Psychoneuroimmunology is a new frontier subject to explore the mystery of human physical and mental health. It integrates psychology, biochemistry, immunology, behavior, anatomy, molecular biology and I clinical medicine, and studies how the nervous system transforms psychological factors into mechanisms that can affect health, especially how the brain and behavior affect the immune system and how they are affected by it. Researchers focus on the effects of higher nervous activity on the immune system, including inhibiting and enhancing conditioned reflex immunity, emotional stress and immunity.
It has been proved that music stimulation can affect the growth of animal nerves. The researchers found that music stimulation increased the number and size of nerves in two auditory nuclei (nucleus magnus and medulla oblongata stratified nucleus) in chicken brain. Music stimulation can also promote the growth of nerve cells, reduce the number of apoptosis and regulate the gene Bc 1-2, and also regulate the expression of early genes c-Fos and C-jun in NM and NL, and increase the synthesis of synaptic proteins.
In 4000 BC, music appeared as a way to relieve human pressure. At that time, people turned to music to relieve stress instead of believing in scientific theories. In recent years, music has been popularized in medical and health care institutions, and people gradually realize the beneficial effect of music on health.
In exploring the significance of stress to health, scientists have extended their research to images of chronic diseases such as cancer.
Because music can make patients deeply relaxed, some researchers suggest that music can be used to treat stress-related diseases. More and more researches begin to involve the influence of music on human psychoneuroimmunology.
Recent cognitive neuroscience research holds that music, as another factor to strengthen stimulation, will also affect the activities of the neurochemical system related to it. On this basis, the research on the psychological neuroimmune effect of music is carried out.
Psychoneuroimmunology of music is a new frontier subject to explore the influence of music on human physical and mental health. It studies that after the brain classifies, screens, processes and integrates various stimuli produced by music, the endocrine response is triggered by the nervous system, and some hormones produced by the endocrine response are related to the human immune function, thus affecting the human immune system, promoting human physical and mental health and improving the quality of life.
There have been reports about the neurochemical reaction of human body caused by music.
Brain imaging studies have found that music stimulation can adjust the structure of the brain margin and lateral margin, as well as the hypothalamus, insula and anterior cingulate cortex, which are responsible for awakening the autonomic nervous system. After listening to music, many subjects showed changes in physiological indicators, brain activity and nonverbal behavior in their self-assessment reports. When listening to your favorite music, the level of serotonin in your body increases obviously.
At present, some achievements have been made in the related research that music can improve human immunity.
Related studies have found that the main neurochemical reactions caused by music are dopamine, cortisol (cortisol 1), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), corticotropin (ACTH), serotonin (serotonin), peptide derivatives (POMC) and oxytocin.
1 emotion regulation
Music can cause even opposite emotional effects (such as happiness or sadness) at the same time, or it can be just one of them. Experienced music listeners often feel that the most touching music can often arouse two or more emotions.
The research on neurochemical reactions caused by music focuses more on emotional arousal and experience.
Music can evoke emotions at an early stage. Music stimulation will lead to individual emotional experience, and the processing of this emotional experience mostly needs the participation of insula.
When listening to relaxing music, we often feel relaxed and calm, which is caused by the influence of music on human endocrine. In the study of the influence of music on human endocrine, more research focuses on measuring cortisol. Some researchers have found that both light music and stimulating music will cause the decrease of cortisol; However, other researchers have found that only light music can lower cortisol. Their conclusion is that music can reduce cortisol levels whether actively listening to music or passively accepting music.
The test found that stimulating music caused changes in adrenocortical hormone, while relaxing music did not cause adrenocortical hormone response. These results show that music has a certain influence on human endocrine.
Other endocrine response test results include:
Oxytocin increases when listening to soft and relaxing music.
When participants participate in group drumming music activities, the index of dehydroepiandrosterone-cortisol will increase.
When patients listen to relaxing music, growth hormone will increase.
When participants choose their own music, male testosterone increases, while female testosterone decreases slightly.
Accompanied by immune response, music therapy can reduce the chromaffin index.
