Academician Sun made an analogy to the reporter: The human body is actually a community composed of cells. Every cell follows rules, knows when to grow and divide, and knows how to combine with other cells to form tissues and organs. The "drawings" of different tissues are genes.
Many people say that there are cancer cells in the human body, but they have not developed. Medically speaking, if cancer cells can be detected, this person can be diagnosed with cancer. Therefore, this statement is incorrect. Now medical scientists believe that everyone has proto-oncogenes in his body, and definitely not everyone has cancer cells in his body.
Proto-oncogenes are responsible for cell division and proliferation needed for human growth. In order to "control" it, there are tumor suppressor genes in the human body. At ordinary times, proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes maintain a balance, but under the action of carcinogenic factors, the power of proto-oncogenes will increase and tumor suppressor genes will weaken. Therefore, carcinogenic factors are the "key" to start the growth of cancer cells, mainly including mental factors, genetic factors, lifestyle, certain chemicals and so on. Start the "cancer program" with the "key" together; The more "keys", the greater the chance of starting.
We can't crack all the keys yet, so we can't conquer cancer yet.
Academician Sun pointed out that tumor cells are differentiated from "defective" normal cells, and it will take many years to grow into tumors. The "renegade" cells deviate from the track, and the proliferation rate is set by themselves. Only when it accumulates to more than 654.38+0 billion will we notice them. The proliferation rate of cancer cells is calculated by doubling time, 1 change 2, 2 change 4, and so on. Such as gastric cancer, intestinal cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer and esophageal cancer, the average doubling time is 33 days; The doubling time of breast cancer is more than 40 days. Because cancer cells are multiplying, the more advanced cancer is, the faster it develops.
Question 3: How does cancer metastasize?
"Cancer cells are very greedy." Academician Sun said that it will run to any place it may reach, and there are three main paths: lymphatic metastasis is generally the earliest, so lymph node dissection is needed when tumor resection is carried out; Radiotherapy not only irradiated the primary tumor focus, but also irradiated the surrounding lymph nodes. Lymphatic system is all over the body, which is the ideal first choice for cancer cell metastasis. Lymphatic metastasis often goes from near to far. For example, breast cancer first metastasized to the ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes, and then to the clavicle, axillary lymph nodes, and even the contralateral axillary lymph nodes. Cancer cells directly invade blood vessels or enter blood vessels through lymphatic vessels, and will reach other parts such as lung, brain, liver and bone with blood flow, which is blood metastasis. Gastrointestinal cancer often metastasizes to liver and lung, breast cancer, renal cancer and osteosarcoma often metastasizes to lung, lung cancer easily metastasizes to brain, and prostate cancer easily metastasizes to bone. Chemotherapy is to prevent cancer cells from transferring through blood, and to eliminate cancer cells "along the way" with drugs.
There is also a relatively small transfer, that is, planting transfer. Cancer cells fall off from the tumor surface and fall into the chest cavity, abdominal cavity and cerebrospinal fluid, which will "take root and sprout". It usually occurs in the lower part of these cavities, such as costal diaphragm angle, rectal bladder fossa, skull base and so on.
Finally, Academician Sun told reporters that people always like to say that something causes cancer. In fact, we can't say that we won't get cancer as long as we don't eat anything, or that we will get cancer if we touch anything. At present, no factor has been found to be an inevitable factor in inducing cancer. The most important thing to overcome cancer is early detection, and most early cancers can be cured. To this end, first, regular physical examination, and second, if you feel uncomfortable, you should see a doctor. Some symptoms may be related to cancer, so don't feel pain before seeing a doctor.
Four things to prevent cancer
First, don't smoke or quit smoking. Half of smokers will die of smoking-related diseases, many of which are cancer. In the United States, 90% of lung cancer is directly caused by smoking, and the other 3% is caused by inhaling secondhand smoke. Ferry said, "I don't know why people spend three to five dollars a day to help them live for eight to 12 years."
Second, pay attention to what you eat. The American Cancer Society suggests that people should eat at least five different vegetables and fruits every day, which is an effective way to help fight cancer. Nutrition and Cancer magazine also announced that people who seldom eat fruits and vegetables are twice as likely to get cancer as those who eat more fruits and vegetables. The American Cancer Society also suggests: choose whole wheat flour instead of refined wheat flour, limit the intake of red meat, especially eat less processed high-fat meat, limit alcoholic beverages, and so on.
Third, do more exercise. Moderate exercise is a kind of exercise recommended by scientists. According to research, walking for an hour every day can reduce the possibility of colon cancer by 46%. The American Cancer Society advises people to take at least 60 minutes of moderate or light exercise every day and exercise more than five times a week. Ferry added that obesity also increases the possibility of cancer.
