1. Works of Pre-Qin writers
Confucius, named Zhong Ni, was a thinker and educator in the Spring and Autumn Period and the founder of Confucianism. The core of thought is "benevolence". There are 20 existing Analects of Confucius, which are a collection of quotations used by his disciples to record his words and deeds. On, read l ún, select also, and select excerpts.
Mozi, named Di, was born in Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period and was the founder of Mohism. He advocated universal love, mutual non-aggression, Shang Xian and frugality. He is the author of Mozi, and now there are 53 articles.
Sun Tzu, word Changqing, a famous martial artist, was born in the State of Qi in the late Spring and Autumn Period, and was a military theorist. He wrote Sun Tzu's Art of War and Sun Tzu's Art of War, 13 articles, which were called "Military Classics" in ancient times. This is China's first military work.
Mencius was born in Zou, Shandong Province during the Warring States Period. He is a thinker, politician and educator, and a master of Confucianism after Confucius. Its central idea is "benevolence and righteousness", which advocates benevolent government, emphasizes that "the people are more valuable than the monarch" and attaches importance to the people's hearts. Put forward the theory of "good nature" on the issue of human nature. He is the author of Mencius.
Zhuangzi, a famous Zhou, was born in the Warring States Period and was a representative of the Taoist school. Zhuangzi has thirty-three volumes, also known as the South China Classic. His masterpiece is Happy Travel.
Xunzi, whose real name was Qing, was renamed in the Han Dynasty when downstream was taboo. During the Warring States Period, Zhao (Hebei) was a thinker, educator and representative of Confucianism. He put forward the theory of evil in view of Mencius' theory of good nature, and the simple materialism of "Heaven is always there" and the thought of "Man will conquer nature" in view of Confucian theory of destiny. He is the author of thirty-two articles of Xunzi, and his representative works include "Encouraging Learning" and "The Theory of Heaven".
Han Fei, a Korean at the end of the Warring States Period, was a disciple of Xun Kuang and a representative of Legalism. Politically, he put forward all kinds of policies of clear rewards and punishments, emphasizing agriculture and restraining war, advocating centralized monarchy and opposing aristocratic manipulation of politics. There are 55 works by Han Feizi, including Five Bamboo Trees, Naoko Doubting Neighborhood and Bian Que Meeting Cai Huangong.
Liezi, named Yu Kou, was born in Zheng (Henan) during the Warring States Period. He is respected as a senior by Taoism, and he values "emptiness", that is, emptiness, quietness and inaction. He is the author of Liezi 8.
Qu Yuan was born in Chu at the end of the Warring States Period. He initiated a new era of poetry from collective singing to individual independent writing. He is the founder of China's positive romantic poetry tradition, the first great patriotic poet in China, and one of the four cultural celebrities in the world (including Polish Copernicus, British Shakespeare and Italian Dante). He wrote Li Sao, China's first political lyric poem, as well as Jiu Ge, Jiu Zhang and Tian Wen, in the form of Chu Ci (that is, suffering from sorrow, leaving leads to suffering). Shejiang is one of the nine chapters. The fifth day of the fifth lunar month is the anniversary of his drowning in the Miluo River.
2. Works of writers in Han Dynasty
Jia Yi, known as Jia Sheng in the world, or Jia Changsha and Jia Taifu, was born in Luoyang (Henan), a politician and writer in the Western Han Dynasty. The main literary achievements are political essays, including 7 "sparse" essays and 58 "new books" in volume 10. His representative works include "Ode to Diaoqu Yuan" and "Ode to Pengniao". Jia Changsha Collection was compiled in Ming Dynasty, which was named for Changsha Taifu.
Sima Qian, a native of xia yang (Shaanxi), was the son of Taishiling Sima Tan. Historians and writers in the Western Han Dynasty. After many hardships, it was written into the historical records, formerly known as Taishi Gongshu.
Liu Xiang, whose real name is Ziqiang. Confucian classics, bibliographers and writers in the Western Han Dynasty. He is the author of Shuo Yuan and New Preface, and also edited The Warring States Policy and Songs of the South.
Ban Gu, whose name is Meng Jian, is from Fufeng, Shaanxi. He was a historian and writer in the Eastern Han Dynasty. More than 20 years later, he compiled China's first biographical chronology, Han Shu, which created a chronicle style of "including a generation". As far as Ci Fu is concerned, Du Liangfu is the most famous.
