In our daily study, work and life, we all know psychological problems. There are all kinds of psychological problems. What psychological problems have you seen? The following is my classification of psychological problems, welcome to read the collection.
Classification of psychological problems
I. Mental health status
The criteria for distinguishing mental health state from unhealthy state have always been a topic of discussion in the field of psychology, and many psychologists at home and abroad have put forward various mental health standards according to their own research results. In the practice of clinical psychology, the author summarizes the theories and experiences of predecessors and puts forward a simple evaluation method. Namely: from my evaluation, others' evaluation and social function analysis:
1, I don't feel pain: that is, the feeling of happiness is greater than the feeling of pain within a period of time (such as a week, a month, a season or a year).
2. Others don't feel abnormal: that is, psychological activities are in harmony with the surrounding environment, and there is no phenomenon of incompatibility with the surrounding environment.
3. Good social function: that is, to be competent for family and social roles, give full play to one's own abilities, and realize self-worth by using existing conditions (or creating conditions) in the general social environment.
Second, a bad state
Bad state, also known as the third state, is a state between healthy state and disease state. It is a common sub-health state of normal people. It is caused by personal psychological quality (such as being too competitive, withdrawn, sensitive, etc.). ), life events (such as work pressure, promotion failure, superior criticism, frustration in marriage and love, etc.). ) and poor health (such as overwork and physical illness). Characterized in that:
1, short time: this state lasts for a short time, and can generally be alleviated within one week.
2. Slight injury: This state has little effect on its social function. People in this state can generally complete their daily work, study and life, but the pleasure is less than the pain. Tired, annoyed, unhappy and coping are their common words.
3. Self-regulation: Most people in this state can improve their psychological state through self-regulation such as rest, chatting, exercise, fishing, traveling and entertainment. A small number of people may form a relatively fixed state if they do not relieve for a long time. This small group of people should seek the help of psychologists and get adjusted as soon as possible.
Third, psychological barriers.
Psychological obstacle is the progress, stagnation, delay, retreat or deviation of a certain aspect (or aspects) of mental state caused by personal and external factors. Characterized in that:
1, disharmony: the external manifestations of his psychological activities are not commensurate with his physiological age or his reaction style is different from ordinary people. For example, adults show childish state (stagnation, procrastination, retreat); Children's adult behavior (unbalanced advanced development); Abnormal (deviant) reaction to external stimuli, etc.
2. pertinence: people in this state often have strong psychological reactions (including thinking, belief and behavior) to obstacles (such as sensitive things, objects and environment), but may behave normally to non-obstacles
3. Great damage: This state has great influence on its social function. It may make the parties unable to complete one (or several) social work according to the standards of ordinary people. For example, social anxiety test (also known as social phobia) can't complete social activities, sharp weapon terrorists dare not use knives and scissors, and it is difficult for people with sexual psychological disorders to communicate with the opposite sex normally.
4. Need to help psychologists: Most people in this state cannot solve the fundamental problems through self-adjustment and the help of non-professionals. The guidance of psychologists is necessary.
Fourth, mental illness.
Mental illness is a strong psychological reaction (thinking, emotion, behavior, will) caused by personal and external factors, accompanied by obvious physical discomfort. It is the external manifestation of brain dysfunction. Characterized in that:
1, strong psychological reaction: there may be mistakes in thinking judgment, decreased thinking agility, decreased memory, blank thinking, intense inferiority and pain, lack of energy, depression turning into depression, nervousness and anxiety, and abnormal behavior (such as repetitive actions, reduced movements, withdrawal behavior, etc.). ), as well as a decline in will.
2. The body is obviously unwell: dysfunction of the central control system can cause dysfunction of various systems of the controlled human body: if it affects the digestive system, symptoms such as loss of appetite, abdominal distension, constipation or diarrhea (or constipation and diarrhea appear alternately) may occur; If the cardiovascular system is affected, there will be symptoms such as palpitation, chest tightness and dizziness; If it affects the endocrine system, there will be changes in women's menstrual cycle, male sexual dysfunction ... and so on.
3. Great harm: patients in this state can't or barely complete social functions, lack relaxed and happy experiences, and have a strong sense of pain. "It's uncomfortable everywhere" and "It's better to be alive than dead" are their true inner experiences.
4. Need the treatment of a psychologist: Patients in this state generally cannot recover through self-regulation and treatment by non-psychological doctors. Psychologists generally adopt a comprehensive treatment method combining psychotherapy and drug therapy for such patients. In the early stage of treatment, mood can be quickly adjusted by mood-regulating drugs, psychological disorders can be relieved by psychotherapy in the middle and late stage, social functions can be restored by psychological training, and mental health level can be improved.
