(A) the changing law of human physiological function and activity ability
In the process of exercise, the physiological functions and abilities of the human body are constantly changing and have certain laws. Generally speaking, at the beginning, the ability gradually rises, then reaches and maintains a high level for a period of time, and finally gradually declines. This process can be divided into three stages: rising, stabilizing and falling. This process of change is an objective law.
1, rising phase
The main task of this stage is to organize children in a short time, concentrate their attention, attract and stimulate their desire and enthusiasm to participate in activities, so that children can make physical and psychological preparations before physical exercise, and improve their physical activity ability through some preparatory sports activities to adapt to sports activities with a large amount of exercise.
The following two aspects should be prepared for the rising stage.
(1) Physical and psychological adaptive preparation. When children know that they want to carry out sports activities, most children will have a positive adaptive response, which is characterized by excitement, excitement, high spirits and enthusiasm. These changes accelerate the heartbeat of children, and the glucose content in blood will also increase, which can accelerate the various organs of the body to overcome inertia, which is a rapid increase in the body's ability to adapt to the upcoming physical activities. However, some children's reactions are negative, such as anxiety, timidity and dullness. There are many reasons for these reactions, some of which are physical reasons, such as disability, obesity, disease and so on. There are also some psychological reasons, such as timidity, clumsy movements, unconfidence and loneliness.
Teachers should pay attention to observing each child's reaction. For those children who have negative reactions, we should pay attention to cultivating their interest and confidence in participating in sports activities, creating scientific sports education skills, language art and sports environment, guiding and encouraging children, stimulating their enthusiasm and consciousness in participating in activities, and making children actively and happily participate in sports activities.
We must be prepared. The main purpose is to help children overcome the inertia of various organs of the body, improve the activity ability of the body, and make it rise to a higher level quickly to adapt to large-scale physical activities. For young children, the inertia of various organs of the body is small, and the activity ability of the body rises rapidly, so the preparation time is short and the exercise load increases slightly.
The content of warm-up activities can be general warm-up activities, mainly to promote the all-round development of children's bodies and make the main muscle groups, joints and ligaments of the body fully active; It can be a special warm-up activity, such as moving the muscles, joints and ligaments of the lower limbs and the shoulder straps for participating in the activity before skipping rope, so as to prevent being pulled or injured when formally participating in the activity.
Generally speaking, children's sports activities have a small load, so there is no need to strictly distinguish between general and special preparatory activities, and the forms can be rich and colorful, such as imitation exercises, games and song and dance performances.
2. Stationary phase
At this stage, the activity ability of children's organs has gradually reached a high level, people's working ability is in the best state, and the cerebral cortex has the most suitable excitability. At this time, the exercise efficiency of the body is high, and it can adapt to some intense exercise. And the effect of learning and practicing movements is also good. Because young children's nerve cells and muscle tissues are more prone to fatigue, maintaining a high level is also short-lived. However, if the child is in a happy mood at this stage and the activity is not very large, then the child's fatigue will appear in the later stage. The duration of this stage varies from person to person, which is related to everyone's age, physical condition, psychological state and the specific situation of activities.
According to this rule and the characteristics of children, teachers can arrange the content with greater exercise intensity at this stage, and at the same time, they should pay attention to the diversification of the content and methods of activities, pay attention to the alternation of static and dynamic, the combination of urgency and slowness, and the practice of different parts of the body should also be carried out alternately, and the arrangement of exercise load should be gradually increased and rhythmic to stimulate and maintain the positive activity mood of children.
3. Descending phase
After a period of physical exercise, especially after a large amount of exercise, children consume more energy in their bodies, and their physical fatigue or phenomena begin to appear, and their physical activity ability gradually declines. At this point, teachers should organize children to gradually end their activities. Can arrange simple, more moderate activity games, etc. Especially after strenuous exercise, we should pay more attention to this link. It is conducive to eliminating children's physical fatigue, relaxing children's bodies, promoting the recovery of energy, and gradually calming children's emotions, which is conducive to children's physical health and the arrangement of follow-up activities.
In children's sports activities, among the above three stages of physical function changes, the rising stage is short and fast; The duration of the stable period is short, and the ability to withstand rapid changes is low; The descent phase quickly resumed.
(B) the law of the formation of motor function
Motor function, also known as motor skills, refers to the ability of human body to master and effectively complete special movements, master and effectively complete special movements, or complete movements according to certain technical requirements.
The formation of sports skills is a complicated process, and it is also a process of establishing and consolidating conditional relations. Stimulating the interest of the athletes, improving their activity enthusiasm, making the cerebral cortex in the most suitable state of excitement, and having the skills to master the basic qualities needed for this action are important conditions for the formation of motor skills.
Practice has proved that the formation and improvement of motor skills generally include a rough grasp of movements; Improve the action; The movements tend to be consolidated and used freely, and so on.