Fourth, understand the family history. Family history is the biggest cause of fatal cancer, and heredity may lead to carcinogenic factors in genes. If immediate family members (parents, siblings, children) have cancer, then you may need to have regular checkups when you are young.
But in any case, people should not be afraid, but should take a positive attitude to prevent cancer.
Food for preventing cancer
1) Milk and yogurt milk contain calcium and vitamin D, which can combine with carcinogens in the intestine to eliminate their harmful effects. Yogurt can inhibit the growth of tumor cells.
2) Honey and bee milk honey can promote metabolism, enhance the body's resistance, improve hematopoietic function and tissue repair. In recent years, it has been found that bee milk contains special bee lactic acid, which is effective in preventing and treating malignant tumors.
3) Tea contains catechins, which can remove radioactive substances from the body. Regular drinking tea for radiotherapy patients is beneficial to their recovery. Tea can also prevent dental caries.
4) The function of pollen food is to improve intelligence, promote development, enrich blood, increase endurance, delay aging, have hormone-like effects and enhance disease resistance.
5) Vegetables Fresh vegetables, such as carrots, radishes, preserved fruits, eggplants and cabbages, contain interferon inducers, which can stimulate cells to produce interferon. This substance can enhance the patient's resistance to disease and cancer. But it is easy to be damaged by heat, so the above. Food should be eaten raw. Many studies have confirmed that garlic has anti-cancer ability, and the fat-soluble volatile oil in garlic can activate macrophages and improve the anti-cancer ability of the body. It also contains a sulfur-containing compound, which can also kill tumor cells. Onion can also resist cancer, probably because it contains glutathione and multivitamins. It can be used for preventing lymphoma, bladder cancer, lung cancer and skin cancer.
6) Seafood can be used as dietotherapy food for patients with malignant tumor. The effective components of seaweed are mainly polysaccharide and sodium alginate. Sodium alginate can combine with radioactive strontium and be excreted. Eating kelp, seaweed and other foods often is good for your health. Shark cartilage can inhibit tumor growth, and shark fin has the ability to inhibit tumor infiltration around. Fish is rich in inorganic salts such as selenium, zinc, calcium and iodine, which is also good for anti-cancer.
7) Fungal foods contain polysaccharides and interferon inducers, which can inhibit tumors. Mushrooms have certain curative effects on gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, lung cancer and cervical cancer. Flammulina velutipes also has the same effect and has an inhibitory effect on tumors. Hericium erinaceus has curative effect on gastric cancer, which can prolong the survival time of patients and improve immunity. Tremella has an inhibitory effect on cancer. In recent years, it has been found that 90% of B- pachyman in Poria cocos can enhance immune function and has anticancer effect.
8) Fruit almond can improve immune function and inhibit cell canceration. It can relieve symptoms such as dry mouth, but it is not suitable for patients with inflammation, ulcer and nosebleeds. Mume also has anticancer effect, and jujube can inhibit the growth of tumor cells. Fig extract can be used for treating gastric cancer, laryngeal cancer, cervical cancer, bladder cancer, etc. Apples contain a lot of pectin, which can be combined with radioactive elements to promote their discharge. Papaya can prevent the spread and development of cancer.
9) Steroids extracted from other sweet potatoes can inhibit the development of breast cancer. Corn flour can inhibit tumor growth and reduce the side effects of anticancer drugs. Polysaccharide and coix lachryma-jobi fat in coix lachryma-jobi seed can enhance immune function and inhibit tumor cells.
How to prevent cancer?
(1) Food diversification: A wide variety of recipes can not only meet all kinds of nutrients needed by the body, but also inhibit harmful carcinogens.
(2) Drinking must be moderate: excessive drinking is harmful to health, and oral cancer, throat cancer, esophageal cancer and liver cancer are all related to excessive drinking. People who drink too much and smoke at the same time have a greater risk of cancer.
(3) Avoid excessive cholesterol intake: A low-fat diet can reduce the risk of breast cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer and rectal cancer.
(4) Eat foods containing enough starch and cellulose: eat more fruits, vegetables, dried beans, whole grains, beans and their products. Increase the intake of starch and cellulose, which can reduce colon cancer and rectal cancer.
(5) Keep the nutritional balance and maintain the ideal weight. Avoid eating too much sugar.
Diet to prevent cancer 14 method
Cancer is the biggest enemy of human health at present. About 6 million people worldwide die of cancer every year, of which about 6,543.8+3,000 people in China die of cancer. However, cancer can be controlled. The World Cancer Research Foundation has devoted itself to the basic, clinical and anti-cancer research of cancer for many years, summed up the research results in the field of cancer in various countries in the world, and put forward 14 suggestions on preventing cancer from diet and health with broad scientific basis. Excerpts are as follows:
Suggestion 1: Arrange your diet reasonably. Plant foods, such as vegetables, fruits, cereals and beans, should account for more than 2/3 in the daily diet.