3. Works of writers in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
Cao Cao, named Meng De, was a politician, strategist and poet in the Three Kingdoms period. Han Xian Emperor was named Prime Minister and later Wang Wei. After his death, his son Cao Pi built Wei on behalf of Han and worshipped Cao Wei. There are also some lyric poems, such as Watching the Sea. Although turtles live a long life, there is also Li Xing by Hao.
Zhuge Liang, also known as Kong Ming, was a statesman and strategist in the Three Kingdoms period. From officials to prime ministers, the most famous poem in Shu and Han dynasties is Fu Liang's Poem, and Liezi is a famous one that has been told for generations.
Cao Pi, Jpua, Cao Cao's second son, Wei Wendi. Dian Lun is China's first monograph on literary criticism and the representative work of writers in the Three Kingdoms period.
Chen Shou, Zi Chengzuo, was a historian in the Western Jin Dynasty. He is the author of the national history book The History of the Three Kingdoms.
Tao Yuanming, whose real name is Qian and his character is Ming, is Mr. Jingjie, who calls himself Mr. Wuliu, a poet in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the first pastoral poet in China. Prose includes Peach Blossom Garden, Biography of Mr. Wuliu, and poetry includes Drinking in the Garden.
Gan Bao, the word rises. Historians and writers in the Eastern Jin Dynasty wrote China's first collection of mythical (mysterious) novels, Searching for the Gods.
Ye Fan, Zi, was a historian and essayist in the Southern Song Dynasty. Le Yangzi's Wife and Zhang Hengchuan are selected from his Book of the Later Han Dynasty, namely the Eastern Han Dynasty. "People with lofty ideals don't drink water from stealing springs, and honest people don't take food from stealing springs" comes from his "Biography of Nu Wa in the Later Han Dynasty".
Liu Yiqing was a novelist in the Song Dynasty in China, and he wrote China's first collection of notes and novels, Shi Shuo Xin Yu. This is a note novel that records anecdotes of characters in Wei and Jin Dynasties. Many stories in the book have become allusions and themes of poems, novels and plays, and some have become common idioms, such as "looking at plums to quench thirst", "infatuation" and "glib tongue".
Liu Xie, Zi Yanhe, a literary theorist in the Southern Liang Dynasty, has written 50 monographs on Chinese literary theory, covering many problems in his creation.
Li Daoyuan, Zi Ziliang, was a geographer and essayist in the Northern Wei Dynasty. Written in 40 volumes, Notes on Water Classics is a geographical chronicle with literary value.
4. Works of writers in Tang Dynasty
Wang Bo, Zi Zi 'an, one of the four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty, was a writer in the Tang Dynasty. He wrote a poem "Farewell to Du Fu DuDu" and later went to Shu (Five Laws). The famous article "Preface to Wang Teng Pavilion". The author of Wang Zian's works.
Yang Jiong, the first of the four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty, was famous for "joining the army".
Lu, one of the four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty, was a representative of Chang 'an in ancient times.
Luo, one of the four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty, is represented by Political Prisoners Listening to Cicada, and there is another famous work, Qiuwuban, whose anthology is Linhai Collection.
He, Zi Jizhen, was a poet in the Tang Dynasty. The book "Back to Hometown" (The Four Wonders) is a masterpiece.
Wang Zhihuan, a poet in Tang Dynasty. His "Liangzhou Ci" and "Dengque Lou" are the treasures of the quatrains in the Tang Dynasty.
Meng Haoran was an idyllic poet in Tang Dynasty. Passing through Old Villages (Five Methods) depicts the pastoral scenery of green mountains and green rivers and the peasant flavor of "talking about Sang Ma with a cup in hand", which embodies the true feelings of poets and villagers. "Spring Dawn" (Five Wonders) describes the scene of spring dawn and the feeling of early spring, and has become a good poem that has been passed down through the ages.
Wang Changling, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, was good at four-character poems and wrote about the military life of the frontier fortress at that time. He is magnificent and elegant in style. His seven poems, such as Farewell to Xin Jian in Furong Inn and Chusai, are famous in the capital.
Wang Wei, whose real name is Cimo, was originally named Wang Youcheng. Pastoral poet of the Tang Dynasty, whose famous works include Birds Singing in the Stream (Five Unique Poems), Yuan Shi Er An Xi (Seven Unique Poems) and Hunting (Five Laws). Su Shi praised Wang Wei's words, "There are paintings in poems and poems in paintings".
Li Bai, the word Taibai, was a romantic poet in Tang Dynasty. The official worships Hanlin. Because of his arrogant personality, he was not tolerated by powerful people, which deepened his understanding of corrupt society and wrote poems attacking the extravagance of imperial power and powerful people and accusing the reality of political darkness. Thoughts on a Quiet Night, Songs of Autumn Pu, Looking at Tianmen Mountain, Farewell to Friends, Seven Ancient Poems, It's Hard to Walk on Mount Tianmu. The author of the complete works of Li Taibai.
