Adolescent physiology changes greatly, and thoughts and emotions are often unstable. Families and schools should pay attention to their physical and mental health.
Menstruation usually occurs in adolescence. Average age 12- 18 years old. Few women menstruate before or after 18 years old.
Menstruation is related to the periodic changes of ovary and uterine membrane. From puberty, the eggs in the ovary gradually mature and are discharged. At the same time, the ovary secretes estrogen and progesterone, which promotes endometrial thickening and vascular proliferation and creates conditions for the development of fertilized eggs in the uterus. If the ovum is not fertilized, the secretion of estrogen and progesterone in the ovary will decrease rapidly, causing endometrial tissue necrosis and shedding, and blood vessels rupture and bleeding. Fallen endometrial debris is discharged from the vagina with blood. This is menstruation.
Breast care
The development of adolescent breasts marks the beginning of a girl's maturity. Protruding breasts also reflect the unique curvaceous beauty and healthy beauty of mature women's figure, preparing conditions for breastfeeding babies in the future. Therefore, breast protection and health care are the main aspects of female adolescent health. Some phenomena in the process of breast development may cause girls' confusion and anxiety, such as whether to wear a bra, breast dysplasia, breast too small or too large, uneven breasts on both sides, breast deformity, breast lump and so on. The following are the suggestions of health care doctors.
Girls shouldn't wear corsets.
Adolescent girls should never wear tight underwear. Corset is harmful to girls' development and health. First, when the chest is tied, the heart, lungs and great vessels are compressed, which affects the normal development of the internal organs of the body. Second, tying the chest will affect the respiratory function. Under normal circumstances, the combination of chest breathing and abdominal breathing can ensure the normal gas exchange of human body. However, the chest restraint affects the chest breathing, so that the chest can not be fully expanded, the lung tissue can not be fully extended, and the amount of inhaled air is reduced, thus affecting the whole body oxygen supply. Thirdly, chest girdling oppresses the breast, which makes the blood circulation not smooth, thus causing blood stasis in the lower part of the breast, causing pain, breast swelling and discomfort, and even nipple invagination and breast dysplasia, which affects bodybuilding and makes it difficult to breastfeed in the future. Therefore, it is necessary to repeatedly publicize the dangers of tying the chest.
(2) Wear a suitable bra
After breast development is basically finalized, girls should be instructed to choose the right bra in time. The breast development of female students is basically set at about 15 years old, but there are great individual differences. In general, you can use a soft ruler to measure the distance from the nipple to the lower edge of the breast. Bras can be worn when the vertical distance is greater than 16 cm.
Wearing a bra has the following advantages: first, it shows the beauty of a woman's figure; Secondly, it supports the breast and prevents sagging; Third, it can prevent breast diseases caused by blood stasis in the lower part of the breast; Fourth, it can relieve the local pressure of the heart, promote the smooth blood circulation, and is conducive to breast development; Fifth, it can reduce breast vibration caused by physical exercise or manual labor; Sixth, it can protect nipples from wear or pain. Bras also keep warm in autumn and winter. In a word, bra is not only an ornament, but also an essential key product for women. Because girls are different in size, their breasts are different in size. You must choose a bra of the right size. It should feel comfortable and not tight after wearing it. You should also change your bra at any time according to the changes of your physical development and growth. Don't blindly pursue the beauty of your figure and force yourself to wear an inappropriate bra. The texture of the bra should be soft and absorbent. Wash and change frequently.
(3) Breast hygiene
Adolescent girls. Because of endocrine reasons, breast swelling pain, nipple itching and pain may occur before and after menstrual cycle. At this time, girls should never squeeze their breasts casually. Pick out their nipples to avoid infection. Always clean nipples, areola and breasts. Because areola has many glands, it will secrete oily substances. It can protect the skin, but it can also be contaminated with dirt, causing redness and swelling. So keep your breasts clean and hygienic.
(4) If you find that breast dysplasia is too small or too large, bilateral breast dysplasia, breast dysplasia, breast deformity and breast lump, don't panic. If these conditions are found, we can first exercise breast muscles through bodybuilding to make breasts plump, and then we should carry out appropriate treatment under the guidance of doctors. Girls can't determine whether their breasts are stunted until their bodies are fully mature. Don't jump to conclusions
Menstrual care
Young girls are often frightened by the first vaginal bleeding. When they know that it is normal menarche, they may feel at a loss about how to deal with menstruation. Therefore, it is necessary to learn menstrual hygiene knowledge before menarche.
Menstruation is a process in which women's endometrium exfoliates and menstrual blood is discharged from the vagina. During the menstrual period, the endometrium falls off to form a wound. The normal acidic environment in the vagina may also be diluted by the exudation of menstrual blood. At the same time, the cervix is slightly open, and pelvic congestion leads to the decline of local defense function of reproductive organs. If you don't pay attention to hygiene, bacteria can easily invade the reproductive organs. During the menstrual period of girls, the brain excitability decreases, the whole body resistance decreases, and the body is prone to fatigue.