Recommendation 2: Control your weight and avoid being too light or too heavy. Weight gain in adulthood should not exceed 5 kg. Measured by body mass index (BMI) formula. (see formula)
Weight (kg)
Body mass index = ————————————
Height (m) × height (m)
Body mass index is less than 20 years old, and the weight is light; Body mass index is 20 ~ 25, which is the ideal weight; Body mass index 25 ~ 30, slightly overweight; Body mass index greater than 30, seriously overweight.
Recommendation 3: Stick to physical exercise. If there is little or only light activity at work, you should have a brisk walk or similar exercise of about 1 hour every day. At least 1 hour strenuous activity of sweating should be carried out every week.
Recommendation 4: Eat more fruits and vegetables. You should eat 400 ~ 800 grams of fruits and vegetables every day. Green leafy vegetables, carrots, potatoes and citrus fruits have the strongest anti-cancer effects. Eat more than five kinds of fruits and vegetables every day, and stick to it all the year round to have a lasting anti-cancer effect.
Recommendation 5: Eat 600 ~ 800g of various cereals, beans and plant roots every day, and the less processed food, the better. Eat less refined sugar.
Recommendation 6: Do not advocate drinking. Even if you want to drink, men should not drink more than two cups a day, and women should not drink more than one cup a day.
Recommendation 7: Eat no more than 90g of red meat (i.e. cattle, sheep and pork) every day. It's better to eat fish and poultry than red meat.
Recommendation 8: Eat less high-fat food, especially animal fat. Select the appropriate vegetable oil and control the dosage.
Recommendation 9: Eat less salt and less pickled food. The daily consumption of salt should be less than 6 grams (about one teaspoon).
Suggestion 10: Don't eat food that has been stored at room temperature for too long and may be contaminated by mycotoxin.
Suggestion 1 1: Preserve perishable food by cold storage or other suitable methods.
Recommendation 12: The levels of additives, pollutants and residues in food are lower than the national limit, which is safe, but improper use or misuse may affect health.
Suggestion 13: Don't eat burnt food, and don't eat fish and meat or bacon barbecued directly on the fire. Bacon can only be eaten occasionally.
Recommendation 14: For people who basically follow the above recommendations, nutritional supplements are generally unnecessary, and nutritional supplements may not help reduce the risk of cancer.
Cancer is preventable.
1, Professor Yang Binghui, Vice President of China Health Education Association (left)
2. Movie actor Li Lan (right)
Moderator: Hello, audience friends! This is CCTV's live program "The Road to Health". Today we are going to talk about cancer prevention. First of all, let's look at a set of data: in the next 20 years, the number of new cancer patients in the world will increase from the current 6.5438+million to 50 million, and the number of cancer deaths will increase from 6 million to 6.5438+million. This is a very heavy set of data. Today we will talk about how to prevent cancer.
Moderator: Can cancer be prevented? First, let's watch a survey video:
Mass A: I don't think cancer can be prevented, because if it can be prevented, so many people won't get cancer.
Mass B: I don't think cancer is an infectious disease, and it can't be prevented.
Mass C: I think that with the rapid development of science and technology, cancer should be preventable, but I can't say clearly how to prevent it.
Yang Binghui: When a citizen talks about the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, I want to talk about vaccination against smallpox. After the popularization of this preventive method, smallpox was eliminated worldwide. Many people think it would be great if cancer could be prevented by a method similar to vaccination. Unfortunately, there is no such method to prevent it at present, and even if there is, it may not be able to solve the comprehensive problems in the future. Because there are many causes of cancer, and a large part of them are closely related to our life behavior, it is very important to prevent cancer not by taking the so-called vaccine, but by changing our life behavior.
Moderator: What is the relationship between lifestyle and cancer?
Yang Binghui: Oncologists have noticed that there are many causes of cancer, including heredity and occupation, but most of the causes of cancer (80%) are in our daily life, so we put forward a concept called "lifestyle cancer", which actually means that people should pay attention to their lifestyle.
Moderator: What is the specific lifestyle problem you understand?
Li Lan: I think first of all, smoking is a bad lifestyle.
Yang Binghui: Smoking is closely related to cancer. Our research shows that the possibility of smokers suffering from lung cancer is 8- 12 times that of non-smokers. There are about 600 kinds of harmful substances in cigarettes, of which about 40 kinds have been proved to be carcinogenic. Smoking may not only cause lung cancer, but also affect the throat, esophagus and bladder.
Moderator: Is there any specific data that can explain the harm of smoking?