Gao Shi, with a rich word, was a frontier poet in Tang Dynasty. His poems reflect the border situation and the sufferings of soldiers at that time, including Yan Gexing and Don't Move Big (seven unique poems).
Cui Hao, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, was a scholar of Kaiyuan and the eunuch of Yuan Wailang, a Si Xun. His frontier poems are generous and heroic. The Yellow Crane Tower (Seven Laws) is highly respected by Li Bai.
Du Fu, with beautiful words, once lived in Shaoling West, south of Chang 'an. He claimed to be the grandfather of Shaoling, who was known as Du Shaoling, a native of Gongxian County, Henan Province, and a realistic poet in the Tang Dynasty. He once wandered around and lived in Chang 'an for ten years. He was captured in the Anshi Rebellion, escaped from his post and stayed to collect the remains. After abandoning the official, he moved to Chengdu and built a thatched cottage on the banks of Huanhua River, known as Huanhuacaotang in the world. Ren Jiannan was once thrifty and joined the army, and was called Du Gongbu by the world. His works show the historical process of the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline, which is called "the history of poetry", including Du Gongbu's poems. His masterpiece "From Beijing to Fengxian, Sing 500 Words" and his poems "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells".
Cen Can, a frontier poet in the Tang Dynasty, was born in history, and the official was the secretariat of history. I have been in the army for many years and have a profound understanding of frontier life, including Cenjiazhou's poems. Bai Xuege sent Tian Shuji Wu home (seven ancient books).
Han Yu, a native of Heyang (Henan), claimed to be Changli (a well-known family in the county), and posthumous title Han Changli, also known as Han Wengong, went from official department to official department assistant, also known as Korean official department. Prose writer and poet in the Tang Dynasty, together with Liu Zongyuan, was an advocate of the "ancient prose movement", and was listed as the first of the "eight masters in the Tang and Song Dynasties", and he wrote the Collected Works of Mr. Changli.
Liu Yuxi, a litterateur and philosopher in the Tang Dynasty, wrote Collected Works of Liu Mengde, and Humble Room Inscription was selected from Quan. The famous sentence "Qian Fan passed by the sinking boat, and Wan Muchun was in front of the sick tree" comes from "Reward Lotte Yangzhou for the First Time", which is profound in philosophy and well-known.
Bai Juyi, whose real name is Lotte, is a Buddhist in Xiangshan, a former official prince of Shaofu, also known as Bai Taifu. Xia (Shaanxi) Tang Dynasty poet advocated that "articles should be written in time, songs and poems should be written about things", and he wrote Bai Changqing's Collection. He is an advocate of the New Yuefu Movement, with satirical poems Qin Zhongyin and New Yuefu, long narrative poems Song of Eternal Sorrow and Pipa. There are also Charcoal Man (seven ancient stories) and Spring Tour of Qiantang Lake (seven methods).
Liu Zongyuan, a native of Hedong, is known as "Liu Hedong". Because of his failure to participate in the political reform, he was demoted to Sima Yongzhou and moved to Liuzhou to be the secretariat, known as Liu Liuzhou. Advocating the ancient prose movement with Han Yu is one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. There are feudal theory of heaven, biographies of anecdotes of Duan Taiwei, biographies of children's lodging, theory of snake catchers, fable prose, Three Commandments, Eight Notes of Yongzhou, one of landscape travels, and the book "East Collection of Liuhe".
Du Mu, named Mu Zhi, was a writer in the Tang Dynasty. In his later years, he lived in Fan Chuan Villa in the south of Chang 'an. Known as Du Fanchuan, he is good at satirizing current events in the form of quatrains, such as Red Cliff and Crossing the Qing Palace. Author of Fan Chuan's collected works.
5. Works of Song Dynasty Writers
Liu Yong, formerly known as Qin Qing, is known as Trilateral, ranking seventh in the world and Liu Qi in the world. He is also an official and foreign minister of wasteland reclamation, and is known as Liu wasteland reclamation in the world. The first professional poet in the Northern Song Dynasty. A bohemian man, he was down and out all his life. He was good at expressing his feelings about traveling and serving. He wrote the Collection of Movements.
Fan Zhongyan, Wen Xi, was a statesman, strategist and writer in the Northern Song Dynasty. The term "fisherman's pride" reflects the frontier life. When he was demoted to Dengzhou, he wrote a famous article "Yueyang Tower" and wrote "Fan Wenzheng's Official Document Collection".
