The most comprehensive summary list of 144 high school biology knowledge points in history.
1, the basic characteristics of life have the same material basis and structural basis, metabolic stress.
2. Growth, development, reproduction, heredity and variation.
3. Organisms can adapt to a certain environment and influence it. Protein and nucleic acid are the basic components of organisms.
4. protein is the main undertaker of life activities. Nucleic acid is the carrier of genetic information.
5. Cell is the basic unit of organism structure and function.
6. Metabolism is the general term for all orderly chemical changes in organisms.
7. Metabolism is the basis of all life activities of organisms.
8. Three stages of biological development:
The "cell theory" of descriptive biology, experimental biology and molecular biology lays a foundation for studying the structure, physiology, reproduction and development of organisms.
9. The Origin of Species has greatly promoted the development of modern biology.
10, Mendel; dna double helix structure
1 1. The development of biological science The core of bioengineering, medicine, agriculture, energy development and environmental protection vaccine manufacturing: genetic engineering.
12, insect-resistant cotton; Oil grass; The material basis of superbug life.
13, the life activities of organisms have the same material basis.
14, chemical elements In different organisms, the contents of various chemical elements vary greatly.
15, classification: macro elements and trace elements.
16, compounds are the material basis of biological activities.
17, chemical elements can affect the life activities of organisms.
18, the biological world and the abiotic world are both unified and different.
19, complex water, inorganic salt, sugar, lipid, protein, nucleic acid.
20, water free water, combined water.
2 1, the ions of inorganic salts play an important role in maintaining the life activities of organisms.
22. Sugar monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.
23. Lipid fats, lipids and sterols.
24. Free water is a good solvent in cells and can transport nutrients to various cells.
25. Maintain cell osmotic pressure and acid-base balance, cell morphology and function.
26. Sugar is an important component of organisms and the main energy substance of cells.
27. Fat is a substance that stores energy in organisms; Reduce body heat loss, keep body temperature constant, reduce visceral friction and buffer external pressure.
28. Phospholipids are an important part of cell membranes.
29, sterol cholesterol, vitamin D, sex hormones; Maintain normal metabolism and reproductive process.
30. protein and nucleic acid protein and nucleic acid are both high molecular substances.
3 1, protein is an important organic compound in cells, and all life activities are inseparable from protein.
33. Nucleic acid is the carrier of genetic information.
34. protein structure: the type, quantity and arrangement of amino acids and the spatial structure of peptide chains.
35. Functions of protein: catalysis, transportation, regulation, immunity and identification.
Chromosome is the main carrier of genetic material.
37. The basic unit cell of life.
38, the cell is the basic unit of organism structure and function.
39. Cell Structure and Functional Cell Classification: Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes.
40. Cells have very fine structures and complex self-control functions. Only by maintaining the integrity of cells can all kinds of life activities be completed normally.
4 1, cell membrane structure: fluid mosaic model phospholipid, protein.
42. Basic skeleton: structure of phospholipid double-layer sugar quilt: protein+polysaccharide.
43. Cell wall: cellulose and pectin function: fluidity and selective permeability.
44. Selective permeation: free diffusion (benzene) and active transportation.
45. Active transportation: it can ensure that living cells can select and absorb the required nutrients according to the needs of life activities, and eliminate the wastes and harmful substances produced by metabolism.
46, sugar quilt function: protection and lubrication, identification.
47. Cytoplasmic matrix nutrients.
48. Cytoplasmic matrix is the main site for metabolism of living cells.
49, all kinds of organelles are the structural basis and unit to complete its function.
50. Mitochondria are the main places for aerobic respiration of living cells.
5 1, chloroplast is the place of cell photosynthesis.
52. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: synthesis and transport of lipids and sugars.
53. Rough surface: processing and synthesis of glycoprotein.
54. ribosomes.
55. Golgi apparatus.
56. Vacuoles play a regulatory role in the intracellular environment, enabling cells to maintain a certain osmotic pressure and expansion.
57. Nuclear structure: nuclear membrane, nucleolus and chromatin.
58. The nuclear membrane is a selectively permeable membrane, but it is not a semi-permeable membrane.
59. Chromatin DNA+ protein.
60. Chromatin and chromosome are two morphological functions of the same substance in cells at different times.
6 1, the channel of substance exchange between nuclear pore and nucleoplasm.
