Excerpt from health knowledge of a city health bureau:
(1) Control pests and diseases of fur and various fabric products
The "fur and all kinds of fabrics" mentioned here mainly refer to clothes, shoes and hats, quilts, mattresses, carpets and other items that people wear and cover. They are generally made of two kinds of raw materials: one is natural raw materials (such as plant raw materials such as cotton and linen and animal raw materials such as silk, wool, skin and down); The other is synthetic raw materials (such as chemical fiber and artificial leather). Articles made of natural raw materials, if not well preserved and managed, will often be harmed by some pests, such as sweaters and woolen clothes, which are often eaten by aphids, affecting wearing and causing serious losses. Articles made of synthetic raw materials will be harmed by some pests, but in contrast, the harm is less. These fur and fabric products are not only harmed by pests, but also by various molds. Especially in the rainy season, the air humidity is high and it is easy to get damp and moldy. Moldy spots or mildew spots produced after mildew not only affect the appearance, but also damage the quality and shorten the service life. In China, there are many kinds of pests that harm fur and various fabric products in the family, and there are also several kinds of molds. This book only introduces the important types that often happen.
(two) the main pests of fur and various fabric supplies
The main pests of fur and various fabric products are gamasid mites, spotted gamasid mites, black gamasid mites, red gamasid mites, hooked gamasid mites, gamasid mites with leucorrhea, camel gamasid mites, brown gamasid mites and curtains.
1. The main forms of common pests in fur and various fabric products are shown in the table below:
2. Habits and hazards
(1) House dust mites mainly harm animal products such as fur, woolen cloth, blankets, cocoons and raw silk, as well as animal foods and non-staple foods such as salted fish, brine chicken, salted ducks, sausages, dried shrimps and scallops, as well as grain, flour, peppers and peanuts.
(2) Spotted midges like darkness and humidity, and often overwinter as larvae in various indoor crevices and corners. Strong hunger tolerance, in the absence of food, will not die for several years. Adults have suspended animation, and begin to have phototaxis after spawning, and often move to the light. The feeding habits of this pest are extremely complex, which mainly harms larvae, not only all kinds of grain, grain and non-staple food (such as cakes, bread, biscuits, beans, dried fruits, etc.). ), including animal food and non-staple food (such as dried fish, shrimp, bacon, milk powder, cheese, etc. ), and wool, cotton, silk textiles, fur, raw silk and leather. In addition, books, paper, stationery, Chinese herbal medicines, and even some metal products such as plastic and aluminum skin will also be harmed by this pest, which is the most common main pest in the home.
(3) Black-skinned beetles and spotted beetles are common species in families. Larvae are the main pests. Larvae mostly occurs in June-September, with a long life span of 3-6 months. Love of darkness mainly harms woolen goods, wool carpets, tapestries, woolen goods, feather products and animal skin products, and also harms agricultural and sideline products such as grain and beans in the family.
(4) dermestes maculatus degeer (dermestes maculatus degeer) is an oblong beetle, with a resting length of 6~9mm, black, and its ventral surface is densely covered with white hairs. Larvae is lOmm in length, long and conical, and long brown bristles are attached to every joint on the back of the body. The back of the body is dark brown with a wide and complete yellow longitudinal belt in the middle. The optimum development temperature of this insect is 18-30℃; Adults are good at flying, have the habit of feign death, and can survive for 2-3 months after feeding. Larvae like the dark, live in groups and feign death, gluttony and kill each other. In the absence of adverse conditions such as food, the development cycle of larvae can be as long as several years. It mainly harms fur, animal medicines, animal specimens and aquatic products, especially leather industry and sericulture industry. In addition, larvae like to dig pupa rooms on wood or other hard things, such as cork, books, gypsum, aluminum, etc., which often damage the floors, ceilings, wooden frames, wooden boxes, bookcases and other items at home.
(5) This kind of pest overwinters as adults or pupae, and the life span of adults is longer, up to 250 days, so the spawning period is longer, and it can produce 200 eggs in a lifetime, and the larvae are generally 8 years old. This aphid mainly harms aquatic products such as fur, cocoon, animal medicine, dried fish, dried shrimp and crab, and meat products such as dried meat and preserved meat, as well as peanuts and oil cakes.
(6) The adults of this insect mainly feed on animal substances, and the larvae are omnivorous, which mainly harms fur, dried fish, animal Chinese herbal medicines and other stored things in the family.