Ouyang Xiu, whose real name is Yong Shu, was originally named Zuiweng, Liu Yiju, posthumous title Wenzhong, a writer and historian in the Northern Song Dynasty, a leader of the ancient prose movement in the Northern Song Dynasty, and one of the eight great poets in the Tang and Song Dynasties. Advocate both "Wen" and "Dao", and oppose extravagant style of writing. His prose is eloquent, lyrical and euphemistic. On June 1st, the poetic talk created a new style of poetic talk, which had a certain influence on the development of poetic theory in later generations. Author of Ouyang Wenzhong's Collection of Official Documents.
Su Xun, a native of Meishan (Sichuan), was an essayist in the Northern Song Dynasty. The author of Jackie. The Theory of Six Kingdoms is selected from Jiaxu Quanshu. The Bill of Rights includes ten articles, all of which are comments on politics and history. He and his sons, Su Shi and Su Zhe, are also called "Three Sus" and are among the "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties".
Sima Guang, whose name is Junshi, was born in Sioux, Xia County, Shaanxi Province. He is known by the world as Mr. Xu Shui, a historian and writer in the Northern Song Dynasty, and an official to prime minister. He died in August when he was in office, and pursued the history of Wen Guogong. Author of Sima Zheng Wen's official collection of documents. Politically conservative, against Wang Anshi's political reform. He has made immortal contributions in the academic field, and spent 19 years compiling Zi Tong Zhi Jian, the largest chronological general history in China, which, together with Historical Records, is known as "a double gem of history".
Wang Anshi, named Fu Jie, was born in the mid-levels, and was the official to the prime minister. Known as Gong Jingwang, posthumous title Wang Wengong. Linchuan (Jiangxi) people. Political reformer, thinker and writer in Northern Song Dynasty. His prose is vigorous and powerful, and he is one of the "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties". Shang Zhong Yong is an excerpt from Wang Wen's official document.
Shen Kuo, a native of Qiantang (Hangzhou), was a scientist and politician in the Northern Song Dynasty. His "Meng Qian Bi Tan" (26 volumes) is a comprehensive academic monograph with notes and the first scientific work in China.
Su Shi, Zi Zizhan, named Dongpo layman, was a writer and painter in the Northern Song Dynasty. The official is the history of the Ministry of Rites and pursues Wenzhong. His writing style is clear and fluent, and he is listed as one of the "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties". His bold writing has a great influence on later generations. He is the author of Complete Works of Dongpo and Dongpo Yuefu.
Li Qingzhao, whose real name is Yi 'an, whose real name is Yi 'an Jushi, was born in Jinan, Shandong Province, a poetess in the Southern Song Dynasty and the first poetess in China. His words are good at using line drawing, creating a new way and using beautiful language. Dream as a Dream is selected from Yu Shu's Ci and Li Qingzhao's Ci collection.
Lu You, a native of Yuezhou, Yinshan (Shaoxing, Zhejiang), was a patriotic poet in the Southern Song Dynasty. There are more than 9,000 existing poems with rich contents, which mainly show his patriotic enthusiasm for restoring national unity. Poems such as Guan Shanyue, Book Wrath, Farmer's Sigh, Shower, and Masterpiece of November 4th have been handed down from generation to generation, while Confession of Love and Hairpin Phoenix are words with artistic characteristics, including Crossing a Small Lonely Mountain and a Big Lonely Mountain. He is the author of "Poems by Jian Nan" and "Selected Works of Weinan".
Xin Qiji, whose name is You 'an, was born in Licheng (Jinan, Shandong) and was a patriotic poet in the Southern Song Dynasty. His lyrics expressed his patriotic enthusiasm for restoring national unity and poured out his grief and indignation. Luxurious school represented by Su Shi. There is a collection of words Jia and Short Sentences.
Jiang Kui, named Yao Zhang, is a Taoist priest in Baishi. Poyang (Jiangxi) Southern Song Dynasty poet. Most of his poems are about landscapes and tourists, including poems by Taoist Baishi.
Wen Tianxiang, born in Wenshan, Luling, Song Rui, was a patriotic politician in the Southern Song Dynasty. Writer, author of Complete Works of Mr. Wenshan. Song Zhengqi, Guide, Qijiang Moon and Postscript of Guide are all handed down by later generations.