How do psychological problems arise?
Man is an advanced animal, and advanced refers to the social attribute of man, that is, Marx said: "The essence of man is not an abstract thing inherent in a single person. In reality, it is the sum of all social relations. " Animals refer to the natural attributes of primitive instinct possessed by human beings, which are similar to animals. The two outstanding characteristics of natural attributes are sex and profit-seeking. Generally speaking, people's sexual desire is a rigid demand, and selfishness is human nature.
Life exists in society. Similarly, human society can also be summarized as advanced nature. The attribute of human society is embodied in the law of managing and controlling human activities, and it can also be regarded as the law of the operation and order of human society. It also includes two kinds. One is the unique civilized law of human society, or spiritual and moral rules, and the other is the natural law similar to nature. Two prominent features of the laws of nature are talent and survival of the fittest. Generally speaking, people are born unequal.
Man's advanced nature and naturalness should be an organic whole that influences and restricts each other. Advanced nature is based on animal nature, and animal nature is restricted by advanced nature. At the same time, people must correctly understand and adapt to the two social laws of civilization and nature in order to survive in society. But in reality, it is normal and reasonable for people to deviate from these two attributes and their cognition and adaptation to a certain extent.
However, when people's cognitive deviation from these two attributes exceeds a certain limit, psychological problems will arise.
First, the advanced nature of human beings deviates from the animality, that is, the cognition formed by school, family, social education and personal experience, and deviates from the primitive instinct of human beings to a great extent. For example, human sexual instinct is the embodiment of animal nature, but it is regulated by advanced nature. However, if the norms of advanced nature go beyond reasonable limits and become imprisonment and repression, psychological problems will arise, such as extreme introversion and social fear. Another example is the embodiment of human animality, which is also regulated by advanced nature. However, if the advanced degree is seriously weakened, psychological problems will arise, such as extreme jealousy and selfishness.
Second, people's cognition and adaptation to the civilized laws and natural laws of human society have deviated, that is, they have not fully received the information transmitted by families, society and schools, and formed a one-sided concept of social laws, or they think that society abides by the civilized laws, which will be extremely unsuitable for social competition and elimination, resulting in psychological problems. Or think that society obeys the laws of nature, this concept will become vulgar, low-level and simple. Social cognition will inevitably not adapt to living in society and produce psychological problems. Sometimes anger is inevitable. In fact, it is much easier to read a baby's mind. Let's take a look at the basic emotional interpretation of children.
Common psychological problems in psychological clinics
1, diagnosis and treatment of various emotional disorders, such as anxiety, depression and fear;
2. There is an urgent need for consultation to answer the confusion and distress reflected in study, employment, love, marriage, family, family planning and prenatal and postnatal care.
3. Counseling and treatment of sexual psychological abnormality and sexual dysfunction.
4. Differential diagnosis and prognosis judgment of some mental and psychological diseases.
5. It is required to introduce the mental health knowledge of all ages, such as the mental health of infants, adolescence, menopause and old age; Mental health knowledge about sleep, study, memory and mental work.
In recent years, political work, health care, youth organizations and other departments in some colleges and universities have joined hands with clinical psychologists to conduct collective psychological consultation, including the prevention and treatment of mental disorders such as neurosis, maladjustment syndrome, mental illness (depression, schizophrenia), suicide and crime. The relevant personnel of these institutions deeply feel that the traditional political and ideological work methods can no longer solve the management problems of contemporary young students. They hope to learn psychological knowledge, know psychological counseling methods, and establish psychological files for each student (which can be made public to the students themselves). At present, this way of combining ideological and political work with psychological management has made a good start in China, and it has been proved to be an effective way to strengthen the psychological health of college students and promote their scientific management and spiritual civilization construction.
Commonly used psychological counseling methods are as follows:
1, Outpatient Psychological Counseling In general hospitals, mental health centers and health departments, psychological counseling clinics can be set up to receive visitors. Visitors received in this form can meet directly and have a face-to-face conversation. The consultation is deeper and the effect is better.
2. The letter counseling is mostly from other places or local, so the letter clears the way because of temporary confidentiality or trial and control. In this form, only a preliminary understanding of the situation, to appease and stabilize the mood, but not face-to-face in-depth consultation, so eventually led to face-to-face outpatient consultation.
