2. 1. 1 preparation method: take Xinhua 1 qualitative filter paper, punch it into circular pieces of paper with a diameter of 6 mm, put 50 circular pieces of paper into a clean and dry empty penicillin bottle, and wrap the bottle mouth with a single layer of kraft paper. After autoclaving at 15 lbs. 15-20 minutes, put it in an incubator or oven at 37℃ for several days to completely dry it.
2. 1.2 preparation of antibacterial paper: add 0.25ml of liquid medicine into a penicillin bottle containing 50 pieces of paper, and turn the paper over so that each piece of paper is fully soaked with the liquid medicine. When turning the paper, the paper should not be mashed. At the same time, write down the name of the medicine on the bottle mouth, put it in an incubator at 37℃ overnight, dry it and cover it. If possible, it can be dried in vacuum. Keep away from moisture and store in a dark and dry place. The validity period is 3-6 months.
2.2 Preparation of liquid medicine (for the test of commercially available drugs): Prepare liquid medicine according to the therapeutic dose ratio of commercially available drugs; For example, Bai Bing Xiao, a commercial drug, can treat 0.0 1% of drinking water according to the specified amount and prepare liquid medicine according to this ratio. 10mg can be added to10ml water and mixed evenly. This diluent is a liquid medicine used for drug sensitivity test.
Experimental operation method
What are the chief complaints of orthopedic diseases, and physical factors also have some influence; The latter is secondary to congenital or acquired deformity, injury or inflammation. Such as genu varus or valgus deformity, meniscus injury, chondromalacia patellae, habitual or traumatic dislocation of patella, patella fracture, etc. Most of them occur over the age of 50. Osteoarthritis caused by trauma mostly occurs in young adults. There are more women than men. Diagnosis 1. The clinical manifestations are slow onset, joint pain and stiffness in the early stage, especially in the early stage of activity, especially the pain in the medial knee. After exercise, the pain is relieved, and after long-term exercise, the pain is aggravated. Symptoms can be alleviated after rest, with persistent pain and limited activity in the later stage. You can hear the fricative sound when you are active. Sometimes joint effusion, there are loose bodies in the joint. 2.X-ray manifestations need to take weight-bearing X-rays of both lower limbs. When joint effusion occurs, joint tissue will swell. The joint space is narrowed, the bone under the joint is dense, the bone density is increased, the trabecular bone is broken, and then it is cystic, the lip of the joint is hyperplasia, the tibial ridge is sharp, and sometimes loose bodies can be seen in the joint. Principles of treatment 1. Reduce joint load, reduce activities and rest. 2. The application of traditional Chinese medicine in treating both internal and external moxibustion as a whole (1) is mainly to protect joints, and a small amount of drugs for enriching blood, supplementing calcium and nourishing joint synovium can be used. ⑵ Stereotherapy combined with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs can be used for moderate and severe cases. (3) When there is a small amount of joint effusion, it is not necessary to take it out, but local hot compress can be used, and physical therapy can promote the absorption of joint fluid. Intraarticular injection of hormone drugs should be used with caution, and try not to take hormones orally. (4) Laser therapy can relieve muscle spasm, improve blood circulation, reduce swelling, diminish inflammation, relieve pain and inhibit adverse immune reactions. (5) Surgical treatment: high tibial osteotomy (Japanese treatment method was introduced to Beijing Osteomyelitis Hospital). Osteoarthritis of hip joint Osteoarthritis of hip joint is a chronic hip joint disease, also known as hypertrophic arthritis or hypertrophic arthritis. It is characterized by cartilage degeneration of hip joint and new bone formation under cartilage and around joints, which is one of the common orthopedic diseases. The clinical manifestation is 1, and primary osteoarthritis of hip joint mostly occurs after 50 years old. The average age of secondary arthritis is young, generally around 40 years old, and it is mostly secondary to congenital acetabular dysplasia, femoral head necrosis, fracture and dislocation or inflammation. 2. The main symptoms are pain, limping and limited function, and the pain often radiates to the inside of the knee joint. 3. Arthralgia is the earliest complaint, which is generally manifested as more activities and less rest. Joint adhesion often occurs in the affected joint, that is, after the joint has been stationary in a certain position for a long time, it feels painful when it starts to move, and the adhesion disappears after a short time of activity, but if it moves too much, it will also cause joint pain. Diagnostic criteria: 1. At the initial stage of clinical manifestations, hip pain or dull pain develops slowly and gradually worsens. The pain is aggravated, often radiating to the inside of the knee, and claudication is aggravated. Hip movement is limited, first rotation is limited, especially pronation, and then abduction, adduction and flexion and extension activities are affected. 