6. Works of writers in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties
Guan Hanqing, a Beijinger, is the greatest dramatist in China's drama history and the founder of Yuan Zaju. There are more than 60 kinds of zaju, of which there are 14 kinds today, among which Yuan, Saving the Wind and Dust, Wangjiangge and Single Knife Club are the most famous, and Guan Hanqing's Opera Collection. Dou E Yuan is one of the typical tragedies in the history of China opera.
Wang Shifu, a Beijinger, was a playwright in Yuan Dynasty. His five representative works "The West Chamber", 2 1 fold. With the theme of praising anti-feudal love, he praised Zhang Sheng and Yingying's struggle for freedom of marriage, and directed at feudal ethics and marriage system, with strong anti-feudal thoughts.
Ma Zhiyuan,No. Dongli, a Beijinger, was a dramatist and essayist in Yuan Dynasty. He wrote 65,438+05 kinds of zaju, including Autumn in the Palace of Han Dynasty and Sanqu Qiu Si.
Shi Naian was a novelist in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. His masterpiece "The Water Margin", also known as "The Water Margin of Loyalty", is a long vernacular novel describing the revolutionary struggle of ancient peasants in China.
Luo Guanzhong, whose real name is Ben, is a novelist in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. According to legend, he was a student in Shi Naian and had been engaged in creation. Popular Romance 17, the masterpiece Romance of the Three Kingdoms, is a famous long historical chapter novel in ancient China, and the first chapter novel in the history of China literature. Booked 120 times.
Yu Qian, a native of Qiantang, Yan Yi, was a minister and patriotic general of the Ming Dynasty. Official to the Ministry of War, Book of Changes, Poet. There is Yu's Su Zhong Ji. Lyrics of Lime was written by the author 12 years old, and it was selected from Selected Poems and Songs of Ancient China.
Wu Cheng'en, a native of Yangshan, Jiangsu Province, was a novelist in the Ming Dynasty. When he was in his forties, his official position was only given up because he was ashamed to bend over. He was poor all his life and dissatisfied with the dark reality. The Journey to the West, China's first mythical novel in his later years, is not only a masterpiece of positive romanticism, but also the hope of saving the world and rectifying the times. Its artistry marks the new peak of China's romantic literature.
Gui Youguang, whose real name is Xifu, was born in Zhenchuan, Kunshan (Jiangsu) and later lived in Jiading, Shanghai. An essayist in the late Ming Dynasty, he was a scholar at the age of 60. He was appointed as an official of Taibu Temple in Nanjing. His prose is concise and clear, and he is good at narrative. He is the author of Collected Works of Mr. Zhenchuan. Ji Xiang Xuanzhi is selected from Selected Works of Zhenchuan.
Tang Xianzu, a native of Linchuan, Jiangxi, was a dramatist in the Ming Dynasty. He used to be a doctor in Taichang Temple in Nanjing, in charge of etiquette department. The Peony Pavilion (also known as Rebirth) is his masterpiece. Most of the plays oppose feudal ethics and pursue individual liberation.
Feng Menglong, whose word is Dragon, is the owner of Mohanzhai, a native of Changzhou (Jiangsu), and a writer of Ming Dynasty. He compiled a series of words. Yu's famous words (also known as ancient and modern novels), childlike eyes and xing Yan, collectively called "three words" and "night garden fairy" came from xing Yan.
Hong Xu (Hongzu) was born in Jiangyin in the Ming Dynasty. He is a traveler, geographer and travel prose writer, and he is the author of Xu Xiake's Travels, which is a travel prose based on diary, and the first travel prose based on diary in China. The author described the magnificence of the mountains and rivers of the motherland and expressed his love for nature. Known as "the first tour in ancient and modern times", "Traveling to Huangshan" comes from this book. Huangshan Mountain in Anhui Province has four wonders: strange pines, strange rocks, sea of clouds and hot springs. )
Li Yu, Li Hong,no. Li Weng, born in Lanxi, Zhejiang Province, was a drama theorist and playwright in the Qing Dynasty. "Lotus" is excerpted from "Planting Department" of Li Daiweng's Family Tales.
Pu Songling, born in Zichuan (Shandong) and Liu Quan, is known as Mr. Liaozhai. It took him decades to write the first collection of short stories in classical Chinese, Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio.
Fang Bao, whose real name is Gao Ling and whose real name is Wang Xi, is from Tongcheng, Anhui. Prose writer in Qing dynasty, right assistant minister of official etiquette department. He is the founder of Tongcheng School. Prose is mostly classics, prefaces and postscripts, letters and entertainment.
China's first satirical novel The Scholars, written by Wu, a novelist in Qing Dynasty, has 55 chapters.