(1) Keep the vulva clean and wash the vulva with clean warm water frequently. Avoid scabbing during menstruation. When cleaning the vulva, don't soak your lower body in water to avoid dirty water infiltrating into the vagina. Do not wash vulva with foot towel and foot washing. The basin for washing vulva should also be separated from the footbath. Wipe the toilet paper from front to back after defecation. This can avoid bringing bacteria around the anus to the vulva.
(2) Maintain an optimistic and stable mood during menstruation. Girls often feel irritable, irritable or depressed because of some physical discomfort, such as breast pain, backache, abdominal distension and headache. Emotional fluctuations in turn affect menstruation. Maintaining a good mood and self-regulating emotions can relieve menstrual discomfort and prevent menstrual disorders.
(3) Proper control of physical activity during menstruation should pay attention to rest and keep enough sleep to enhance the body's resistance and avoid strenuous physical exercise and heavy physical labor. If female students go to physical education class during menstruation, they can explain the situation to the teacher and take part in some relaxing sports, such as gymnastics, walking, playing badminton or table tennis.
(4) Keep warm. During menstruation, the body's resistance drops. Pelvic congestion. Keep warm. Avoid getting wet, wading, swimming or bathing in cold water. Wash your hair and feet. It is also best not to sit on the wet ground. Don't drink too many cold drinks in summer to avoid catching a cold. Caught a cold. Stimulate pelvic vasoconstriction. Lead to decreased menstrual flow or sudden menopause. Cause other diseases.
(5) Pay attention to food hygiene. Strengthen nutrition. During menstruation, you can eat some foods that are easy to digest and absorb, such as eggs, lean meat, bean products, vegetables and fruits. At the same time, drink plenty of boiled water, increase the frequency of urination, and flush the urethra to prevent inflammation. Don't eat anything cold, spicy or irritating. Keep the stool unobstructed and reduce pelvic congestion.
(6) Keep a record of menstrual cycle. By recording, you can observe whether your menstruation is regular, and it is also convenient for you to prepare before menstruation. If your period doesn't come according to the date, you should see a doctor and find out the reason in time.
Perineal hygiene
Adolescent girls are in a stage of vigorous metabolism. Sweat glands and sebaceous glands secrete a lot to moisturize the surrounding skin. Dirt can easily accumulate on the wrinkled wall of labia majora, especially for obese girls. In addition, in adolescence, due to active ovarian function, vaginal secretions increase, and vulva and vagina are close to anus or urethra, which is easily polluted by urine and feces. These reasons will cause pruritus vulvae in girls, and may also lead to secondary infection and folliculitis. Long-term itching stimulation may cause insomnia.
First, wash the vulva with warm water every night. Generally, it is not necessary to use disinfectants such as potassium permanganate, so as to avoid adverse stimulation to vulva and vagina.
Second, wash the basin of vulva. Towels and water should be used separately. They shouldn't be mixed with footbath. Towels and water should be used together.
Third, don't wear other people's underwear. Your underwear should be made of cotton fabric with good air permeability and strong moisture absorption.
Fourth, develop the habit of wiping toilet paper from front to back to prevent bacteria from entering the vagina.
Fifth, pay attention to menstrual hygiene. Sixth, if there is a lot of leucorrhea, odor or blood color, you should go to the hospital for examination and treatment in time to avoid vaginal infection and vulvar itching.
Characteristics and nutrition of adolescent girls
When girls enter puberty, their physiology will undergo great changes, especially for girls aged 65,438+02-65,438+07, who are in the pre-puberty. At this time, their figure will change greatly, their weight will increase, and their appearance will change greatly. Generally speaking, their height will increase by about 10cm and their weight will increase by about 7-8 kg. All organs except lymphoid tissue. The energy is 1.25 times that of adults. Therefore, adolescent girls must consume a lot of carbohydrates, as well as enough calcium, iron, vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, ascorbic acid and so on. If you are malnourished during this period, girls will be short, stunted or stunted, late menstruation, and even weak or deformed.
Daily nutritional requirements of adolescent girls
Adolescent girls are active and grow rapidly, so the demand for various nutrients is bound to increase. In addition to adequate carbohydrates, protein 70-90 mg, calcium 1- 1.5 mg, iron 13-17 mg, vitamin A 2200-2500 IU or carotene 3 should be supplemented daily. 8+0.3- 1.8 mg, vitamin B2 1. 1.6 mg, nicotinic acid 13- 18 mg, vitamin C 70- 100 mg and vitamin d 400-. Syndrome. Otherwise, there will be symptoms such as nutritional deficiency and stunting. However, if girls consume too much nutrition every day, then too much nutrition will be converted into fat and stored in the body, which will make girls fat and affect the balanced development and physical beauty of the body.