Different kinship systems of nobles in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties.
A name derived from the name of a tribe or tribal leader. According to legend, the Yellow Emperor lived in the coastal area of Jishui, living next to him and taking Jiang as his surname. Zheng Tian Gong Da Yu's surname is Si. In addition, the son of the tribal leader is also named after it. Huangdi 25 points 14 surnames, Ji, You, Qi, Teng Zhen, Ren, Xun and Ji Huan, twelve surnames, four of which belong to the most popular surname. Vulcan, for himself, Dong, Peng, Bald, Qianjin, Cao (if applicable) and Qianba. This is the surname of an ancient representative.
Xia and Shang dynasties, aristocratic surname. A branch of, equivalent to the meaning of a family or surname. Xia, the royal family is the surname, otherwise Bawangkun is his surname, Su, Gu, Wen, Dong and Long. The supplier is the son of the royal family, and another overlord, Da Peng, is named Qian Wei and surnamed Peng. Shang dynasty, Xu, Xiao's 13, just started a week to reward Qiu Luwei's other monarchs.
More records have been found about the surname system of the Zhou Dynasty. The difference between Zhou Wang Ji Xing, Hou Zhijun and bureaucrats with the same surname and different surnames. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Ji, Yan, Zi and Feng passed the exam, while Yu, You, Qi, Qian Jin, Dong, Jiang Yan, Guihua, Ren, Xiong Kui and Qi took the second place.
Noble surnames, but only women say surnames, unmarried women say surnames, such as Qijiang,,, Jiang, Zi and so on. Married women, women's own surname, husband's surname, money, river, Luan, Qi, Luan. The marriage custom of the same surname, it says, a noble woman and her husband have different surnames.
Take the legal system implemented in the Zhou Dynasty as an example, filial piety. A minor has set up a separate portal from the batch division. The monarch allowed the bureaucrats recognized by the late Zhou Dynasty to build new houses, which was called "after granting land and life". Nobleness is achieved in the following ways:
(1) for the name of the country. The monarch of the vassal state is called "a glimpse of Jin Wengong and Zhong Er", which is the abbreviation of the weight of gold and Zhong Er; Xie Luen Lu Xi's public * * * application, the name of Guo Minglu application. Country. Gold weighting
(2) Name the city. The fief names of bureaucrats and their descendants, such as Wei Wei, the descendant of Biwan Manor in Jin Yisheng, China, and Han Han, the son of an uncle Qu Wohuan, 10000, are the sons of a family.
(3) the name of the official. Nobles and their descendants were officially named after them. Fu's China Bank Shuai Shuai organized 3 infantry, saying that China Bank was still there, and his son said that China and Yan Yanxun of the bank had acted; Qing () was in power in Songzhou, saying that Zicheng Zicheng's son (Zhiliang) was in the city, saying that it was Liang Sicheng. "
(4) the name of the occupation. Witch, Poisson, carpenter, Dow, witch, prophet, carpenter and pottery are all famous occupations. "
⑤ "Naming of residence. The son of Duke Zhuang of Lu, who lived in the East Gate later, was called the East Gate in Lu and then (named) the East Gate in Xiangzhong (word); Song music is a suitable teacher, who is the same as Song in life and the S in the right door of the hall.
⑥ The pan-kinship of the King of Zhou or Hou Zhijun is called S. Zhou Taizi Hu La Yue:, and his grandson is Prince Su; Xi (), the son of Zi Zhenggong, said, Hello, with his grandson (Exhibition Hall) in Scotia province, in Gongsun Scotia province. "
All landowners noble words. Through the patriarchal system, only the clans with three generations of close relatives below the monarch were included, and additional legislation was made in a clan of Gongsun. Wang Fu (grandfather) of your children and grandchildren inherits his father's business. Zheng Guogong's son was sent to the New South Wales Senate (Zisi) in Little Chef County of Hippo, which "ended the participle; Another son of Stoudemire, Feizi, and his grandson "Shi". In other words, the most common grandfather is a necessary rule. Last spring and autumn, the surname of the nobility was inherited from the ancient ancestors, and the relationship between the ancestors of the nobles who were closely related to one hundred generations and their relatives has changed for several generations.
By the Warring States period, the surname of patriarchal clan system had collapsed and undergone fundamental changes. Qi Guotian, who began to change his surname this time, belonged to Tian during the Warring States Period. Nobles were named after cloth clothes, and in the Warring States period they were named after cloth clothes. The evolution of surname system reflects the decline of aristocratic status and the rise of civilian status. proportion
Surname population
The surnames of China people are Li, Wang, Zhang, Liu and Chen, which are the most common surnames among the "hundred surnames" in contemporary times, with a population of 3.5 million. Li, Wang and Zhang Xin account for 7.9%, 7.4% and 7. 1% of the Han population respectively. According to the general law of surname evolution, there will be more and more people with big surnames, and there will be fewer and fewer Xiaoxing 'an Mountains, and even they will eventually die out.