Cao Xueqin, whose real name is Meng Ruan and whose real name is Qin Xue, was born in Feng Run, Hebei Province. He is a novelist in Qing Dynasty. It took him ten years to write The Story of the Stone (A Dream of Red Mansions, also known as Jinyuyuan). The book was unfinished and died of illness. The last forty chapters are continued by Gao E (è), the whole book 18.
Yuan Mei, a native of Qiantang (Hangzhou), Zhejiang Province, was a poet and essayist in Qing Dynasty, and once served as a magistrate of a county. After resigning, he built a garden at the foot of Xiaocang Mountain in Jiangning and lived in it. He became a layman in Cangshan. Mourning for my sister is selected from his Collection of Kokura Hills and is also the author of Poems with the Garden.
Yao Nai, whose name is Ji Chuan and whose name is Bao Xuan, is known as Mr. Bao, an essayist in Qing Dynasty. Tongcheng School in Anhui Province is another great school after He Kui. It is pointed out that the article should clarify the Confucian theory of ancient Chinese prose by means of "textual research" and "ci". "Climbing Mount Tai" is selected from Xi Baoxuan's Poems, among which "Watching the sun in the snow" is especially praised by later generations.
Gong Zizhen, a native of Renhe (Hangzhou), Zhejiang Province, was a thinker and writer in the Qing Dynasty. He was in charge of official ceremony, then resigned and returned to South China. He has profound attainments in Confucian classics, literature and historical geography. He is the main figure of "Modern Literature School" and one of the pioneers of modern reform movement. In the year of Jihai (the 19th year of Daoguang), on my way home, I wrote a 3 15 quatrain with the general title Jihai Zashi. Express feelings about state affairs and joys and sorrows of life experiences.
Liu E, pen name Tieyun, born in Hongdu Bailian, born in Jiangsu Dantu (Zhenjiang), was a novelist in the late Qing Dynasty, proficient in mathematics, medical skills and water conservancy. His Travels of Lao Can is one of China's four condemnation novels in the late Qing Dynasty.
Adventure witnessed in 20 years is one of the four condemnation novels in the late Qing Dynasty.
Li Sheng was born in Wujin, Jiangsu, a novelist in the late Qing Dynasty (modern times). His Officialdom in the Sky is one of the four condemnation novels in the late Qing Dynasty.
Ceng Pu, a native of Changshu, Jiangsu Province, is a modern novelist who can speak French. Evil Sea Flower is one of the four condemnation novels in the late Qing Dynasty.
Liang Qichao, whose real name is Zhuo Ru, is Ren Gong, the owner of the igloo, and a native of Xinhui, Guangdong. 1898 leaders, politicians and writers of the reform movement. On young chinese and Tan Sitong are both from The Ice Room Collection. (b) China's ancient books and masterpieces.
1. Four Books and Five Classics
"Four Books" refers to four Confucian classics, namely The Analects of Confucius, Daxue, The Doctrine of the Mean and Mencius.
The Five Classics are five Confucian classics, namely The Book of Songs, The Book of Songs, The Book of Rites (Zhou Li, Yi Li and Li Ji), The Book of Changes and The Spring and Autumn Period.
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2. The Book of Songs
The Book of Songs is China's first collection of poems. It contains works of about 500 years from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the mid-Spring and Autumn Period. The Book of Songs is commonly known as The Book of Songs or Three Hundred Poems. It was not until the Han Dynasty that Confucianism regarded it as a classic and called it The Book of Songs, with 305 articles. It is divided into three parts: wind, elegance and praise. "Wind" is also called "national wind" * *160, and most of them are local folk songs, which are the essence of the Book of Songs, such as Ge Tan and Shuo Shu. "Ya" is divided into "Ya" and "Xiaoya", 105. Most of them are works of royal literati in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and there are also a few folk songs. Most of them describe the history of Zhou nobles and praise them. There are 40 Odes, including Zhou Song, Truffle, Ode to Shang, etc., which are mostly music and dance music used by aristocratic rulers for sacrifice. The Book of Songs is the source of China's fine tradition of poetic realism, and its ideological content and artistic achievements have had a far-reaching impact on the development of China literature, especially poetry. The form of poetry is mainly four words, mostly rhyming with alternate sentences, and the techniques of "Fu", "Bi" and "Xing" are widely used, which has the characteristics of chapters and sentences.
3. Zuo Zhuan
Zuo Zhuan is China's first chronological history book with detailed and complete narration. Originally known as Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals, also known as Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals, it is said that it was written by Lu historian Zuo Qiuming. This chronicle began in the year of Lu Yin and ended in the twenty-seventh year of Lu Aigong (468 BC), and recorded the history of more than 250 years in the Spring and Autumn Period. Zuo Zhuan has high literary value and great influence on later generations.