2.x-ray showed that the joint space narrowed or even disappeared, bone spurs were formed at the joint edge, subchondral bone density increased, the head and mortar capsule changed, and the density and morphology of the femoral head changed. Principles of treatment Primary osteoarthritis of the hip develops slowly, while secondary osteoarthritis of the hip develops faster than the former. 1. Three-dimensional therapy for hip osteoarthritis II. Take a proper rest, reduce the load and reduce the joint burden. 3. Eliminate pathogenic factors. 4. Physical therapy and proper exercise. 5. Western medicine of non-steroidal analgesics. 6. Surgical treatment when conservative treatment fails. Arthroscopic acetabular rotational osteotomy hip osteotomy artificial joint replacement. The diagnostic criteria of ankle joint and osteoarthritis are 1. Age: Primary ankle osteoarthritis mostly occurs around 50 years old, and secondary ankle osteoarthritis mostly occurs around 40 years old. 2. The clinical manifestation (1) is that the pain lesion progresses slowly, and the ankle joint begins to progress slowly. At first, the joint feels uncomfortable, which is aggravated with the increase of exercise. When it is inactive, the pain is relieved or disappeared. The pain at the beginning of the activity improved with the activity. ⑵ The signs of touching the ankle joint are larger than normal bones, the synovium is swollen, and the joint function is limited to varying degrees. When active or passive joints move, they can touch different degrees of fricative sounds, and there are different degrees of deformity in the later stage. 3.x-ray shows that the joint space is narrowed, the bone density under irregular cartilage is increased and hardened, the lip of joint edge is hyperplasia, and osteophyte is formed. In the late stage, the articular cartilage was obviously destroyed, the joint space was obviously narrowed, and the joint was deformed and subluxated. Tennis elbow tennis elbow, also known as lateral epicondylitis of humerus, is a chronic or strain disease with regional pain, which affects wrist extension and forearm rotation function. Diagnostic criteria: 1. Most of them are middle-aged men, and their forearms are labor intensive, mostly on the right side. 2. The regional tender points are mostly located in the lateral epicondyle of humerus, annular ligament or the space between humerus and radial joint, and the range of motion is normal. 3. The density of lateral epicondyle of humerus increased on X-ray film. Meniscal injuries Knee-related meniscus injuries include tear of meniscus and discoid cartilage, meniscus cyst, inflammation around meniscus and excessive meniscus activity, which are common clinical injuries, mostly occurring in young and middle-aged manual workers, ball games, gymnastics, jumping, weightlifting athletes and actors. Meniscus can be injured alone, or it can be combined with rupture of medial collateral ligament and anterior branch ligament. If not handled properly, it can often affect the stability and mobility of the knee joint, leading to early degenerative changes of the knee joint. The clinical manifestation is 1. Most patients have a history of knee sprain. After the injury, the knee joint immediately experienced severe pain, joint swelling and even dyskinesia. 2. In patients with chronic stage or no obvious trauma, the main symptom is knee joint pain, which is obvious when walking and going up and down slopes. Some patients may limp and break their knees when stretching them. A few patients have "interlocking", the quadriceps femoris is relatively healthy and atrophied, the knee joint can not be overstretched and flexed, and there is often tenderness outside the joint space. Patella strain, also known as chondromalacia patellae and chondromalacia patellae, is a common knee joint disease, which refers to a series of symptoms caused by the progressive pathological changes of articular cartilage on the patellar cartilage surface and the patellar surface of the contralateral femur, and is prone to athletes and manual workers. The etiology of chondromalacia patellae is mostly considered to be related to long-term strain of knee joint and regional trauma. This kind of direct wear on the cartilage surface of patella can soften and fibrose the cartilage surface for a long time, and even expose and proliferate the bone, causing chronic pain in the knee joint and making it difficult to bear the weight. The clinical manifestation is 1. The main symptoms are knee joint pain and joint weakness, and the pain is mostly dull pain and discomfort, such as squatting, jumping, landing, emergency stop or going up and down stairs. When you take off, land or go down stairs, you often suddenly feel knee pain and limp. More related to the change of load, cold joints, finger tenderness around the patella. The swollen or thickened tissue can be touched locally, and the patella cartilage is compressed and grinded. 