The field of social work refers to the field of social work of people who provide professional services. The field of social work is very wide, mainly including the following aspects. Let's have a look!
(1) Services for children and adolescents
Children in China refer to people from infants to teenagers, while the United Nations believes that the upper limit of children can be extended to young people. According to the international understanding, children's service refers to the service provided for children, teenagers and teenagers, and it is a welfare service to promote their healthy growth. We can also be subdivided into children's services, juvenile services and youth services. The most basic services for children include assistance to abandoned children, disabled children and abused children, protection of children's right to education, assistance to child laborers, assistance to children infected with bad behaviors, and consultation and assistance to teenagers with love problems. With the progress and development of society, social work plays an increasingly important role in protecting children's rights and promoting their healthy growth.
(2) Social services for the elderly
Social service or social work for the elderly is a professional service for the elderly, and it is a service to help the elderly solve problems with social work concepts and methods. In China, there are policies to promote the old people's sense of security, medical care, learning, health and happiness, and social work is needed in the implementation of these policies.
(3) Women's social services
Women's social service (or women's social work) is a professional service aimed at women's needs and promoting their normal life and development. Women here include girls, adult women and elderly women. Social work for women is to help women solve all kinds of difficulties and problems that hinder their normal life and development. In the process of solving these problems, social work can play an important role in the process of solving these problems in addition to using legal means to curb some behaviors that hurt and discriminate against women. In addition, women's development is also a work field that cannot be ignored in social work. Social work can play an auxiliary role in enhancing women's self-protection awareness, improving women's competitiveness in the job market, and enhancing women's ability to deal with family daily life and family relations.
(4) Rehabilitation services
Rehabilitation service is a welfare service for the disabled, aiming at enhancing and restoring their physiological and social functions. Disability is divided into physical disability and intellectual disability. The former is a state in which human physiological organs (the main parts of the body) are incomplete or lose their functions, while the latter is a state in which human intelligence and spirit are underdeveloped or damaged and cannot function normally. Rehabilitation services are mainly carried out from the perspective of enhancing and restoring the functions of physiological organs of the disabled, including physical therapy and mental rehabilitation. Through physical therapy and mental rehabilitation, it aims to improve the function of the disabled and make them participate in social life more effectively. Society should also create suitable conditions for disabled people to participate in social life and help them integrate into society. The role of social work in the service for the disabled is irreplaceable.
(5) Social assistance
Social assistance is the material support and help provided by the government or social service agencies to members of society whose material life is in crisis. In modern society, social assistance is mainly undertaken by the government, so it is also called public assistance. Social assistance is a kind of assistance to people whose basic life is in trouble due to natural, personal and social reasons, and its purpose is to protect the life safety and basic rights of the parties. As a system, social assistance is the most basic and basic component of social security system (social welfare system). Social assistance is the government's most basic protection of its members' right to live. The first thing of social assistance is to distribute food, survival materials and money to those in need, so as to protect them from hunger and disease and ensure their life safety. In addition, we should provide them with policy and psychological help to enhance their ability to cope with the survival dilemma.
(6) Employment services
Employment service is a professional service for people with employment difficulties, including employment consultation, employment training, career design and so on. Social workers can play an important role in employment service through psychological consultation, information support, capacity building and resource connection. Social work can help job seekers to clarify their own requirements in employment services and achieve a good connection with the needs of the job market. Social workers can help them overcome difficulties, put themselves in a correct position and actively face employment problems through counseling; It can help to train job seekers in knowledge and skills, provide job seekers with employment policy guidance, establish contact with labor and employment management departments and employers, and promote mutual understanding and acceptance.
(7) Mental health services
Mental health service is a service for people with mental illness and mental stress that affect their normal life. Social workers can help them relieve their psychological stress through psychological counseling and let them work and live normally. For people with serious mental illness, social workers can participate in mental health services and treatment to help them restore their normal psychological and mental state.
(8) Family services
Family service, also known as family social work, is a supportive service provided by social workers because society or family members encounter difficulties in normal family life. Family service takes the whole family as the service object, and its purpose is to help restore the normal life of the family and play its normal function by coordinating the relationship between family members and between family and environment.
