Adolescence is a transitional stage from childhood to adulthood, when reproductive organs begin to develop into maturity. Girls generally reach puberty at the age of 12 ~ 18, and boys enter puberty two years later than girls. Due to the influence of nervous system and endocrine, the shape and function of human body will change significantly.
1. Accelerated growth of height: the growth rate of height is accelerated, which generally lasts for 2 to 3 years. During this period, the height is generally 6 ~ 8 cm per year, and most of them increase at the rate of 10 ~ 12 cm. The growth of height marks the growth of bones, first of all, the growth of lower limbs, and then the elongation of spine. Although there are congenital factors to grow taller, reasonable nutrition, physical exercise and scientific living habits are also conducive to growing taller and faster.
2. Accelerated weight growth: As the height increases, the weight also increases rapidly. Before puberty, the average body weight increases by 2 ~ 4 kg per year, and during adolescence, it can increase by 5 ~ 8 kg. Weight gain is the result of the rapid growth of bones, muscles, fat and internal organs.
3. The emergence of secondary sexual characteristics: the difference between male and female reproductive organs is the primary sexual characteristics. After entering adolescence, other external differences between men and women except gender are called secondary sexual characteristics. If the sexual performance is prominent Adam's apple, the voice becomes thicker, and the beard, pubic hair and armpit hair appear one after another. For women, the voice is higher, the breasts develop, the pelvis becomes wider, the buttocks become bigger, and pubic hair and armpit hair also appear one after another.
Enhance physical function
Adolescents who enter adolescence not only increase their height and weight rapidly, but also enhance their physiological functions of nervous system and internal organs.
1. Brain: It is mainly manifested in the fact that the brain's regulatory function to the human body is greatly enhanced, its reasoning and argumentation ability is gradually improved, and it is easy to accept new things. At the same time, the cerebral cortex is easily excited and impulsive, with poor thinking and attention, but strong plasticity.
2, the heart: myocardial thickening, cardiac contraction enhanced, cardiac function improved significantly. At the age of 17 ~ 18, the cardiac stroke output is 60 ~ 70 ml, which is close to that of adults.
3. Lung: At the age of 10, the lung capacity is only about 1400 ml, and by the age of 14 ~ 15, the lung capacity has obviously increased to 2000 ~ 2500 ml.
4. The emergence of secondary sexual characteristics: From adolescence, the development of reproductive organs is accelerated, the volume and weight are increased, and the functions are gradually improved. Under the action of "hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad" regulating axis, the volume of male testis increases, which can produce sperm, secrete androgen and appear nocturnal emission. Women's ovaries gain weight, can produce eggs and secrete estrogen, and have menstruation. Sex hormones secreted by gonads promote the further development of reproductive organs and the emergence of secondary sexual characteristics.
(3) Functional development in adolescence.
After puberty, with the mutual promotion of morphological development and functional development, the development of the body gradually matures.
(1) Cardiopulmonary function: heart rate, pulse, blood pressure, respiratory rate, vital capacity, etc.
(2) Hematopoietic function: Hemoglobin and total number of red blood cells are important indicators reflecting hematopoietic function.
(4) Physiological signs before puberty.
The physiological changes in adolescence are varied. Shape, height, weight, chest circumference, shoulder width, pelvis and so on have accelerated growth; Functional aspects, such as nervous system, muscle strength, vital capacity, blood pressure, pulse, hemoglobin, red blood cells and so on. Has been strengthened; Physical qualities such as speed, endurance, agility and flexibility change greatly; Endocrine, various hormones have increased; Reproductive organs and sexual functions have also developed rapidly, and so on.
(5) The quality development of adolescence.
The quality development of adolescence is closely related to the degree of physical exercise. Although there are some gender differences between men and women in quality development, boys surpass girls in speed, strength and endurance, while girls are good at flexibility, coordination and balance. However, on the basis of insisting on physical exercise and scientific training, girls can also overcome their physical deficiencies and greatly improve their quality.
Third, the psychological characteristics and behavior of adolescence.
1, self-development: self-awareness; Pay attention to yourself (love beauty); Independence and dependence; Rebellious psychology; Psychological atresia is not exposed; Easily influenced by peers (this stage is also called psychological weaning period)
2. Emotional development: manifested as obvious polarization (such as intense and gentle, exposed and implicit, stable and impulsive, self-esteem and inferiority), mainly including adolescent anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder and sleep disorder.
Four. Sexual psychology and characteristics
1, the process of psychological development is alienation (manifested as alienation, avoidance, anxiety, rejection and attack)-approaching (manifested as showing yourself in front of the opposite sex: boys are embodied in knowledge, physical strength and masculinity; Girls are reflected in their clothes, appearance and femininity)-Love period (sexual fantasy)
2. Psychological characteristics are hazy period (affection, liking, love)-decoration period (inconsistency between psychology and behavior)-difference (appearance time, expression form, sex ratio).
