10. field surgery
The Romans invented many surgical tools and took the lead in caesarean section, but it is worth mentioning that their most valuable contribution to medicine was on the battlefield. Under the leadership of Augustus, they established an army medical team, which was the first medical team dedicated to the professional field. These specially trained medical personnel use tourniquets to stop bleeding and arterial forceps to suppress intraoperative bleeding. Through these medical innovations, countless dying lives were saved in the war. Rome's battlefield doctors also conducted physical examinations on newly recruited soldiers and supervised the sanitary conditions in military camps to curb the spread of diseases. They even know that medical instruments need to be disinfected in hot water before use, which creates a precedent for antibacterial surgery, although this form of surgery was not fully accepted by the world until the19th century. Roman military medicine has clearly proved its advanced technology in the field of healing and health care, so that soldiers still live longer than ordinary people despite suffering from war.
9. Twelve Copper Tables and Roman Civil Law
Summon, writ of habeas corpus, compulsory law and testimony, all these terms come from the Roman legal system, which has occupied an important leading position in western law and government management for centuries. The original Roman law originated from the Law of Twelve Bronze Tables, which was an important part of the Constitution formulated during the CPC period. The Law of Twelve Bronze Watches was first passed in 450 BC, which stipulated in detail the relevant provisions on property, religion and divorce, and listed the punishment measures for all crimes from theft to witchcraft. However, compared with the twelve tables method, the encyclopedia of Roman civil law is more influential. It is an ambitious encyclopedia that tries to integrate the whole Roman history and law. The Encyclopedia of Civil Law, drafted by Byzantine King Justinian (529-535 AD), covers many modern legal principles, such as the concept of "unless the defendant is proved guilty, he will be acquitted". After the fall of the Roman Empire, it became the cornerstone of many legal systems in the world. After that, British common law and Islamic law were promulgated one after another, but the ancient Roman code still played an important role, still playing a role in some European countries and Louisiana.
8. julian calendar, Rome (Gregorian calendar)
The modern Gregorian calendar is very similar to julian calendar in Rome more than 2000 years ago. The early calendar of Rome was probably copied from the moon cycle model of ancient Greece. Because the Romans thought even numbers were very unlucky, they rewrote their calendars so that every month was an odd number of days. This practice continued until julian calendar appeared, until 46 BC, when the Roman commander Julius Caesar and astronomer Sosigenes founded julian calendar according to the solar calendar. Caesar changed the year from 355 days at that time to 365 days as we know it now, and finally divided the year into 12 months. Julian calendar is almost a perfect calendar, but there is an error of 1 1 minute compared with 365 days. So people finally adopted the Gregorian calendar set up by 1582, which takes into account the errors caused by leap year changes and makes the calendar more accurate.
7. The Arc de Triomphe in Rome
The Arc de Triomphe has a history of nearly 4000 years since its establishment. Ancient Rome was the first country to make full use of its own strength to build bridges, monuments and houses. The arch design of the Arc de Triomphe is very clever, which makes the weight of the building evenly distributed on the arch. It is precisely because of this ingenious design that a large building like the Colosseum in Rome will not be crushed by its own weight. Ancient Roman architects devoted themselves to improving the design of arches, and finally designed a flatter "flat circular arch" and applied it to the construction of bridges and aqueducts. Multiple flat circular arches with different intervals can form more stable supports and increase the span of bridges and aqueducts. Therefore, columns, domes and arched ceilings have become one of the typical features of ancient Roman architectural style. .
6. Roads and highways
At its peak, the Roman Empire covered an area of nearly 6.5438+0.7 million square miles, even covering most of southern Europe. In order to ensure the efficient and orderly management of this huge field, the Romans built the most complicated road system in the ancient world. These Roman highways are still widely used today. They consist of mud, gravel and bricks formed by granite or hardened volcanic lava. When designing expressways, Roman engineers adhered to strict design standards and created straight roads for drainage. By the year 200, the Romans had built more than 50,000 miles of roads, mainly for military conquest. The highway allows the Roman legions to walk 25 miles a day, and a series of network stations allow information and other intelligence to spread widely at an alarming rate. These roads are usually managed in the mode of modern highways: Milestones and signs on stone tablets tell passengers how many miles to their destination, and soldiers who are widely praised by the public have also become "highway patrolmen".