2. There are many patellofemoral joint rubbing sounds or raspy sounds, and one leg or both legs are half squatting pain. Those who have been ill for a long time have quadriceps muscular atrophy and joint effusion. Traumatic synovitis of knee joint The causes of traumatic synovitis of knee joint include trauma and chronic strain. Clinically, it can be divided into acute traumatic inflammation and chronic strain inflammation. The former is mostly caused by trauma, such as sprain, contusion, near-joint fracture or surgery, which makes the synovium hyperemia, even synovial injury, rupture, bleeding, hydrops and hematocele, which increases the intra-articular pressure. The latter is generally transformed from acute traumatic synovitis, or other chronic strain leads to synovitis and effusion, leading to joint effusion, often accompanied by synovial thickening, fibrosis and joint adhesion. Clinical manifestations: 1. After knee joint injury, joint swelling, pain, patella floating, limited activity. Traumatic synovitis has obvious history of knee joint injury or joint overactivity. 2. Swelling and edema usually occur 5-6 hours after injury. If swelling and swelling, high tension and hard touch occur within a short time after injury, it is considered as joint bleeding, resulting in intra-articular fracture or severe ligament laceration. 3. Acute joint swelling and fullness, mostly accompanied by pain. Chronic joint pain is not severe, joint pain, joint weakness. The degree of swelling is related to the amount of joint activity. Swelling increases when the amount is large, and decreases when the amount is small or at rest. In severe cases, synovial friction and quadriceps muscular atrophy often occur in joint flexion. Proliferative spondylitis Proliferative spondylitis is a chronic bone and joint disease, also known as hyperosteogeny or senile spondylitis, which mostly occurs after middle age. It is a common and frequently-occurring disease, which occurs in joints with heavy load and much activity, with more males than females. I have a dull pain in my waist, bend over and stretch, and sit on one side. After a period of exercise, the pain can be slightly relieved, but the symptoms of hyperactivity are aggravated, especially when you get up in the morning or sit for a long time. The pain is most obvious immediately, lingering and recurrent, often accompanied by radiation pain of spinal nerve roots. Sacroiliitis Clinically, sacroiliitis can be divided into sacroiliac tuberculous arthritis, compact sacroiliitis, ankylosing spondylitis, traumatic sacroiliitis, spinal sacroiliitis, psoriatic sacroiliitis, acute suppurative sacroiliitis, brucellosis sacroiliitis and so on. The main clinical symptoms of sacroiliitis are pain, tenderness and percussion pain in sacroiliac joint area. According to different etiology, there are different clinical manifestations: 1. Tuberculous sacroiliitis: the patient has a low fever in the afternoon and pain in the waist and buttocks. There may be swelling or fluctuation in front of sacroiliac joint, and some of them may burst to form sinus. 2. Dense sacroiliitis: Bone mineral density of joints is increased, which is common in young women, mostly unilateral and bilateral. 3. Ankylosing spondylitis sacroiliitis: In the early stage of the disease, the lesions are mostly bilateral. Young men often have bone destruction in the early stage, but the joint space is widened and blurred in the late stage. Some cases have bone fusion and bamboo-like changes in the spine. 4. Traumatic sacroiliitis: There are many obvious injuries, and the pain is limited to the sacroiliac joint area. Traumatic arthritis Traumatic arthritis is a disease that the articular surface is uneven or unbalanced due to trauma, and the articular cartilage undergoes degenerative changes, resulting in joint pain and dysfunction. Its clinical symptoms and pathological changes are very similar to degenerative osteoarthropathy. All patients have obvious history of trauma, which can be seen in any age group, but it is most common in young adults with strong activity. The clinical manifestation is 1. All patients have different degrees of trauma history, and all joints with heavy load or frequent torsion and abrasion occur, especially the knee joint. 2. In the acute stage, the joints swell rapidly and accumulate blood, and patients sometimes have obvious swelling pain and joint movement disorder. If they hardly move or exercise excessively, the symptoms will get worse. 3. In the later stage, the joint repeatedly accumulated water and pain, and the symptoms were aggravated when it was too active and tired, and relieved after rest. In severe cases, limb muscles atrophy and joints swell. & lt/TD & lt； /tr & lt； /tbody & lt； /form
What are the main aspects of st China's political supervision mechanism? First, the supervision of the National People's Congress
The second is mass supervision (such as the petition system, citizens' complaints and accusations against the work of state organs and their staff, etc.). )
The third is the supervision of CPPCC.