62. The nucleus is the place where genetic materials are stored and copied, and it is the control center of cell genetic characteristics and cell metabolic activities.
63. The nucleus plays a decisive role in life activities.
64. The main feature of prokaryotic cells is that there is no typical nucleus surrounded by nuclear membrane.
65. Its cell wall contains no cellulose, mainly sugar and protein.
66. There are no complex organelles, but there are scattered ribosomes.
67. Pseudonuclear naked DNA.
68. Cells are relatively small.
69. Cell proliferation modes: mitosis, amitosis and meiosis. Cell proliferation is the basis of organism growth, development, reproduction and inheritance.
Mitosis.
7 1, cell cycle mitosis is the main way of eukaryotic cell division.
72. Somatic cells undergo mitosis periodically, so there is a cell cycle.
73. Difference between animal and plant mitosis: Different kinds of cells have different cell cycle time in prophase and anaphase.
74. The biggest feature of interphase is the completion of DNA molecular replication and protein synthesis. Significance: The stability of genetic traits is maintained.
75, cell differentiation only cell proliferation, and without cell differentiation, organisms can't grow and develop normally.
76. Cell differentiation is a lasting change, which occurs in the whole life of an organism and reaches its maximum in the embryonic stage.
77. Changes in cell stability are irreversible.
78. Cell totipotency: Highly differentiated plant cells still have the potential to develop into complete plants. The most totipotent cells are stem cells that have begun to divide.
79. The fertilized egg has the highest totipotency.
80. Abnormal differentiation of cancer cells.
8 1. Carcinogenic factors: physics, chemistry, virus.
82. Cancer cells are produced by the transformation of proto-oncogenes from inhibition to activation. Features: unlimited proliferation; Changes in form and structure; The cell membrane changes.
83. Cell senescence is a complex process of cell physiological and biochemical changes, which is ultimately reflected in the changes of cell morphology, structure and function. Features: water is reduced and metabolism is weakened; The enzyme activity decreased;
84, pigment accumulation, hinder the intracellular material exchange and information transmission;
85. The respiratory rate slows down, the volume increases, the chromatin contraction and staining deepen, and the substance transport function decreases.
86. On the basis of metabolism, organisms can show the basic characteristics of life (genetic variation of growth and development). Metabolism is the most basic feature of living things, and it is also the most essential difference between living things and nonliving things.
87. Enzymes are a kind of organic substances (protein, nucleic acid) with biocatalysis in living cells. They are characterized by high efficiency and specificity.
88. Suitable conditions: suitable temperature and pH value. ..
89.ATP is a direct source of energy for metabolism. Formation pathway: animal respiration, plant photosynthesis and respiration.
90. Formation mode: ADP+PiATP is very small in the cell, but the transformation is very rapid and always in dynamic equilibrium.
9 1. Significance of photosynthesis: Photosynthesis not only converts solar energy into chemical energy and stores it in organic substances such as sugars produced by photosynthesis, but also plays an important role in the evolution of organisms. After the emergence of cyanobacteria on the earth, the earth's atmosphere gradually contains oxygen.
92. Necessary conditions for water metabolism and infiltration:
There is a semipermeable membrane; There is a concentration difference between the solutions on both sides.
Protoplast: Cell membrane, vacuole membrane and cytoplasm between these two membranes. Transpiration is the driving force of water absorption and mineral element transportation.
Mineral metabolism mineral elements are absorbed by root tips in the form of ions.
The absorption of water and mineral elements by plants is a relatively independent process. Utilization forms of mineral elements: nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium and iron.
93. The basic source of the three major nutrients in nutritional metabolism is food.
Sugar: Most of the sugar in food is starch.
Lipids: Most of the lipids in food are fats.
Protein: Synthesis; Amino conversion; Deamination.
Concern: blood sugar regulation, obesity, diet.
Only by selecting and matching foods reasonably and developing good eating habits can we maintain health and ensure normal life activities such as human metabolism, growth and development.
Glycerol and most fatty acids synthesize fat again.
94. Animal food contains more amino acids than plant food.
95. The three nutrients are interrelated and mutually restricted. Can be transformed, but conditional, the degree of transformation is obviously different.
97. Internal environment and steady-state internal environment-related systems: circulatory, respiratory, digestive and urinary systems. Including: the environment of extracellular fluid (tissue fluid, plasma, lymph) is the direct environment for cells to survive in vivo.