In order to popularize surnames in the whole country, the contemporary "hundred surnames" have been newly woven: Li, Wang, Zhang, Liu, Chen, Yang, Zhao, Huang, Zhou, Wu, Hu Shuzhi, Zhu, Gao, Lin, He, Guo, Ma, Luo, Liang, Song, Zheng, Xie, Han, and so on. Ren, Fang, Shi, Yao, Tan, Liao, Zou, Xiong, Jin, Lu, Hao, Kong, Bai, Cui, Kang, Mao, Qiu, Qin Qiang, Shi, Wei, Climate, Shao, Meng Long, Wan, Duan, Lei, Qian, Tang Yin, Zhang. Under the auspices of investigation, Yuan Yida, a researcher at the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, completed it in two years. The survey involved110 counties and cities with a population of 2.96 million and a total surname of 4 100. According to the proportion of population by county, district, province and three statistics, this has always been the ranking of surnames in China. According to the published data and distribution map of 300 surnames of China people, scientists also published a new edition of China Surnames Dictionary, which includes surnames collected by more than 23,000 people, so as to promote the development of surnames culture industry. about
The great secret hidden by surnames
Very subtle problem: the hidden genetic code of surname.
"The purpose of surname survey is not limited to counting the number of surnames. In fact, the name of the series has built a bridge between cultural inheritance and biological inheritance. " Yuan Yida explained that for a long time, men with surnames in China, from a genetic point of view, only men have Y chromosomes, and Y chromosomes are descendants passed down from men with surnames. So people with the same surname will have the same type of Y chromosome and gene. In the investigation, we found that many genetic diseases are only distributed in the same population, and counting the number and distribution of good names will be of great help to the study of human genetics. Yuan Yida told reporters.
Mystery: People with the same surname are not necessarily family.
In line with China people, they always ask their names, and they will feel that they all share the same family name. In fact, this is not reliable. After investigation, we found that a surname with the same surname may come from hundreds. For example, China's first surname is Li, and some of them are from Zhao. "However, this name has become the cohesion of the Chinese nation." Many overseas Chinese want money to repair their genealogy. They want to find their roots and repair their genealogy. Through contact with the mainland, it will also boost the local economy. "
Subtle 3: The connotation of the surnames of most people in China.
In fact, Wan is an important symbol of cultural heritage not only in China, but also in the world, but there is no such complete and connotative inheritance of surnames in the world. For example, Japan has a surname, but its cultural connotation is very small. "Yuan Yida, before the Meiji Restoration in Japan, there were only a few surnames. In order to reform, Emperor Meiji asked all the people in the country to have surnames. So in just a few years, there have been more than 80,000 surnames, which means that most of them are names based on geographical location, such as Panasonic, Inoue and Tanaka. It is difficult for Japanese scholars to have a genetic connection with the first and last person in Japan.
A fixed surname, but only more than 200 years of history, can not form a cultural heritage. In America, American scholars mainly study their skin color, hair color and eye color.
Last name is relatively stable. In Britain, their main source is the names of sons or descendants who directly borrow Christian names, or the names of Christian names with affixes to indicate their identity. Although there are Christian names, from the merger to the emergence of dual surnames, the number of surnames reflecting names, landscape or environmental characteristics, as well as identity or occupation is much more. In the royal family, the old "Edward" was the surname, and later a new "Windsor" appeared.
In continental Europe, surnames are usually used to distinguish places of birth. During World War II, the European army used to be a group of soldiers with the same surname to increase the cohesion and combat effectiveness of the troops.
The latest data shows 4 100 surnames.
"Difficult" surname village/> In this survey, we also found rare strange surnames, which have never been recorded for the first time. "I used to think that these strange surnames were due to clerical errors, but after investigation, it was found that these strange surnames had far-reaching roots."
Yuan Yida told reporters that, for example, in Henan, the research team found four villages with the surname "Nan", men, women and children, all with the surname "Nan". The research team believes that this surname is caused by a clerical error, which is not statistically significant. However, after hearing the news, the Korean cultural department was very surprised and immediately organized a "root-seeking delegation" to go to China.
In Korean surnames, the original "South" is their root. "They told me that the tablet unearthed in Henan during the Northern and Southern Dynasties recorded the deeds of a Xianbei official. His so-called "Nanlou" and "Nanshi and Xianbei moved northward and renamed Songhua River". Subsequently, these Xianbei people named "Nan" were named "Nan" on the Korean Peninsula and "Nan" in Henan.