The fourth is judicial supervision (procuratorate and court)
There is also internal supervision (such as * * * own audit supervision, previously external supervision).
What are the main aspects of safety production rules and regulations? Rules and regulations on safety in production shall at least include the following contents: responsibility for safety in production, investment in safety in production, archives and archives management, investigation and management of hidden dangers, safety education and training, management of special operators, safety management of facilities, "three simultaneities" management of safety facilities in construction projects, acceptance management of production facilities, scrapping management of production facilities, safety management of construction, inspection and maintenance, management of dangerous goods and major hazards, and management of related parties and outsiders in operation safety management.
Fire safety management
What are the smart materials, including what kinds of materials? Intelligent material is a new kind of material, in which intelligent materials can be divided into two categories:
(1) embedded intelligent material, also known as intelligent material structure or intelligent material system. In the matrix material, three kinds of original materials with sensing, action and processing functions are embedded. The sensing element collects and detects the information given by the external environment, and controls the processor to command and stimulate the driving element to perform corresponding actions.
(2) The microstructure of some materials has its own intelligent function, which can change its performance with the change of environment and time, such as self-filtering glass and Inp semiconductor.
Specifically, smart materials should have the following connotations:
(1) has sensing function, and can detect and identify external (or internal) * * intensity, such as electricity, light, heat, stress, strain, chemistry and nuclear radiation.
(2) It has the driving function and can cope with external changes;
(3) The response can be selected and controlled in a set way;
(4) Responsive, timely and appropriate;
(5) When the external * * * is eliminated, it can quickly return to its original state.
What kinds of weapons of mass destruction do biotechnology mainly include in military applications? Biological weapons and genetic weapons.
Logistics medical care: military hemostatic spray, morphine, stimulant.
Conventional weapons: exoskeleton armor, design of individual weapons.
What are the basic functions of CNC machine tools? Main performance indicators of CNC machine tools:?
A, the accuracy of CNC machine tools?
Accuracy is one of the important technical indexes of CNC machine tools. Accuracy mainly refers to machining accuracy, positioning accuracy and repeated positioning accuracy.
1, positioning accuracy and repeated positioning accuracy
Positioning accuracy refers to the degree of consistency between the actual movement position and the instruction position of the moving parts such as the worktable of the CNC machine tool, and the difference of its inconsistency is the positioning error.
Positioning errors include servo system, detection system, feed system and other errors, as well as geometric errors of moving parts guide rails. Positioning error will directly affect the position accuracy of parts processing.
Repeated positioning accuracy refers to the consistency of continuous results obtained by machining a batch of parts with the same program and code on the same CNC machine tool.
The accuracy of repeated positioning is affected by the characteristics of servo system, the gap and stiffness of feed system and the friction characteristics.
Generally speaking, the accuracy of repeated positioning is an accidental error with normal distribution, which affects the consistency of a batch of parts processing and is a very important performance index.
2, indexing accuracy
Stepping accuracy refers to the difference between the actual rotation angle and the commanded rotation angle when the stepping table is stepping. The indexing accuracy not only affects the angular position of machined parts in space, but also affects the coaxiality of hole system machining.
3. Resolution and pulse equivalent
Resolution refers to the minimum displacement interval that can be resolved. For the measuring system, the resolution is the smallest displacement that can be measured; For the control system, the resolution is the minimum displacement increment that can be controlled, that is, the amount of exercise reflected on the moving parts of the machine tool every time a pulse signal is sent out by the numerical control device, which is generally called pulse equivalent. Pulse equivalent is one of the original data for designing CNC machine tools, and its value determines the machining accuracy and surface quality of CNC machine tools. The smaller the pulse equivalent, the higher the machining accuracy and surface quality of CNC machine tools.