(9) Medical social work
Medical social work is social work carried out in the fields of medical treatment, hygiene and health care. Related to medical affairs, mainly engaged in social work of medical institutions, also known as medical social work. Social workers help patients to effectively connect with medical resources, help establish a good doctor-patient relationship, promote good cooperation between doctors and patients, and establish a good relationship between patients and the community during medical treatment.
(10) School Social Work
School social work is mainly a professional service aimed at helping students study normally and grow healthily. School social work mainly includes three types: therapeutic, transitional and social work extending outside the school.
(1 1) Orthodontic services
Correction, also known as correction, is an activity that judicial organs and staff make criminals or criminals with criminal tendencies get ideological and behavioral treatment through various means and reintegrate them into society. Corrective service also includes social work, which means that social workers use professional theories and methods of social work to educate criminals or criminals at risk of committing crimes, psychologically guide them and correct their behavior patterns, so as to adapt them to normal social life. Correctional services include prison services and community services, also known as community corrections.
(12) urban and rural community development
Social workers play an important role in understanding the needs of community residents, selecting community development projects, organizing and mobilizing community forces, and promoting community capacity development. In China, the problems of agriculture, rural areas and farmers are still quite serious, and rural development is not entirely an economic problem. Social work should and can play an important role in the process of rural anti-poverty and new rural construction.
(13) Military Social Work
Social work in the army is a social service for soldiers with psychological stress and other difficulties. Military social work can help soldiers solve practical problems in psychology, life, marriage, family and adaptation to society after retirement through individual psychological counseling and various forms of service activities, and actively face their work and life. Military social work can't replace military ideological and political work, but when it comes to non-ideological and political issues, the role of social work can't be ignored.
(14) Corporate Social Work
Enterprise social work, also known as industrial social work, is social work carried out in enterprises. Enterprise social work can use professional methods, through psychological consultation, service and training, improve the ability of employees and better adapt to the production of enterprises; We can improve labor relations and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of employees by improving communication between leaders and employees and promoting participation; We can also help employees design their careers to improve their enthusiasm.
Expansion: Social Work Intervention in the Field of Single-parent College Students and Its Promotion Strategies
First, the status quo of social work in the field of single-parent college students' assistance
At present, with the vigorous promotion of the government from top to bottom, the status of social workers is becoming more and more profound. Many relief agencies in China have introduced social workers to help single-parent college students.
(A) the goal of intervention
In practical work, the goal of service units, that is, public relief agencies, is dominant, followed by the professional goal of social workers. In fact, most organizations take the strategy of temporary assistance and returning home as their work goal, which conflicts with the values and work goals of social workers.
(B) intervention methods
During the investigation of a rescue station in a city, it is found that the mode and method of social workers' intervention in the rescue station are still relatively traditional and single, and there is no systematic and effective long-term rescue mechanism for single-parent college students, such as psychological construction, behavior correction and return visit. Most of them mainly take care of the life of single-parent college students, supplemented by shallow psychological counseling in the form of group games, similar schools and conversations, in order to find the needs behind their behavior and reshape their desire to return to family and school life, but they lack deeper intervention.
(C) the effectiveness of the intervention
Due to the lack of scientific and systematic social work evaluation mechanism, we can only evaluate the effectiveness of social work intervention from a perceptual perspective. At present, social work intervention in China is still in its infancy and exploration stage, and has achieved certain results so far.
Judging from the rescue station in a city, on the one hand, the intervention of social workers has little change to the rescue station. Social workers obey the leadership and arrangement of the rescue station, can only work under limited conditions, lack autonomy, and the channel of bottom-up system construction is not smooth. On the other hand, the intervention of social workers has little influence on single-parent college students. The survey shows that when investigators ask single-parent college students what services they think relief agencies can provide for them, they choose the opportunity and money to go to school, while social workers are weak in the work direction of college students' psychological construction and behavior correction, so they can't get immediate results.
Second, the main problems in the field of social work of single-parent college students.
(A) the social support system is not perfect
1. Insufficient policy support.
During the interview, I learned that the intervention of social work lacks effective and powerful policy guarantee. Considering the national conditions, China's social welfare institutions are mainly public welfare institutions funded and led by the government. If social workers want to participate in them and give full play to their autonomy, they must be recognized by the government and strongly supported by policies. As far as a city's rescue station is concerned, the rules, regulations and workflow of the rescue station itself are relatively complete, but the newly introduced social workers lack the corresponding professional standards and management evaluation system, which makes social workers often feel that there is no basis to follow and they are very casual.