3. The process of psychological expression is disgust and rejection-longing for understanding-loving the opposite sex-loving dreams-imitating love.
V. Problems that should be paid attention to during sexual development
1, strengthen adolescent sexual health knowledge education.
2. Understand the process of sexual development
3. Pay attention to the hygiene of external genitalia.
4. Ensure adequate nutrition supply (balanced diet)
5. Ensure adequate sleep (8-9 hours/day)
6, reasonable arrangement of work and rest time
7. Scientific physical exercise and good attitude.
Sixth, common problems in adolescence
(A) puppy love and sexual behavior
1, the reason of adolescent puppy love:
① Love psychology-appearance, specialty and family background.
(2) Curiosity-by establishing a love relationship.
③ Pleasure psychology-the pleasant experience of intimate contact with the opposite sex.
(4) relax-relieve the pressure brought by heavy schoolwork burden.
⑤ Psychological compensation-emotional compensation (frustration from school, family and society; Spiritual sustenance, understanding and support)
6 rebellious psychology-improper intervention in sexual intercourse.
⑦ Conformity psychology-the influence of adolescent subculture (comparison)
(8) Pathopsychology-precocious body and mind, abnormal psychology.
Pet-name ruby media influence-network, film and television, books and periodicals, imitation.
(b) Juvenile violence and crime
1, the reasons are both internal and external.
① Internal cause: emotional instability, irritability and strong physical strength.
② External factors: media influence (observation and study), family education (no loss) and school education ("discrimination" against poor students); Lack of understanding of students), lack of methods to solve interpersonal conflicts (force), lack of awareness of law-abiding and legal knowledge. In China, the main manifestations are armed fights and group fights.
2. How to prevent it?
① Strengthen communication with students and fully understand them.
② Carry out colorful campus activities and give full play to the advantages and specialties of all kinds of students.
(3) Consequences, nip in the bud.
(4) Teach students how to adjust their emotions: divert attention, vent and tell.
⑤ Values education.
(C) Adolescent Internet Addiction (also known as psychosexual addiction)
1, the reasons are both internal and external.
Internal factors: curiosity, sensitivity, easy to accept new things, lack of interpersonal communication.
External factors: ① the unique charm of the network (broadening information channels; Expand social scope and contacts; All kinds of fascinating entertainment activities) 2 Schools and families belong to the management of children.
(4) Smoking, drinking and taking drugs are all health risk behaviors of substance addiction, and the incidence rate at home and abroad has obviously increased in recent years.
(5) The behavior that easily leads to accidents, also called "unintentional injury behavior", is the main cause of accidents such as car accidents, drowning, falls and poisoning.
(6) Suicide, including suicidal thoughts, suicidal plans and suicidal behaviors, has increased significantly in recent years. The reasons are very complicated, which are not only related to the phenomenon of family gatherings, but also to the heavy burden of study and fierce social competition. About 40%-50% of suicide teenagers have adolescent depression.
Seven, how to promote students' sexual psychological health.
(1) Be able to know yourself correctly and recognize your gender role. A teenager with a healthy sexual psychology should correctly understand the changes in his body and accept the changes in his sexual role (such as girls' menstrual cramps, breast development and pubic hair production; Boys' voice changes, pubic hair generation, etc. ) Be able to treat study, life and the opposite sex rationally; Be able to respect yourself and make your life healthy, full, positive and progressive.
(2) To develop healthy sexual moral behavior habits, we should pay attention to the beauty of behavior and language, start from our daily life, improve our level of understanding, morality and rule of law, and keep an optimistic and cheerful mood.
③ We should establish a correct purpose in life and enhance our sense of responsibility. We should fully realize that not studying hard is irresponsible to parents, teachers and the country. We should cultivate our interest in learning, exercise our willpower, and force ourselves to concentrate on learning with willpower.
Have confidence in yourself, not only to see your own advantages, but also to be good at discovering your own shortcomings. If you are frustrated, you should calmly analyze the reasons and find out the countermeasures. Always talk with classmates, teachers and parents, solicit opinions and draw strength from their affirmation and hope. In addition, we should constantly improve our level of consciousness and accept criticism, education, guidance and help from others with an open mind. Often participate in group activities, so that individuals can integrate into the group, cultivate their own collectivism spirit, overcome the individual consciousness of "self-centeredness" and promote mental health.
⑤ Cultivate and develop your hobbies. Our life is colorful and full of interest, which not only enables people to gain some intelligence and increase knowledge, but also enables people to obtain a certain degree of psychological satisfaction and adjust their mental state.
⑥ hone your will and improve your self-regulation ability. People's will quality plays a particularly important role in mental health care. You can hone your will from many aspects, such as: starting from small things, cultivating your self-control ability, gradually increasing the difficulty and making your will stronger and stronger; Learn to "oppose" yourself. The harder it is to persist, the more we must persist in doing it. In hard work or physical exercise, ask for trouble, etc. Tempering will is a long and arduous process, and it must be tempered with will.