4. Machining accuracy
In recent years, with the development of CNC machine tools and the improvement of machine tool structural characteristics, the efficiency and quality of CNC machine tools have been greatly improved. For medium-sized machining centers, the positioning accuracy is generally (0.005 ∽ 0.008) mm/300mm, and the accuracy is 0.00 1∽0.003mm/ whole process; The machining accuracy of ordinary machining center reaches 65438 0.5 μ m, the machining roundness of ultra-precision CNC lathe reaches 0.65438 0 μ m, and the surface roughness Ra is Ra0.3 μ m. ..
Second, the number of controllable shafts and linkage shafts of CNC machine tools
The number of controllable axes refers to the number of coordinate axes that can be controlled by the numerical control system. This index is related to the calculation ability, operation speed and memory capacity of CNC system. At present, the number of controllable axes of high-grade CNC system has reached as many as 24 axes.
The number of linkage axes of CNC machine tools refers to the number of coordinate axes controlled by CNC machine tools reaching a certain point in space at the same time. At present, there are two-axis linkage, three-axis linkage, four-axis linkage and five-axis linkage. Three-axis CNC machine tools can process complex curved surfaces in space; Four-axis linkage and five-axis linkage CNC machine tools can process aerospace impellers, propellers and other parts.
Third, the movement efficiency index of CNC machine tools?
The movement efficiency indexes of CNC machine tools mainly include spindle speed, feed speed, coordinate stroke, rotation angle range of rotating shaft, tool magazine capacity and tool changing time.
1, spindle speed
At present, with the development of tools, bearings, cooling, lubrication and CNC system, the spindle speed of CNC machine tools has been generally improved. Taking medium-sized CNC machine tools as an example, CNC lathes have increased from 1000∽2000 rpm to 4000∽6000 rpm, and machining centers have increased from 2000∽3000 rpm to the present 10000 rpm or more. In the high-speed machining of CNC machine tools, the motorized spindle with motor rotor and spindle is usually used, which can make the spindle reach tens of thousands of revolutions per minute. This is very beneficial to machining all kinds of small holes and improving the machining quality and surface quality of parts.
2. Feed speed and acceleration
The feed speed of CNC machine tools, like cutting speed, is the main factor affecting machining quality, machining efficiency and tool life. At present, the feed speed of CNC machine tools in China can reach 10 ~ 15m/min, while it can generally reach 15 ~ 30m/min abroad.
Feed acceleration is an efficiency index reflecting the speed-raising ability of feed speed, and also an important index reflecting the machining efficiency of machine tools. The acceleration of machining centers produced by foreign manufacturers can reach 2g.
Step 3 coordinate the trip
The stroke size of coordinate axes X, Y and Z of CNC machine tools constitutes the spatial processing range of CNC machine tools, that is, the size of the parts to be processed.
4. Tool magazine capacity and tool changing time
Tool magazine capacity refers to the number of machining tools that can be stored in the tool magazine. At present, there are 0/6 ~ 60 ordinary small and medium-sized machining centers and more than 0/00 large machining centers.
Tool changing time refers to the time required for CNC machine tools with automatic tool changing system to exchange the tools used on the spindle with those used in the next process installed in the tool magazine. At present, the tool changing time of domestic CNC machine tools can reach 4∽5s.
Tool magazine capacity and tool changing time directly affect the productivity of CNC machine tools.
Four, the specifications of the CNC machine tools?
Specification refers to the basic functions of CNC machine tools, mainly in the following aspects.
1, travel range
Stroke range refers to the controllable motion range of coordinate axes, which is an index parameter that directly reflects the machining capability of machine tools. Generally, it refers to the spatial machining range formed by the stroke size of X, Y and Z coordinate axes of CNC machine tools.
2. Swing angle range
Swing angle range refers to the controllable swing angle range of coordinate axis, and the swing angle of NC machine tool also directly affects the ability to process parts in space.