4. "Mandarin"
Guoyu is the earliest national history book in China, with a volume of ***2 1. It was written by Zuo Qiuming. According to different countries, the book records the history of more than 500 years from Zhou Muwang to King Zhou. The obvious difference between Guoyu and Zuozhuan is that Guoyu is written in different countries, and wins by memorizing words; Zuo Zhuan is written in chronological order, which is longer than remembering things.
5. Song of the South
Chu Ci is China's first collection of romantic poems. Because the form of poetry is formed on the basis of Chu folk songs, and a large number of local products and dialect vocabulary of Chu are quoted in this paper, it is called "Chu Ci". The Songs of the South are mainly the works of Qu Yuan, and the representative work is Li Sao, so later generations also call the Songs of the South "Sao Style". At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang collected the works of Qu Yuan, Song Yu and others and compiled them into an anthology. Chuci is the source of China's positive romantic poetry creation.
6. Lu Chunqiu
Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, also known as Lu Lan, is the representative work of sages in the pre-Qin period. It was compiled by Lv Buwei, a master of the Qin Dynasty at the end of the Warring States Period. There are 26 volumes in the book, and Chajin is selected as the teaching material.
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7. Shan Hai Jing
The Classic of Mountains and Seas, a masterpiece of China's ancient geography. The content is mainly the geographical knowledge in ancient folk customs, including mountains and rivers, products, medicine, sacrifices, witch doctors and so on. It is of reference value to the study of ancient history, geography, culture, nationalities and myths. Among them, a large number of ancient myths and legends are preserved, such as "The Yellow Emperor fought against Chiyou", "Yu contended for water", "Jing Wei seized the sea" and "chasing the sun", which are precious materials for later writers.
8. Warring States policy
The Warring States Policy is a national history book compiled by Liu Xiang at the end of the Western Han Dynasty, with 33 chapters. From the 16th year of Zhou Pingzhen (453 BC) to the first year of Qin Ershi (209 BC), the historical facts of politics, military affairs and diplomacy of various countries during the Warring States Period were sorted out, with the emphasis on the strategists' strategies and remarks. The Warring States Policy is very successful in language application, and its unique language style is composed of eloquent argumentation, extravagant narration, sharp satire and intriguing humor. It marks the development of China's ancient historical prose to a new height, and has a great influence on the creation of later prose and ci-fu.
9. A New Ode to Yutai
The collection of Yutai New Poems edited by Chen in the Southern Dynasties, with volume 10, was written in Liang, which is another influential collection of ancient poems after The Book of Songs and Songs of the South. Representative works include Peacock Flying Southeast (original title: Ancient Poems by Jiao Zhongqing's Wife).
10. Yuefu Poetry
Guo Song Mao Qian's Collection of Yuefu Poems. Collect Yuefu songs from Han, Wei, Tang and Five Dynasties, and ballads from pre-Qin to the end of Tang Dynasty. Including folk songs and literati works, as well as the original words and imitations of future generations. Yuefu was originally a music organ set up by the government at that time, specializing in making music movements and collecting and sorting out songs of folk music from all over the country. These movements and songs were later called "Yuefu Poems" and became a new poetic style after The Book of Songs and Songs of the South.
1 1.24 History
It refers to 24 historical books from Historical Records to Ming History. Among them, middle school textbooks involve: Historical Records (Sima Qian of Han Dynasty); Han Shu (Ban Gu in the Eastern Han Dynasty); The Book of the Later Han Dynasty (Ye Fan in Southern Song Dynasty); The reflection, (Chen Jinshou); New Tang Book (Song Ouyang Xiu); History of the New Five Dynasties (Song Ouyang Xiu); Ming history (Zhang Qing, Yu Ting, etc. ).
12. Four histories
It refers to the first four histories of the twenty-four histories, namely, Historical Records, Hanshu, Houhanshu and The History of the Three Kingdoms. Sikuquanshu is a large-scale comprehensive series of ancient books compiled by officials in Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty. * * * Collected 346 1 species and 79,309 volumes of important ancient books before Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty, repackaged them into more than 36,000 volumes, and classified them according to classics (books listed as classics and annotated classics by Confucianism), history (books describing historical facts, geographical territory, official positions, etc.), and volumes (hundreds of works since the Warring States Period and various technologies such as workers, peasants, soldiers and doctors).