98. The physical and chemical properties of the internal environment include temperature, pH and osmotic pressure.
Steady state: Under the regulation of nervous system and body fluids, the body maintains the internal environment through the coordinated activities of various organs and systems.
A relatively stable state. Only through the internal environment can cells in the body exchange materials with the external environment.
Steady-state significance: the metabolism of the body is composed of many complex enzymatic reactions in cells. Enzymatic reactions need mild external conditions and must be kept in a suitable range before they can be carried out normally.
99. Classification of respiration: aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.
The first stage of aerobic and anaerobic respiration is carried out in the cytoplasm matrix.
The site of anaerobic respiration is the cytoplasmic matrix.
All life activities of organisms need breathing to provide energy. Meaning: Breathing can provide energy for the life activities of organisms; Respiratory process can provide raw materials for the synthesis of other compounds in the body.
100. Metabolic types: photoautotrophic, chemoautotrophic, heterotrophic, aerobic and anaerobic.
10 1. The basic forms of animal life activity regulation are neuroregulation and humoral regulation. Neuroregulation is dominant.
102, plant tropism is a directional movement in a single direction caused by external stimuli.
103, the sexual movement of plants is the adaptability to the external environment. Other hormones: gibberellin, cytokinin; Abscisic acid, ethylene.
104, the process of plant growth and development is not regulated by a single hormone, but by many hormones. Auxin is the earliest discovered plant hormone.
105, the physiological function of auxin has duality, which is related to auxin concentration and plant organ type.
Auxin is transported from the top to the bottom of the form.
Uses: promoting cuttings to take root; Promote fruit development; Prevent fruit from falling.
106, animal humoral regulation: some chemicals regulate the physiological activities of human beings and animals through humoral transmission.
107, hormone regulation is the main content of body fluid regulation.
108, Feedback Regulation: Synergy and Antagonism. Through feedback regulation, hormones in the blood are often maintained at a normal and relatively stable level. Hypothalamus is the center that regulates endocrine activities.
109, hormone regulation plays a role by changing cell metabolism. Growth hormone and thyroid hormone, blood sugar regulation.
1 10, the regulation of animal neural life activities is mainly completed by neural regulation.
1 1 1, the basic way of neural regulation.
1 12. Reflective arc of movable structure foundation.
1 13, nerve impulse in the form of excitation conduction.
1 14, excitation conduction: nerve fiber conduction; The regulation of intercellular transmission nerve is realized by reflection; Humoral regulation is that hormones are transported to the whole body with blood circulation to regulate. Most endocrine glands in the body are controlled by the central nervous system, and the hormones secreted can affect the function of the nervous system.
1 15, reflection activity is unconditional reflection and conditional reflection.
1 16, conditioned reflex greatly improves the ability of animals to adapt to complex environmental changes.
1 17, analysis and synthesis of nerve center function.
1 18, the change of conduction potential on nerve fibers, the bidirectional transmission of synapses between cells, and the unidirectional transmission.
1 19, animal behavior Animal behavior is formed under the simultaneous regulation of the nervous system, endocrine system and motor organs. Behavior is controlled by hormones and neural regulation.
120, innate behavior: tendency, instinct, unconditional reflex, acquired behavior: India, imitation, conditioned reflex animals, the main ways to establish acquired behavior: conditioned reflex animals, the highest form of acquired behavior: judgment, reasoning.
12 1. The complex behavior of higher animals is mainly formed through learning. The regulatory role of the nervous system is dominant. There is a direct link between sex hormones and sexual behavior.
122, gonadotropin secreted by pituitary gland can promote gonadal development and sex hormone secretion, and then affect animal sexual behavior. Most instinctive behaviors are more complicated than reflex behaviors. Life experience and study play a decisive role in the formation of behavior. Judgment and reasoning are obtained through learning. Learning is mainly related to cerebral cortex. Biological reproduction and developmental reproduction asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction.
123. Sexual reproduction makes offspring have the genetic characteristics of their parents, and has stronger viability and variability, which is of great significance to the survival and evolution of organisms. Monocotyledons: corn, wheat and rice. Dicotyledonous plants: beans (peanuts and soybeans), cucumbers and shepherd's purse.
124. meiosis and fertilization maintain the number of chromosomes in the first and second generations of somatic cells of each organism unchanged, and have the functions of heredity and variation.