3. Spindle power and feed shaft torque
Spindle power and feed shaft torque reflect the machining ability of CNC machine tools, and indirectly reflect the
Reflect the rigidity and strength of CNC machine tools.
4. The number of control shaft and linkage shaft
The number of control axes refers to the number of coordinates that can be controlled by the numerical control device of the machine tool. The number of linkage shafts refers to the machine.
The coordinate axis controlled by the CNC machine tool reaches the coordinate number of a certain point in space at the same time, which reflects the machining ability of the CNC machine tool.
5. Tool system
Tool system mainly refers to the tool magazine capacity and tool changing time, which has a direct impact on the productivity of CNC machine tools.
6. Feed speed
The feed speed of CNC machine tools is the main factor affecting machining quality, production efficiency and tool life. At present, the feed speed of CNC machine tools in China can reach (10~ 15)m/min, while it is (15~30) m/min abroad.
7. Mean Time to Failure (MTBF)
MTBF refers to the average time interval between two failures of CNC machine tools in use, that is, the ratio of the total working time of CNC machine tools to the total number of failures in their life.
What are the main aspects of the spread of China's traditional culture in the West? I found some information for reference only.
Three ways to spread China's traditional culture to the world.
With the advent of the international era, a country's strength is not only reflected in the economy, but also cultural factors will play an increasingly important role in the social development process of 2 1 century. The influence and spread of cultural soft power is an essential stage for a country to become a powerful country. In the process of going to the world and connecting with the international community, China culture is bound to have dialogues and exchanges with western cultures. If China wants to catch up with the advanced level in the world, it must pay attention to enhancing the competitiveness and penetration of culture. China has a long history and profound traditional culture. In particular, the Confucian culture of Confucius has had a far-reaching impact on Chinese descendants in the long development process, and it is almost synonymous with the traditional culture of the Chinese nation overseas. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the international spread of China traditional culture represented by Confucius culture.
Spread through literary channels
In the process of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, traditional culture will certainly play an important role in cohesion and recognition, especially the Confucian culture founded by Confucius, which has gradually accumulated into an important part of China's traditional culture through the elaboration and perfection of thinkers, philosophers and politicians in previous dynasties, and has been deeply integrated into the spiritual blood of Chinese all over the world. The international spread of Confucius culture is of great value to the development of Chinese civilization.
In the west, literature education is an indispensable part of the whole education, and literature plays an extremely important role in cultural exchange. Therefore, the spread of Confucius culture needs to be carried out and innovated on the literary carrier in order to achieve results. Under the background of globalization, it is becoming a reality that the so-called European cultural center is replaced by the new world cultural pattern, and globalization has greatly accelerated the arrival of the world literature era. From the point of view of national and ethnic interests, the value of cultural quality education by using literature far exceeds that of simple language education. Since the 20th century, American literature has sprung up in the English-speaking world and quickly entered the mainstream of world literature. A large number of European theorists and thinkers have quickly become academic stars through the intermediary of the world academic center. Their theories have been accepted by the literary disciplines of British and American universities and become classics frequently cited and discussed in various related literary research fields, which is their outstanding embodiment.
The spread of Confucius' theory to the west began more than 400 years ago, when Italian missionaries translated the Analects of Confucius, which recorded Confucius' words and deeds, into Latin and brought it to Europe. Now, Confucius' theory has spread to five continents, and the complete translation of The Analects of Confucius is available in many countries. Foreigners also read the Art of War of Confucius, Mencius, Lao Zi and Sun Tzu, which became an effective channel for them to understand the classical culture of China. We should take the Analects of Confucius and other China cultural classics as materials, and compile more China literary classic story series suitable for people with different cultural backgrounds, so as to promote the spread of China traditional culture in a wider range.
Educational communication
Under the background of globalization, cultural exchanges and dialogues between the East and the West have become the general trend. Promoting the popularization of Chinese education in the world is a powerful guarantee for the development of China's traditional culture. Chinese is popular all over the world, which not only expands the boundaries of Chinese, but also makes Chinese increasingly inclusive and mixed, developing from a national/national language to a regional language or even a world language. Historically, due to the large-scale immigration of overseas Chinese, Chinese has been in a dynamic state, and the border is uncertain and expanding. At present, the establishment of Chinese website has also played an important role in the popularization of Chinese. At present, although most information on the Internet is still mainly disseminated in English, with the increasing number of Chinese websites and Chinese authors, the percentage of information disseminated in Chinese is also increasing. Globalization has broken the inherent national boundaries and expanded the language boundaries, and will gradually form a new world cultural pattern in the future: not a unilateral English culture, but a multilingual culture. In this new pattern of multicultural coexistence, China culture and China's writing will show more and more important status and influence.