1. Pre-Qin literature
There are two sources of pre-Qin literature, realism and romanticism.
The Book of Songs is divided into 300 poems, which reflects the reality.
This technique is reminiscent of Fu Bixing's masterpieces "Storytelling" and "Cutting Tan".
Romanticism is Chu Ci, and Li Sao was written by Qu Yuan.
There are two schools of prose in the pre-Qin period, so we should remember all the "philosophers" and history books.
Confucianism, Mohism and Taoism belong to hundred schools of thought, and each has its own works handed down from generation to generation;
The Confucian Analects of Mencius, Mohist Mozi can be seen;
Laozi and Zhuangzi of Taoism are masterpieces of legalist Han Fei.
There are two styles of historical prose, which are divided into "country" and "chronological";
The former is Mandarin and Warring States Policy, and the latter is Chunqiu and Zuozhuan.
2. Literature of Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
During the Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the achievements of poetry were relatively high:
"Yuefu Double Walls" is praised by people, and Jian 'an literature promotes "Three Caos"; ③
The ancestor of pastoral is Tao Qian, and the legacy of "picking chrysanthemums" can be seen in moral integrity.
Historical Records is the first biographical style, which is called "Li Sao has no rhyme";
Ban Gu inherited Sima Yi (4) and the chronological innovation of Hanshu;
Jia's essay "On Qin" is full of momentum;
"Be a Teacher" is famous for later generations, and "Peach Blossom Garden" is enjoyable.
Ci and Fu are prevalent, and Zhang Heng's The Second Beijing seems to be near misses.
Literary criticism is also on the rise, and Wen Xin Diao Long is really superb.
Parallel prose pursues formal beauty, and the novel is still rough at first.
3. Literature of Tang Dynasty
The prosperous Tang Dynasty is as tired as a mountain, and the "four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty" are extraordinary;
Wang Yang and Luo Lu wrote metrical poems and memorized all the metrical poems and quatrains.
The romantic poet pushed Li Bai and sang "Difficult Road to Shu" all the way.
Realism is Du Fu, while Three Officials and Three Farewells are unusual.
Lotte advocates new Yuefu, and Pipa Xing and Song of Eternal Sorrow are all famous.
Pastoral school has Wang Meng, Gao and Cen singing poems.
In the middle Tang Dynasty, Li He "negotiated" with Duo and Jia Dao and passed them down from generation to generation.
The rise of "Little Du Li" in the late Tang Dynasty ⑤; Since then, it has settled like dust.
Liu Han's ancient prose is innovative, and Epang Palace Fu has been sung for thousands of years.
The legend of the Tang Dynasty has matured, and the representative work is Liu Yichuan.
4. Literature of Song Dynasty
There are a vast number of literary words in Song Dynasty, which can be divided into graceful and unconstrained.
Liu Guan and Li Qingzhao are romantic and affectionate.
Su Shi opened the bold school, and The River of No Return was full of high spirits.
Xin Qiji, a patriotic poet, is in high spirits.
Wang Zeng and Ouyang Xiu inherited the articles of Han and Liu;
Although Gong Fan's works are few, the story of Yueyang Tower shines brilliantly.
Lu Fangweng, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, still misses the idea of returning home in Shizi.
Who hasn't died since ancient times? Future generations cherish the memory of Wen Tianxiang.
General History Chronicle I, Zi Tongzhi Jane, Sima Guang.
Shen Kuo, the author of Meng Qian's pen talk, is very famous.
5. Yuan, Ming and Qing literature
There are two kinds of Sanqu in Yuan Dynasty, poems and collections are different.
Zaju represents the four great masters, with Guan Hanqing as the first;
Dou E's tragedy has been passed down through the ages, and the characters are the most vivid.
The other three are Zheng Mabai, and The West Chamber has a good reputation.
There are many outstanding plays in Ming and Qing Dynasties, such as Peach Blossom Fan and Peony Pavilion.
Novels are all chapters and chapters, and The Four Classic Novels are the peak.
Scholars will never forget how popular Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio is.
There is also a collection of short stories, Sanyan edited by Feng Menglong.
Fang Bao started Yao Nai, and his prose genre is called Tongcheng School.
Gong Zizhen, a famous poet in the late Qing Dynasty, advised God.
[Note] ① There are 305 articles in The Book of Songs, and "300" is an integer. (2) refers to "Peacock Flying Southeast" and "Mulan Poetry". ③ Cao Cao, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi. ④ Sima Qian. (5) refers to Li Shangyin and Du Mu. 6. Zheng Guangzu, Ma Zhiyuan and Bai Pu.