composition:? Contains citric acid and fumaric acid (fumaric acid? Acid), succinic acid, malonic acid, proline, oxalic acid, malic acid and shikimic acid (shikimic acid? Acid and quinic acid (quinic acid? Acids), alkaloids, glycosides, sugars, figs, etc.
Sexual taste:? Flat and sweet.
Function indication:? Strengthening the spleen and stopping diarrhea. Can be used for anorexia, diarrhea, and hypogalactia.
Source: Ficus of Moraceae? Carrica? The fruit of L., its roots and leaves are also used as medicine. Roots can be harvested all year round; Fruits and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn, dried or rarely used.
Tropism of nature and taste: fruit: sweet and flat. Roots and leaves: light, astringent and flat.
Indications: fruit: moistening lung and relieving cough, clearing heat and moistening intestine. Used for cough and asthma, sore throat, constipation and hemorrhoids. Roots and leaves: enteritis and diarrhea; External use to treat carbuncle and swelling.
Main efficacy: having children with different names, sweet taste, good at clearing away heat, detoxifying and detumescence, and has the effect of invigorating stomach and detoxifying.
Usage and dosage: fruit and leaves: 25-50g；; Apply appropriate amount of root and leaf externally, and fumigate and wash the affected part with decoction.
Excerpt: National Compilation of Chinese Herbal Medicine
Ficus carica contains high fructose, fruit acid, protein, vitamins and other ingredients, and has the functions of nourishing, moistening intestines, stimulating appetite and promoting lactation.
Widely cultivated in Tarim Basin, Atushi is the most widely planted, with an annual output of more than 200 mu of fruit. At that time, the fruit was sweet and juicy, and the aroma was overflowing, comparable to Lingnan bananas and creamy coconut shreds. Besides fresh fruit, you can also make dried fruit and jam. Fig, a kind of fruit tree with dioecious flowers, is named because the flowers are hidden in the capsule receptacle, and the appearance is only fruit without flowers. The fruit is flat and round, with yellow skin, soft pulp, rich nutrition and sweet fruit as honey.
In addition to eating, fruit can also strengthen the stomach and clear the intestines, reduce swelling and detoxify. The fruit of fig is very fresh and tender, and it is not easy to store and transport. Most locals use it to dry dried fruits and transport them to other places.
9. Nutritional value?
1.？ The edible rate of fig is high, the edible part of fresh fruit reaches 97%, and the edible part of dried fruit and candied fruit reaches 100%, and the acid content is low, and there is no hard core, so it is especially suitable for the elderly and children.
Figs are rich in amino acids, with fresh fruits accounting for 1.0% and dried fruits accounting for 5.3%. 18 species have been found. Not only the eight essential amino acids are of high utilization value, but also the aspartic acid (1.9% dry weight) is the highest, which has a good effect on fighting leukemia, restoring physical strength and eliminating fatigue. Therefore, fig drinks are regarded as "coffee substitutes" abroad.
The dry matter content of fig is very high, with fresh fruit 14-20% and dried fruit above 70%. Among them, the content of glucose that can be directly absorbed and utilized by human body accounts for 34.3% (dry weight), fructose accounts for 365,438+0.2% (dry weight), and sucrose only accounts for 7.82% (dry weight). Therefore, it is low in calories and is called low-calorie food in Japan. Domestic medical research has proved that it is a health food for losing weight.
Fig contains polysaccharide, accounting for 6.49% (dry weight), mainly arabinose and galactose, which has certain anti-aging effect.
Fig contains many vitamins, especially carotene, with fresh fruit of 30mg/ 100g and dried fruit of 70mg/ 100g, which is higher than that of peach, grape, plum, pear, orange and sweet persimmon.
Figs contain a lot of inorganic elements that are beneficial to human body, but do not contain inorganic elements that are easy to cause cancer, such as Co, Cd and Pb. It has a good effect on strengthening the health and anti-cancer ability of the body.
The fruits, branches and leaves of fig are rich in enzymes, among which protein decomposes the most enzymes, followed by lipase, amylase and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Eating fruit after a meal helps digestion. In recent years, great breakthroughs have been made in extracting SOD from figs and developing high-quality cosmetics, which doubled the value of figs.
Figs are rich in dietary fiber. Pectin and hemicellulose can absorb a variety of chemicals after water absorption and swelling, so that all kinds of harmful substances in the intestine can be absorbed and discharged, which can purify the intestine, promote the reproduction of beneficial bacteria in the intestine, inhibit blood sugar, maintain normal cholesterol content and eliminate carcinogens.
Figs also contain malic acid, oxalic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, malonic acid, pyrrolidine carboxylic acid, shikimic acid, quinic acid, glyceric acid and other acids. Flavonoids, rutin ketose, aldose, resin, etc. As well as benzaldehyde, furan coumarin lactone, bone tonic, bergamot lactone and other components that have certain effects on cancer suppression.
Figs are also called natural fruits, sweet fruits, dense fruits and milk berries. , is a Moraceae plant. Figs are both fresh fruits and Chinese herbal medicines. "Compendium of Materia Medica" records: "Ficus carica is sweet and non-toxic, which can stimulate appetite and stop diarrhea, treat five hemorrhoids and sore throat". Figs are as sweet as persimmons, seedless and full of nutrition. Every 100g of fig contains 8 1.3g of water, 0. 1.5g of protein, 3g of fat, 3g of crude fiber, 3g of carbohydrate 13g of ash1. Vitamin E 1.82 mg, potassium 2 12 mg, sodium 5.5 mg, calcium 67 mg, magnesium 17 mg, iron 0. 1 mg, manganese 0. 17 mg and zinc/kloc-0. In addition, it also contains citric acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, malic acid, propiolic acid, oxalic acid, quinic acid, lipase, protease and various amino acids necessary for human body.