Since 2004, Confucius Institutes have been established all over the world, which is an important measure for China's cultural dissemination and internationalization. By the end of 2009, China has established 282 Confucius Institutes and 274 Confucius Classrooms in 88 countries, and 260 institutions in more than 50 countries have applied for the establishment. The rise of Confucius Institute is an effective way to spread China's traditional culture internationally. As a platform for the international promotion of Chinese and the spread of China culture, Confucius Institute spared no effort to introduce the culture and history of China, spread China's philosophy, pedagogy and ethics to all parts of the world, and effectively promoted the exchange of diverse civilizations in the world.
Activity-based communication
With the development of society, cultural factors are increasingly infiltrated into economic activities, and culture, as a soft power, plays an increasingly important role in development. As big as a country, as small as a town, as well as communities and villages, it also needs strong cultural soft power to establish a brand and enhance its comprehensive competitiveness. To further enhance the comprehensive competitiveness of the country, we must strengthen the soft power of culture, seize the commanding heights of development and achieve rapid development on the basis of rich cultural resources. China's social economy has developed rapidly, but there is still a certain gap compared with developed countries. In order to catch up, we must fully understand our own cultural advantages, give full play to the role of cultural soft power, and combine cultural activities with economic development.
Integrating the connotation of Confucius culture into some cultural activities such as cultural festivals, reading days and film festivals will not only help to carry forward Chinese culture, but also produce great social and economic benefits. For example, Confucius Institutes around the world held nearly 7,000 cultural activities with more than 2 million participants. Hanban also sent more than 40 teams of teachers and students to jointly hold lectures, exhibitions and exhibitions on China culture with more than 270 Confucius Institutes, focusing on China's calligraphy and painting, Tai Ji Chuan and tea art; Organize teachers, students and citizens to visit the park, enjoy solve riddles on the lanterns lanterns and eat moon cakes on traditional festivals in China, such as the Spring Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival. The Confucius Institute at Trier University, which is in charge of Xiamen University, held a series of "China Film Night" movies and seminars attended by teachers, students and citizens of Trier University, which brought the people of the two countries closer with the appeal of culture and art.
In recent five or six years, with the themes of "Ancient China", "Colorful China" and "Modern China", the grand China Culture Year has been held all over France. The China Cultural Festival, which invested millions of dollars and had nearly a thousand cast members, appeared in Washington. In addition to the 40,000-50,000 live audience, millions of Americans participated in various ways. China-India Friendship Year, China Italian Year, Perception of China? The cultural propaganda activities of "South Korea Tour" have also been launched one after another, which has produced good communication effects. These activities have created a brand of China culture with innovative business model, displayed all aspects of China culture, made Chinese excellent traditional culture glow with new vitality, and made foreign communities know, feel and love China culture, and achieved good results.
What is the sign of rationalization of organizational structure? Signs of rationalization of organizational structure mainly include the following four aspects:
① Rationality and adaptability of organizational goal setting.
② Rationality of organizational management level and management scope.
③ Reasonable definition of organizational power and responsibility system and rationality of authorization behavior.
④ Functional optimization of organizational structure.
The technological efficiency of mold materials mainly includes the following basic requirements: 1. It has high hardness and strength, ensuring that the mold is resistant to compression, wear, deformation and adhesion during working; 2. It has high wear resistance, so as to ensure that the shape and size tolerance of the mold will change within a certain range during long-term work, and it will not fail due to excessive wear; 3. It has enough toughness to prevent the mold from brittle fracture under impact load; 4. The deformation of heat treatment is small, which ensures that the mold will not be scrapped due to excessive deformation during heat treatment; 5. It has high thermal hardness to ensure that the die will not soften due to temperature rise during high-speed stamping or heavy-duty stamping.