Yang Binghui: The incidence of lung cancer in many countries in the world, including China, is increasing, but the report on the incidence of lung cancer in the United States released by the American Cancer Institute at the beginning of this year is very worthy of attention. The incidence of lung cancer in the United States also increased before the 1990s, and tended to be flat after the 1990s. However, since 1996, the incidence of lung cancer has decreased by 0.4 percentage points every year. In addition, the year before last, the European side also suggested that their incidence of lung cancer began to decline. So what is the reason? According to themselves, this is closely related to the improvement of life behavior represented by tobacco control. In the 1960s, there were many smokers in the United States, accounting for about 46% of the total population. After 30 years of hard work, the proportion of smokers has dropped to 24%, so their incidence of lung cancer has also dropped. I wish China could do such a good job in tobacco control.
Among the many causes of cancer
Dietary factors account for 35%
Tobacco accounts for 30%
Drinking accounts for 3%
Sex and reproduction account for 7%
Food additives account for 1%
Drugs accounted for 1%
other
Li Lan: I would like to ask, is it possible to cause cancer by eating fried food frequently?
Yang Binghui: Too much greasy diet will not only lead to arteriosclerosis and coronary heart disease, but also be related to cancer, especially intestinal cancer. Twenty years ago, the incidence of colorectal cancer in Shanghai ranked sixth among all kinds of cancers. In the past 20 years, with the improvement of living standards, the oil content in food has increased significantly, so the incidence of colorectal cancer has risen to the fourth place. Some people think that a high-fat diet will also promote breast cancer. Foreign studies show that high-fat diet may be related to prostate cancer and pancreatic cancer.
Li Lan: You must put oil in your cooking. What oil is better to eat?
Yang Binghui: Many people used to think that animal oil (meat oil) should be eaten less, but from the perspective of cancer prevention, vegetable oil should also be controlled. Some light dishes in the south, such as steamed vegetables and soup, are very healthy.
Li Wei: I read an article in a magazine that eating potatoes and sweet potatoes can prevent cancer. Is that so?
Yang Binghui: There is some truth in this statement, because foods like potatoes and sweet potatoes are rich in cellulose, which is basically not digested and absorbed by the human body. One advantage is that the potential harmful substances in the intestine can be discharged in time. Therefore, we advocate that the diet should not be too delicate and rough, not only from the perspective of nutrition but also from the perspective of cancer prevention, especially the prevention of intestinal cancer, which has many benefits.
Moderator: Is there any data showing that changing eating habits is helpful to health?
Yang Binghui: What we advocate is that eating more fresh vegetables and fruits is good for your health and good for cancer prevention.
No one's daily vegetable intake
From 150g to 400g.
The risk of lung cancer can be reduced by 50%
From 100g to 350g.
The risk of gastric cancer can be reduced by 60%
From 50 grams to 300 grams
The risk of gastric cancer can be reduced by 50%
Changing diet can prevent
50% of breast cancer
75% of gastric cancer
75% of colon cancer
Li Lan: I also have the habit of eating jiaozi. jiaozi has just been fished out of the pot. I think it's very comfortable to eat like this. Is that so?
Yang Binghui: This way of eating is wrong. Eating too hot food is easy to damage the mucosa of esophagus. Eating too hot food often leads to chronic inflammation of the esophagus. Many oncologists' research shows that cancer actually develops on the basis of chronic inflammation.
Moderator: Northerners like to eat pickled sauerkraut. Is there a relationship between eating Sichuan kimchi and cancer?
Yang Binghui: Sauerkraut, pickles and pickles all contain a substance called nitrite. Nitrite can combine with ammonia decomposed by protein in human body to form nitrosamines, which is definitely an important factor in the formation of esophageal cancer. I suggest you eat less sauerkraut, pickles and pickles.
Moderator: After talking about food, let's talk about what we usually drink, such as drinking, will it cause cancer?
Yang Binghui: Actually, alcohol is not a carcinogen, but it will promote cancer. I have done such research. Through the investigation of hepatitis patients, I found that people who had hepatitis and gave up drinking were less likely to develop liver cancer, while those who had hepatitis and drank alcohol were twice as likely to develop liver cancer as those who did not drink alcohol.
Li Lan: Some people say that everyone actually has cancer cells, but some people show it and some people don't. Is this correct?
Yang Binghui: No, the medical definition is that as long as cancer cells are detected, cancer can be diagnosed. However, the human body has proto-oncogenes that will explode under the impetus of carcinogens and then produce cancer.
Moderator: mr. yi, a native of Hunan, is 37 years old. I am a patient with hepatitis B, and I always feel liver pain recently. Will I get liver cancer in the long run?
Yang Binghui: The risk factors of liver cancer in people with hepatitis B are definitely higher than those without hepatitis B. ..
Moderator: Ms. Lu from Beijing, 40 years old. I have been suffering from stomach trouble for 4 or 5 years. I feel a stomachache before and after meals. Can stomach disease continue to deteriorate and cause cancer?
Yang Binghui: There is a clinical phenomenon that duodenal ulcer has little to do with cancer, but gastric ulcer is always bad, and it is still possible to develop into cancer.
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