3. Telephone psychological counseling is mostly aimed at people who are in acute emotional crisis, on the verge of mental breakdown or trying to commit suicide. Call the special telephone to the psychological consultation clinic for first aid, complaint and help. In foreign countries, this kind of telephone psychological consultation is often specialized and becomes a hotline center. Everyone is on duty at 24 o'clock. After receiving the call for help, they immediately sent staff to the client's home to deal with his acute emotional crisis, stabilize his mood and stop suicide. Beijing, Guangzhou and other places have set up consultation service hotlines.
4. Thematic psychological counseling focuses on psychological problems of public concern, and carries out thematic discussions and answers in newspapers, magazines, radio stations and TV stations. Some domestic newspapers and periodicals have opened psychological consultation columns to discuss and answer questions from the masses. This form has the nature of mental health propaganda.
Mental health experts suggest that in modern society, people's material level is improved and they pay more attention to psychological needs. If they want to have a healthy body and mind, they should start with their own mentality.
Psychological problems in the workplace
interpersonal relationship
Interpersonal problems in the workplace account for the largest proportion. Only with good interpersonal relationships can you feel at home in your work. However, many people are trapped by interpersonal relationships, suffering and even falling into the quagmire of depression.
Case: Ms. Liu is a skilled middle school teacher, but she is embarrassed in interpersonal relationship because she is too introverted, inferior and sensitive. Colleagues are talking and laughing together. When she doesn't exist, even if she takes the initiative to talk to someone, others love to ignore her. As a result, the miserable Xiao Liu kept eating, seeking inner balance and compensation by satisfying his appetite, but later he became more anxious because of his weight gain, thus falling into a vicious circle and eventually suffering from bulimia nervosa, which led to severe depression, causing both psychological and physical harm.
Countermeasures: The golden rule of interpersonal communication is "Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you".
Attention should be paid to interpersonal communication: creating a good first impression, smiling is an invincible "passport", and showing sincerity and self-confidence can win the trust of the other party; Learn to praise, learn to be grateful, learn to appreciate, learn to be tolerant, learn to cooperate with others, be good at borrowing the wisdom of others, and integrate yourself into the group. No matter what happens, try not to get angry and show your generosity and self-restraint; Always keep a positive and enterprising attitude, have the ability of continuous learning, and constantly improve the realm of self.
working pressure
Case 1: A is a middle-level leader in the financial industry. He has strong working ability, is highly valued by the leaders and entrusted with heavy responsibilities. He was under great pressure and refused. The leader is unhappy and thinks that he doesn't want to work, which makes him feel in a dilemma, unable to sleep at night, and even has palpitations and chest tightness, and is afraid of going to work.
Very painful, I began to try to avoid socializing in some public places.
Countermeasures: The above two cases are caused by the protagonist's lack of confidence.
The correct approach should be: strive to improve self-confidence, learn to be calm and be kind to yourself when encountering setbacks. Don't lose yourself for others, learn to release pressure, adjust emotions and always maintain a positive and optimistic attitude towards life; Go back to your friends, talk to them and get warmth and support from them; Learn to be grateful, pass on love and warmth, and be good at finding fun in ordinary life.
Emotional confusion
A happy marriage is a good guarantee of success.
Case: Xiao Wang is born beautiful, works well and is very popular with his boss. They have a good personal relationship and often eat together. On one occasion, two people were drunk. The college boyfriend who fell in love for four years left angrily, and Xiao Wang also resigned from his high-paying job.
Countermeasures: Be sure to keep a proper distance from your boss (the opposite sex), especially young and beautiful women, and try to avoid eating and drinking alone with your male boss, so as not to "make a mistake and hate it forever". When you find that your boss is in love, you should show your attitude decisively, and don't be ambiguous. In addition, office romance should be cautious, and it is not easy to fall in love. Sometimes love fails, but there is no face and it affects work.
Promotion match
In the workplace, people hope to be reused and promoted through their own efforts, but many people encounter bottlenecks and feel hopeless in the future.
Case: (Qin Jun once confided to me) "I have always been versatile. Everyone thought this promotion was mine, and even clamored for my treat, but the result was disappointing! Obviously, I am very capable in all aspects. Why are there still people promoted? "
Countermeasures: Don't complain that opportunities don't care for you, that opportunities are unfair, and even that going to work is a painful thing. If this continues, it will not only be difficult to get a promotion, but also endanger your job! If you don't complain, don't be decadent, work hard as always, let the leaders see that you are not surprised by honor or disgrace, work hard, forge ahead, and constantly improve your ability and performance, then your future will surely shine with your unremitting efforts! After all, gold always shines!
job burnout
Case: Ms. Zhao is an experienced head nurse, but she is very annoyed when she mentions going to work recently. She thinks that this job, which is repeated countless times every day, is boring and boring. Facing so many patients, so many bloody scenes and painful groans every day, she feels that life is dull, just like a imprisoned bird, and her mood is getting heavier every day. Her enthusiasm for work and patients gradually lost, and she was listless and exhausted every day.