The top three surnames are Zhuiyuan.
: Li
Sorting, surnamed Li, is the most common surname. In China, according to Yuan Yida's investigation, there are nearly 300 million people surnamed Li, accounting for 13%.
There are hundreds of surnames as the source of Guang's surname Li. Originally, it was taken as the surname from the popular official position in the "win-win" Spring and Autumn Period. Taoism was founded by my grandparents, so Li was later passed down as Li. As early as the Tang Dynasty, Li was the surname of founding fathers such as, An, Du, Hu, Zhang, Xian, Xiangma, Guo and Abu, or 16 surnames such as sarira, Dong, Luo and Zhu Xie, which gave birth to the obvious development of the most common surnames in China. second
Wang is the second surname, accounting for 12% of the total. Generally speaking, descendants of the emperor are called princes, princes, and then as a surname, Wang Xing, which is also an "expensive" surname, jumped out of many other surnames. According to legend, the ancient emperors had nothing to fear, and some of them were surnamed Wang after they died. Even the ancient Korean monarchs were human.
Three: Zhang
Zhang is the third surname, accounting for 1 1.8%. According to Yuan He's surname, Qingyang, the fifth son of the Yellow Emperor, played the concept of student bow and lone star, and used the bow and arrow to command. Because of the surname Zhang, according to the legendary surname Zhang, that is, from the descendants of the Yellow Emperor, the surname Zhang and the Yellow Emperor have gradually increased since the Han Dynasty. With the rise and popularity of Taoism, the current Huangdi's surname Zhang, he said, is just like Taoist leaders at that time, such as Kaijiao and Zhang Lu.
Surname exploration
Countdown:
Yuan Yida's research team unexpectedly found that about 2,000 people have surnames: Anhui, Guoyang County in Yang Shan and Zhangwu County in Liaoning.
Interestingly, these people have no contact with each other, but it is obvious that his surname comes from, they say, a direct descendant of Yue Fei. This year, Qin Gui persecuted him and fled to the upside-down "mountain" to form a new surname. The research team helped them get in touch with each other and studied the origin of surnames, which was exactly what they said.
Countdown: Death
Yuan Yida said that "death" surnames are mainly distributed in the northwest of China, and a small number of four-character conjunctions evolved in the Northern Wei Dynasty, and the number is declining at present.
Finally: difficult (pronunciation)
The surname of Xianbei nationality in Henan Province developed in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. It was originally the name of a bird, because people worshipped birds at that time. After the surname became "difficult", it moved northward, and most of them moved to the Korean peninsula. China has rarely existed.
Last name form:
Wu, Qian Sun, especially,,, Lu Shi, Kong Zhang, Cao Yanhua, Jin Wei, Tao Jiangqi, Xie Zouyu, Lu Wei, Zhang Ma Miaofeng, Shanhua, Fang Yuren Yuan Liu Feng, Bao Shi, Tang Feilian, Shen Xue Lei Heni, Tang Tong, Yin Deficiency, Old Bisexuality, Wu Hao, Changle Fu, Pikacs Kang, Wu Yuyuan, etc. Wei's bow-sealing pentagonal fence, Wei Xiao animal husbandry, Fugujing section, Wu Xiba, Zhong Yi Palace, Chehou, talking about industrial fishing, Pang Yuyan protruding chin, printing white pregnancy place to stay, fortunately, there is a memorandum of understanding between Keshao and suppliers, from the ancient Yi people's Shenputai Island, from Hubei to wearing a Geng Moon. "District planning Piaoniushou soup is thin and inexpensive, and Li Geliao Geng is also short and salty. Uh-huh, step Xu Cangshuang, Kuang Guowen, Guanglu Que, the east pole of Shenfu, the stone, the stone and the nie seat season, Ma Qiang, the purple river, Jane Rao, Diao Kang, the back cover and Yi Huan, and Bai Qiaodong return to Haiyue Shuai Shi, Qiu Aigong, Ha Jia Chao, Gou Aorongxi, the father of the League, and Tu Zhanshulong, who rewards her with Nie Baishui Zhang Dou as Zhai Liyi, En, Qi On the fifth upper Ouyang side, Hu Yanji metallurgy, Barry Khan in a single pit, Puyang Dongfanghong loves Yangtong Guanren Lake Zangqi Mi bei chu Bay Gu Cai Zhayan in charge of Duanmu Wenbie Zhuangxiren Gongshen Tuyao Burning Wang Zechu Gongliang Hu Yan Chao Xiangyang Sheyang and Yinghua Meng Shangguan Enfu celebrities Liu Qiu are Nangong Le He Guliang and Feng.