125, the process of individual development from fertilized egg to sexual mature individuals. The formation of flower buds in plant ontogeny marks the beginning of reproductive growth. The fertilized egg goes through a short dormancy; Fertilized polar nuclei do not experience dormancy. The suspensor produces hormones to promote embryo development.
126, animal individual development, embryonic development, post-embryonic development, the animal with pigment is always upward, ensuring the temperature conditions needed for embryonic development.
127, the individual development of biology is a short and rapid repetition of systematic development. The early embryonic development of reptiles, birds and mammals has amniotic membrane structure, which ensures the water environment needed for embryonic development, has the function of earthquake protection and enhances the adaptability to the land environment.
128, Exploration of Basic DNA of Genetic Material: Discovery of Transforming Factors? The transforming factor is DNA? DNA is genetic material? DNA is the main genetic material, and DNA replication is a process of melting and replication. Replication method, semi-conservative replication. The essence of genes is DNA fragments with genetic effects, and genes are the basic units that determine biological characteristics.
129, Genetic control of traits: controlling metabolic process by controlling enzyme synthesis; Controlling the molecular structure of protein directly affects that deoxynucleotide is the basic unit of DNA. Chromosome is the main carrier of genetic material. Molecular structure of DNA: base complementary pairing principle of DNA double helix structure.
130 and different base arrangements constitute the diversity of DNA, which also explains the reasons for biodiversity and specificity. The double helix structure of DNA and the principle of base complementary pairing ensure that replication can be carried out accurately and maintain genetic continuity.
13 1, biological variation is not heritable: it can be inherited without causing changes in genetic material in vivo: gene mutation, gene recombination and chromosome variation.
132, the reason of polyploidy is that chromosomes have been copied during somatic mitosis, but the formation of spindle is destroyed by external influences, thus doubling chromosomes. Gene mutation is the fundamental source of biological variation and provides the initial raw materials for biological evolution.
133. Gene recombination through sexual reproduction provides an extremely rich source of biological variation, which is one of the important reasons for the formation of biodiversity.
134, the nutritional components in polyploid breeding increased, but the development was delayed and the seed setting was less. Haploid breeding can obtain stable pure-line varieties in a short time and obviously shorten the breeding cycle. Eugenic measures prohibit consanguineous marriage; Genetic counseling; School-age childbearing; Prenatal diagnosis.
135, the basic unit of evolution-population.
136, the change of gene frequency of evolutionary essential population.
137, mutation and gene recombination are only raw materials for biological evolution, and cannot determine the direction of biological evolution. The direction of biological evolution is determined by natural selection. Once reproductive isolation occurs between different populations, there will be no gene exchange. Mutation and gene recombination are the raw materials of biological evolution.
138, natural selection determines the direction of biological evolution; Isolation is a necessary condition for the formation of new species.
139, ecological factors abiotic factors light: light plays a decisive role in the physiology and distribution of plants. The influence of light on animals is obvious. (reproductive activities); Temperature: the influence of temperature on the distribution, growth and development of organisms Water: an important factor to determine the distribution of terrestrial organisms. Intra-species relationship of biological factors: intra-species mutual assistance and intra-species struggle; Interspecific relationship: mutual benefit, parasitism, competition and predation.
140, demographic characteristics: population density, birth rate and mortality rate, age composition, sex ratio. Quantitative change: "J" curve, "S" curve.
14 1. The significance of quantitative change: rational utilization and protection of wildlife resources and pest control. Factors affecting population change: climate, food, prey, infectious diseases.
142, human activities have an increasing influence on the population changes in nature.
143, vertical structure and horizontal structure of biological community.
144. Ecosystem structural components: abiotic substances and energy; Producer; Consumers; Decomposer. Components are connected with food chain and food web; The total solar energy fixed by the producer is the total energy flowing through the system. Characteristics of energy flow: one-way flow, gradual decline; Material circulation and energy flow are along the food chain and network. Based on this, the multipolar utilization of energy is realized, thus greatly improving the efficiency of energy utilization. Energy flow and material circulation are the main functions of ecosystem. There is a limit to the stability of the ecosystem. In an ecosystem, the stability of resistance and resilience is often an opposite relationship. The simpler the composition of the ecosystem, the simpler the nutritional structure, the lower the self-regulation ability and the lower the stability of resistance.