We must adjust our mentality in time, put ourselves in the other's shoes, be contented, often appreciate and encourage ourselves, get together with friends more, and vent negative emotions. At the same time, we should improve our sensitivity to happiness and happiness, give ourselves positive psychological hints, complain less and get angry less. If you persist in this way, you will feel that you are a happy person!
Job-hopping embarrassment
Case: After graduating from college, Xiao Zhang frequently changed jobs within three years, but it was often unsatisfactory: each job lasted less than two months, and finally he lost confidence in finding a job and felt that he was too incompetent to face it again. He stayed at home for more than a year without contacting anyone and fell into an autistic state. ...
Countermeasures: Although "water flows downwards, man struggles upwards", you must be careful when you quit! No matter what you do, you should first love your job, devote yourself wholeheartedly, don't aim too high, don't expect too much, and don't be eager for quick success. We should start from scratch and make progress bit by bit. There will definitely be some difficulties at first, and it may be very tiring, but as long as you persist and work hard, you will definitely tide over the difficulties.
Common psychological problems
Psychological annoyance
Psychologically troubled people are emotionally troubled, but they can identify themselves and adjust themselves, and they can also ask people around them for help. There are many reasons for psychological distress, such as natural disasters and man-made disasters, where are you going, etc., which are common in life. After proper treatment, it usually relieves within one week.
psychological problem
There are many reasons for psychological problems, which are generally long-term If it is serious, it is recommended to see a psychiatrist. People with psychological problems need a long time to recover, usually six months to a year, and can be treated with drugs under the guidance of doctors.
Psychological barrier
Psychological disorder refers to people's persistent and extensive emotional disorder, which generally needs the adjustment of psychologists. Psychological disorder, also known as neurosis, requires medication and psychotherapy.
psychosis
Patients with mental illness are often unable to identify and adjust themselves, and at the same time refuse treatment, which seriously affects their normal lives. Ordinary people can easily identify this abnormality, but patients will resist the help of family and friends. At this time, professional psychologists must be invited to help them recover.
These are some common psychological types. Different psychological types have different degrees of severity. Some can adjust themselves, but some must be treated by psychologists. If people feel that their psychological problems are so serious that they can't adjust themselves and don't want to ask their family and friends for help, a psychologist is a good choice. Psychologists will give you the most professional and effective treatment to help you recover to a healthy state as soon as possible.
How to adjust psychological problems
1. Deep breathing adjustment method
Take a deep breath for 5 ~ 15 minutes when the work is heavy and the psychological pressure is too great. Choose a quiet place with poor light, sit on the sofa or chair, or relax in your own bed, then take a deep breath, breathe in the air slowly every time, reach the maximum lung capacity, keep it for as long as possible, and then slowly spit out the gas completely. In this process, you should feel that your limbs and muscles are gradually relaxed from tension. This is a very simple and effective psychological relaxation method.
2. Music therapy
Now there are special music psychotherapy at home and abroad. In life, we can also apply some music to help the nervous mind relax. The music here is not pop songs, but pure music. People who are anxious, nervous and fidgety can choose classical music such as "Moonlit Night on a Spring River" and "Fishing Boat Singing Late". People who are depressed or depressed can choose cheerful and relaxed folk songs or piano music such as Happy Birthday and treading on thin ice. Listening to music every day can help us get rid of negative emotions and relieve stress.
Learn to speak
After intense work, people should expand their life circle, make more friends, take the initiative to talk to friends or family when encountering problems, and resolve unpleasant emotions in time.
4. Have objective and correct requirements.
Pay attention to moderation in everything, don't ask too much of yourself, don't be desperate to do the impossible, and relax the pressure on yourself if you can't do it.
Seek the help of a psychologist
If the psychological pressure is too great, or if the psychological problems are serious, especially if these problems are related to some negative life events or my personality, then we should conduct psychological consultation in time and seek the help of psychologists. Only in this way can we fundamentally change negative cognition, alleviate psychological barriers and diseases, and devote ourselves to work and life with stable emotions and healthy mental state, cope with challenges and enjoy life.
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