(7) Baitou Eupolyphaga is distributed in Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Shandong, Zhejiang, Henan, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Xinjiang and other provinces. The adult of this pest appears in spring or summer, mainly feeding on pollen and nectar outdoors, and its life span is generally about one month. Larvae is the main pest in the house. Larvae like dry and fear wet, and have a long life span of 10 month. It seriously harms wool products and feather products, as well as silkworm cocoons, Chinese herbal medicines and household storage items.
(8) House dust mites are distributed in Beijing, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Hebei, Liaoning, Shandong, Fujian, Hunan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, Xinjiang and other provinces, cities and autonomous regions. The adults of this pest began to move around May, feeding on pollen and nectar, laying eggs indoors, and the larvae were harmed indoors. Larvae has strong vitality and can survive for 65,438+00 months without food. It mainly harms wool, woolen clothes, blankets, feather products, silk and its products, hides, veterinary drugs and animal specimens, and also harms other stored crystals in the family, such as flour.
(9) Camel-shaped fur beetle Camel-shaped fur beetle, commonly known as dust mite senile dementia, is distributed in Tianjin, Henan, Yunnan, Xinjiang and other cities and autonomous regions. If the adults don't eat it, it mainly harms the larvae, and seriously harms wool products, feather products, hides, medicinal materials, animal specimens, grain and so on.
(10) The brown-haired scarab, commonly known as the brown-haired scarab, is distributed in Gansu, Qinghai, Xinjiang and other provinces in Inner Mongolia. This pest harms larvae, seriously endangering fur, woolen goods, leather products, feather products, hides, medicinal materials, animal specimens and so on. It also seriously harms agricultural products such as corn, wheat and beans. It is one of the main storage pests in northwest China.
(1 1) Veil moth is commonly known as Veil moth and Weaving moth. Distributed in Beijing, Jiangsu, Shandong, Zhejiang, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Tibet, Yunnan, Xinjiang and other provinces, cities and autonomous regions. This pest seriously harms wool, rabbit hair and all kinds of fur and woolen goods, such as woolen cloth, blankets, carpets and so on. And it also damages preserved non-staple food, dried meat, fish meal, milk powder, sugar, animal and plant medicines, grain and its processed products, and also damages synthetic fibers such as nylon (not used as life-sustaining food). When doing harm, first spin silk on the victim, weave a thin screen with food scraps and lurk in it. You can't take this gauze with you when you go out for dinner.
(12) The marsupial moth is commonly called marsupial moth, which is a female marsupial moth. The larvae of this pest like darkness and humidity, and the harm is more serious in the dark and humid environment. Larvae crawl in bags (hence the name "bag moth"). This bag is made up of silk and dietary fiber that it spits out, and both ends are open. As the bug grows, the bag expands. Larvae can wander around in the bag without changing the position of the bag and feed from both ends. The main harm object is the same as moths, and the harm degree is second only to moths.
(3) Prevention and control
The sweater at home was bitten out of a big hole, and the wool scarf was eaten by insects. It is understood that there are not a few victims like this, whether in rural or urban areas, but there are also quite a few families whose clothes are always intact. The main reason is that these families are generally sanitary and have good habits of managing and preserving clothes, which has played a positive role in preventing the occurrence of pests. What should I do if the clothes are eaten by insects and pests occur? The control measures of these pests are introduced as follows:
1. Mothproof and mildewproof of fur and various fabrics
(1) Strengthen the maintenance and management of furs and various fabrics. Unused clothes should be kept clean and not dirty, and then stored after washing, which can not only prolong the service life of clothes, but also avoid pests and mold infection caused by eliminating odor such as sweat. Clothes stored in the cupboard should be aired frequently, instead of against the tide, and patted by hand when they are taken out to dry. Sun-drying can not only sterilize, prevent mildew and kill insects, but also achieve the purpose of drying and moisture-proof, and can play a preventive role in preventing spider mites and the harm of spider mites. You can shake off the pests hidden in your clothes by patting them with your hands. There are several points for attention in hanging clothes: ① Cotton and linen fabrics can be exposed to the sun, while leather, wool, leather, down and silk are not suitable for direct drying in the sun. It can be covered with a clean thin cloth and dried, or it can be dried in a cool and ventilated place. (1) Don't open the box to dry in rainy season, and take it out to dry in time when the weather is good. The best drying time every day is within 3-4 hours around noon (when the temperature is high and the humidity is low). You can dry it at any time of the year, especially in spring, summer and autumn. Don't put clothes that are not used for the time being in boxes and cabinets. After washing and drying, it should be put into boxes and cabinets for collection in time. Suitcases and wardrobes should be tight to prevent pests from entering. After the clothes are put in, it is best to put moth-proof drugs, such as camphor blocks and other insect repellents at the same time (do not use camphor insect repellents in cabinets for storing synthetic fiber clothes such as polyester to prevent damage to clothes). Be careful not to put food and other sundries in the suitcase and wardrobe at the same time, so as not to attract pests to cross.