5. Paper books
For most of human history, literary works were created on clumsy clay tablets and scrolls. The Romans simplified this form by creating a code (considered to be the prototype of the earliest book). The earliest code was made of wax paper, and later it was changed to animal fur parchment, so that the page could be displayed more clearly. Ancient historians pointed out that Julius Caesar created an early version of the code in the form of papyrus, but this paper code was not popularized until around the first century AD. Early Christians became the first people to take advantage of this innovation, and they used this technology to print a large number of bibles.
4. Welfare undertakings
Many welfare undertakings of the modern government originated in ancient Rome, including the standards for granting food subsidies, education funds and other subsidies for helping poor residents. These welfare programs can be traced back to BC 122, when Gaius Gracchus, the tribune at that time, established the lex frumentaria, requiring the state government to meet the needs of Roman citizens to buy grain at low prices. During the reign of Trajan, the Roman Emperor, these welfare programs were retained, and an "alimenta" welfare was also implemented to raise poor and helpless orphans and ensure that they have no worries about food, clothing and education. At the same time, in order to control prices, a kind of "Tesseri" was issued to control the prices of corn, grain and oil, wine, bread, pork and other items. Emperor Trajan's generosity was deeply loved by the Roman people, but some historians believe that it was his generosity that led to the decline of the Roman economy.
3. The embryonic form of newspapers and periodicals
The Roman society published the Roman Gazette (or Daily Chronicle), which would deal with military, legal and civil issues, so that people could know the results of these issues through articles; These contents will be written on metal or carved on stone and placed in downtown areas such as Rome Square for people to browse. This is the embryonic form of the newspaper. According to textual research, The Roman Gazette first appeared in BC 13 1 year, with a wide range of contents, including Roman military news, competitions, battle rounds, birth news and obituaries, and even some stories that people like to see. In addition, there is a chronicle of the Senate, which is used to record the discussions and resolutions of the Roman Senate meeting. Although it is also a prototype newspaper, its contents are confidential and forbidden to be made public. It was not until 59 BC that the Roman consul, Leus Caesar, carried out democratic reforms during his first term and ordered the publication of the proceedings of the Senate and the citizens' assembly, which was circulated.
Step 2 be specific
The appearance of Roman concrete has made many ancient Roman buildings, such as the Pantheon, the Colosseum and the Roman Square, stand today. About 2 100 years ago, the Romans first used concrete to build houses. At that time, concrete was widely used in all buildings in the Mediterranean region, including aqueducts, bridges and monuments. Roman concrete is far inferior to modern concrete in strength, but its unique composition makes it more durable. Roman concrete is a highly viscous paste made by the Romans mixing hydrated lime and volcanic ash from Vesuvius with water. The Roman concrete added with volcanic tuff has super chemical resistance, and the volcanic ash in Vesuvius makes the Roman concrete solidify and harden rapidly even in seawater. Thanks to this, the Romans carefully built baths, docks and ports.
1. Diversion channel
There were many public facilities in ancient Rome, such as public toilets, underground sewage systems, fountains and public baths, which greatly facilitated the life of the Romans. But without the invention of the Roman aqueduct, all the innovative water-related facilities would not be realized. The first diversion canal was built in 3 12 BC. Under the action of gravity, stone pipes, lead pipes and clay pipe are used as water pipes to introduce water into urban areas. Aqueduct solved the problem of water use in Rome, and also played an extremely important role in the development of urban public health and sanitation facilities. Before the aqueduct appeared, Egypt, Babylon and Assyria used primitive canals for irrigation, while the Romans used civil engineering technology to improve the canals, thus inventing the aqueduct. During the Roman Empire, hundreds of ditches spread all over the empire, some of which were as long as 60 miles. The great thing about canals is that they have remained motionless for thousands of years. Today, some canals are still functioning, which is amazing. The famous wishing pool in Rome is the source of Aqua Virgo, one of the eleven Grand Canal in ancient Rome.