When participants participate in stimulating drumming activities, natural killer cells increase, accompanied by endocrine reaction.
In the experiment of stimulating music, it was found that the level of CD4+T cells in plasma increased, and the study also noticed that CD8+T cells had no obvious results.
In drumming test, CD4+T cell count increased with the increase of lymphocyte and memory T cell count in the elderly, but these results did not change significantly in young adults.
When patients choose to listen to relaxing music, the level of natural killer cells drops.
2 pressure and pressure
The immune response of human body can be generally divided into innate characteristics and adaptability, and many immune responses of human body are innate.
Stress has an adverse effect on human immune system, which directly leads to the weakening of resistance to new pathogens.
When people choose music to induce relaxation due to pressure, there are special ways to solve this kind of problem. However, the sensitivity of these paths and the speed at which they are activated are determined by the individual. Or, this may be because these paths are common, but the intensity and type of pressure or relaxation that constitutes the transition vary from person to person.
Due to the changes of some symptoms (such as breathing and blood flow) brought by music, a series of reactions in the human body are caused, which leads to the decrease of sympathetic nerve activity.
The influence of music on psychology is to exert pressure through various neural pathways, such as the peripheral dopamine system in the midbrain and the central amygdala, which changes cellular and physiological indexes such as blood pressure.
Cortisol is a hormone secreted by adrenal gland and the final product of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal system (HPA axis). It plays a very important role in coping with stress and stress, and is called "stress hormone".
Cortisol is a physiological intermediary that transforms psychological stress into neurosis. Due to the effect of cortisol, music can relieve stress, prevent diseases and reduce persistent pain. Studies have shown that the two symbols of HPA axis-β -endorphin and cortisol-can reduce the interference of music to the audience.
Compared with a large number of literatures on stress and aging, less attention is paid to psychological and lifestyle factors that may improve immune system function. Cheerful music can arouse people's positive emotions, reduce the negative effects of age and stress, and then enhance the function of human immune system.
3 get a reward
When people listen to music, they often show a tendency to choose-that is, they tend to listen to their favorite music. At this time, people will feel happy and get a feeling similar to getting a reward. In this process, the transmission of dopamine in human body plays an important role. The sense of pleasure and reward is mainly mediated by endogenous opioids.
When the subjects actively participate in and listen to their favorite music, the value of immunoglobulin A reaches its peak. Some scholars put forward the relationship between music and allergic reaction: after subjects eat allergic food, the study found that music can reduce histamine level. Experiments on patients with latex allergic reaction show that Mozart's music can effectively reduce immunoglobulin E and help to treat skin allergic diseases.
4 delay aging
The ability to perceive and process music was not added to our knowledge later, but existed from the initial stage of the development of our nervous system. When listening to music, many areas of the brain are involved in the process of music processing, and musicians have an advantage in this respect. Studies have shown that after a long period of music training, the individual cell reactions and the number of cells in their brains have increased significantly.
Music training can reduce the memory decline caused by aging. People who study music in adolescence are old, and when they test their memory and cognitive ability, they will delay aging for ten years.
The elderly can continue to engage in music activities, which can improve their thinking ability and eliminate the negative effects of age and even lack of education. The results of neuropsychological tests and investigations on 70 musicians and non-musicians aged 59 ~ 8O show that musicians score high in psychological tests, visual space judgment, verbal memory, recall and mobility.
The study found that the value of interleukin -6 decreased significantly when middle-aged and elderly people listened to relaxed music. Although no obvious changes were found in IL-1 and IL- 10, the changes of their neurobiological markers were concluded.
Some studies have found that interleukin -6 is decreased in drum beating test; However, some studies indicate that the levels of interleukin in participants of all ages remain unchanged.
In the reaction of other cytokines, it is found that when patients choose their own music, IL-1 will increase, which is consistent with the research results of endocrine reaction.
It was found that Mozart's music down-regulated the levels of IL-4, 10 and 13(Th2 cytokine) and up-regulated the levels of IFN and IL- 12(TH 1 cytokine) in allergic patients.
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