(2) eliminate and cut off the source of pests, do a good job in cleaning and hygiene, and worsen the living conditions of pests. Pests that harm clothes, such as black mites and crocodiles. As larvae, they hide in indoor dust and sundries, or overwinter in various gaps. Larvae of leucorrhea, red mite, etc. It not only harms clothes indoors, but also lives in nests and beehives in outdoor residential areas. Therefore, it is necessary to do a good job of cleaning and sanitation inside and outside the house, remove the cobwebs in the corners of indoor rooms, sweep away the dust and garbage on the ground walls, block all kinds of gaps in the floor, walls and ceiling, remove all kinds of domestic garbage in front of and behind the house, and destroy the nearby nests and beehives. These behaviors actually worsen the living conditions of pests, and finally achieve the goal of eliminating the source of pests, thus protecting clothes from pests. Transform doors and windows, improve the tightness of doors and windows, and prevent pests from entering and leaving. There are almost all kinds of aphids that harm clothes at home, such as small leather nails, black leather nails and red leather nails. They fly out, feed on pollen and nectar, mate, live in nests and beehives, and then invade people indoors. In order to prevent these pests from coming in and out, cut off the source of pests and protect indoor clothes from harm. Windows and doors should be added with screens and screen doors, and the mesh of screens should be less than 2mm to prevent pests from drilling people; When opening windows, opening doors for ventilation or enjoying the cool, attention should be paid to closing screen windows and screen doors, especially in spring, summer and autumn when pests come in and out. Avoid cross injuries. Pests that harm clothes, especially dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, have complex feeding habits, and all kinds of articles and food in the house cannot be mixed together, so they should be stored and managed separately. No matter what kind of goods have insect disasters, they should be dealt with immediately and prevented in time, and cannot become the base of other insect sources. For example, there are red-haired beetles in Chinese herbal medicines stored at home, hairy fish in books, spider beetles in grain and so on. These pests will harm clothes and should be prevented in time before infection.
(3) Regularly check the insect situation, find it as early as possible, prevent it in time, and check whether there are insect activities in the indoor and outdoor surrounding environment. Insects that harm clothes almost leave their victims for a period of time in their whole life cycle. For example, adults of pests, such as spotted mites, red mites and small mites, have the habit of flying indoors to sunny places and visiting flowers in spring. At this time, we should pay attention to whether there are small beetles flying around in the room. If there are flying insects, it means there are insects in the room. We should check it immediately and deal with it as soon as possible. Check the insect situation as carefully as possible, carefully observe whether there are insect activities on walls, walls and floors, and whether there are flower-visiting mites on outdoor flowers, so as to find them as soon as possible and prevent them in time. Go through the wardrobe to see if the clothes have been eaten by insects. Clothes (such as sweaters, trousers, etc. ) because of seasonal changes or expensive clothes (such as fur coats, etc.). ) if you haven't worn it at the bottom of the wardrobe for a long time, you should check it frequently to see if it has been eaten by insects. If they are found to be eaten by insects, it means that pests have occurred and caused harm. Even if you don't see insects, you should deal with them immediately to prevent pests from continuing to harm.
1. Killing methods of fur and various fabric pests
(1) Capture and prevention of artificial earthquake falling. If you find that the clothes have been eaten by insects, you should move the suitcase together with the clothes inside (if the clothes stored in the wardrobe, combination cabinet or closet are not easy to move, don't move them, but all the clothes stored inside must be taken out gently), hang the clothes on the clothesline and pat them one by one. Because many pests that harm clothes (such as spotted mites, spotted mites, hookworm mites, adults and larvae of Trichophyton albicans) have the habit of suspended animation, slapping clothes can knock the pests hidden in clothes off the ground and trample them to death with their feet, and the slapped clothes need to be dried for several hours. The suitcase is also shaken and dried in the same way to eliminate the pests hidden in the cracks in the suitcase. Clothes containers that are not easy to move indoors, such as wardrobes, can be fumigated with drugs to kill insects. It should be noted here that the pests that harm clothes not only have the habit of suspended animation, but also some pests are very lively, crawling quickly, sensitive, afraid of light and fond of darkness (such as wool fish, etc.). ). When removing clothes, pests die on other clothes due to vibration, or climb away quickly after seeing the light and hide in other clothes. Therefore, even if only one piece of clothing in the box is moth-eaten, or one piece is found to be moth-eaten after unpacking, all the clothes in the box must be taken out of the room together with the suitcase for treatment to prevent pests from escaping from the net and causing hidden dangers.