2. Lack of relief materials
At present, almost all social welfare institutions are facing the same dilemma. When social workers are deeply involved in the field of single-parent college students in China, on the one hand, the government's ability to help in this respect is limited, and the non-profit nature of public assistance institutions leads to limited financial resources; On the other hand, the distribution and use of relief materials absorbed by social charitable organizations and non-governmental organizations have not formed a good operation and supervision mechanism, resulting in unreasonable distribution of relief materials.
(B) the plight of social workers involved in public relief agencies
1. The conflict between the values of social workers and the orientation of institutional work goals
Social workers always take the maximization of the interests of the case owner as the core, proceed from the interests of the case owner and carry out their work according to the needs of service, which is a vital value concept of social work.
2. It is difficult for social workers to get used to the values and working methods of the original employees.
The survey shows that their working mode is relatively simple, and they lack the careful screening of single-parent college students and the strategy of classified assistance. The task of the agent is to get all kinds of information about the children in the shortest time, then contact them as soon as possible and send them out. This leads to the great mobility of the rescue station, and it is difficult for social workers to effectively carry out intervention work.
3. The leaders of relief agencies have a narrow role orientation for social workers.
Third, vigorously promote the intervention of social work.
(1) Change ideas, increase publicity and raise awareness.
Social work major has just started in China, and people from all walks of life don't know it clearly and pay enough attention to it. Social workers should give full play to the role of advocates and coordinators, drive the vast number of voluntary organizations in society to devote themselves to the rescue of single-parent college students, and provide them with experiences and methods to improve their social influence.
(B) the government to increase support.
In view of China's special national conditions, the development of social work needs the government's vigorous promotion and support, especially the institutional support. Improve laws and regulations, speed up the establishment of targeted relief measures for single-parent college students, establish and improve the social security system and welfare system, and provide relief basis and guarantee for social work intervention; Vigorously promote the construction of social work talent team and the perfection of social work professional qualification certification system; Third, the government should provide policy space and institutional support for the establishment and operation of social work non-governmental relief organizations, and actively encourage private non-enterprise social work non-governmental organizations to participate in social relief work; Fourth, the government's institutional support is a powerful guarantee for social workers to enter public relief institutions at present, but there are also problems of mutual influence and mutual restriction between social workers' autonomy and administrative intervention.
(C) Social workers' own reflection and efforts
1. Social workers need to seek a balance between survival and development in public relief institutions. There has always been a problem of localization in the development of social work in China. As far as the rescue station is concerned, it is impossible for social workers to completely leave the organization and act according to their own professional ideas and methods. Their working process in the organization is also a process of continuous integration with the institution's system, original working methods and values. In the process of constant game between various forces, they finally found a compromise.
2. Social workers should actively cultivate the power of dialogue with the government and public relief agencies. On the one hand, they should maintain good relations with the government and public social service institutions and promote cooperation between them; On the other hand, actively strive for the strength of all sectors of society and seek the support of public opinion media and local influential non-governmental organizations. Let professional social workers play a better role in public social service institutions.
3. Social workers should strengthen on-the-job training and learning. Social workers themselves will encounter problems such as lack of professional theoretical knowledge and methods, lack of professional values and unclear role orientation in the rescue work for single-parent college students. Therefore, the training of social workers should be strengthened.
(4) Strengthen international and domestic exchanges and cooperation.
Because the intervention of social workers in the field of single-parent college students is still in the initial stage of theory and practice, the theoretical research and practice level of social work are insufficient, and there are also differences in different countries and regions. Therefore, it is necessary for civil affairs departments and social work circles to strengthen international and domestic exchanges and cooperation in the field of social work assistance, increase theoretical research and practical experience in social work policy discussion and assistance work, actively learn from excellent social work experience of foreign countries and other provinces and cities, and strengthen information communication and experience sharing.
Through the influence of social work on single-parent college students, we can see that the mental health problems of college students will gradually improve, and the problems of single-parent college students will get better with the intervention of social work.
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