(2) Water washing, dry mouth and scald prevention. If the rotten clothes can still be worn after repair, in addition to knocking off the adults and larvae by hand, you can also wash them with water (clothes that can't be washed should be sent to the dry cleaner or fumigated), and then iron them after exposure with an iron to completely eliminate the eggs hidden in the cracks in the clothes.
(3) chemical control. When the pests on the clothes at home are relatively light, as long as the above two methods are taken seriously, the purpose of control can basically be achieved. If the pests are serious or large, it is best to completely eliminate them by chemical control methods. In order to prevent and control clothing pests in the family, we should choose chemicals with low toxicity and high efficiency that are safe for people. Dichlorvos is an ideal drug, which has three functions of contact killing, stomach poisoning and fumigation, and is also very convenient to use. Hang a cloth soaked in potions in the wardrobe or closet, and close the cupboard door for fumigation (note that the amount of potions soaked in the cloth should not be too much, and it is best not to hang it after hanging). It is best to choose DDVP plastic block slow-release agent, as long as the drug block is suspended or placed flat in the suitcase and wardrobe and the door is closed, it can also play a fumigation role. In order to ensure the curative effect of fumigation and the safety of drug use, the following points should be paid attention to: ① Before applying the drug, all preparations should be made, and the applicator should wear work clothes, masks and rubber gloves, prepare the liquid medicine, and find out the position of hanging the drug strip in the cabinet; (2) rapid dipping and administration; ⑧ Do not smoke, drink water, eat, talk or laugh during taking the medicine: ④ The remaining liquid medicine should be sealed and preserved; ⑤ After dosing, the cupboard door should be sealed with paper glue water; ⑥ After taking the medicine, users should wash their hands and face with soap. If the family has good sealing conditions, aluminum phosphide can be used to fumigate and kill pests in the house. For specific methods, please refer to the relevant chapter of "Fumigation and Insecticidal Methods of Aluminum Phosphide" in this book, except that the fumigation object and sealed container are different, the others are exactly the same (the clothes box cover and wardrobe door should be sealed with double-layer kraft paper). Fumigated clothes can also be put in sealed plastic bags. The whole fumigation process should be carried out in an unoccupied room. Pay attention to the ventilation and detoxification of the room after fumigation.
3. Cleaning methods of fur and various fabric products after mildew
Whether it is cotton clothing, wool clothing, silk clothing, chemical fiber clothing, or even fur clothing, it will be attacked by mold and infected with mildew spots or mildew spots. Wash clothes in time after they are infected with mildew spots or mildew spots. Because the fabrics and fibers of clothes are different, the methods of cleaning and mildew removal are also different. Now introduce them separately, such as
(1) cotton-padded jacket. Take the moldy clothes to dry in the sun first, and then brush them with a dry brush to remove mildew spots. White clothes can be wiped with washing powder and bleaching powder or whitening soap, and mildew spots can also be removed.
(2) woolen goods. First put the moldy clothes in a cool and ventilated place to dry, then wipe them from the outside to the middle with cotton dipped in gasoline, and wipe them several times repeatedly to remove the moldy spots.
(3) Silk fabrics. First, take the moldy clothes to a ventilated and cool place to dry. When moldy clothes are light, you can gently brush them with a soft brush to remove mildew spots. If the mildew is serious or old, it needs to be sprayed with ammonia water, and the mildew will be removed after a while. If it is white silk fabric clothing, it should be washed with cotton dipped in alcohol.
(4) chemical fiber fabrics. Mould spots on various chemical fiber fabrics (such as polyester, polyester, acrylic, nylon or polypropylene, etc.). ) If it is light, it can be scrubbed with alcohol and ammonia water, coated with ammonia water, then coated with potassium permanganate solution, and finally rinsed with water to remove mildew spots; Or scrub with 5% baking soda water, and then rinse with clear water to remove mildew spots.
(5) leather clothes. Moldy fur clothes should not be wiped with wet cloth. They should be hung in a cool and ventilated place to dry, and then they should be brushed off with a brush.