(a) Operational errors, neglect of safety and warnings
1. Not using machines and equipment in the prescribed way. For example, start, shut down and move the machine without permission; There is no signal when the machine is started or shut down; The switch is not locked, resulting in accidental rotation, power supply or leakage; Forgot to turn off the equipment, etc.
2, the use of mechanical equipment, tools, etc.
3, motor vehicle speeding, motor vehicle illegal driving, etc.
4. Preventive measures: Safety rules and regulations and safety technology operating rules must be strictly implemented, and every employee must work in strict accordance with operating rules and consciously abide by rules and regulations and disciplines.
(2) Failing to take safety measures.
1, the mechanical part was not securely fixed, and no accident danger was prevented.
2. Do not prevent the mechanical device from starting suddenly, and do not set necessary signs and signals.
3. Preventive measures: Safety measures are effective means to ensure safe production, which should be paid attention to by relevant departments and every employee. Before operation, it should be strictly checked to ensure that it is not operated without effective safety measures. During the operation, you should stick to your post and operate in strict accordance with the operating procedures.
(3) Failure of safety protection device
1. Dismantle or remove the safety device, which makes the safety device ineffective or improperly adjusted.
2. Preventive measures: For the convenience of work, don't dismantle or move the safety protection device illegally. Before the safety device is operated, it should be carefully checked and confirmed to be effective before production operation. In the normal operation process, people's unsafe consciousness often leads to a dangerous state, thus burying hidden dangers of accidents and causing harm to others or themselves. In view of this situation, in addition to regular safety education for employees, relevant departments must also strengthen inspections and conduct mutual inspections among employees to eliminate people's unsafe awareness and prevent dangerous situations.
(four) the use of protective equipment, protective clothing defects
1, no protective equipment, * * * safety protective equipment.
2, the choice or use of protective equipment is wrong.
3. Use unsafe clothes. For example, * * * work clothes enter the construction site to work, etc.
4. Preventive measures: In order to improve the use effect of labor protection articles, in addition to reasonable distribution and correct use, employees should also be educated to take good care of public property, properly maintain it, put an end to indiscriminate use and littering, and prevent damage and loss. What needs to be particularly emphasized is that special labor protection articles and appliances must be kept by special personnel according to the maintenance requirements of the articles, and selected correctly to avoid deterioration, aging and failure, resulting in accidents or personal injuries.
(5) Other unsafe behaviors.
1, use hands instead of tools. For example, using hands instead of hand tools; There are distracting behaviors.
2. Forced operation without confirming whether it is safe or not, or extracting objects from the middle or bottom of the machine.
3. Throwing represents passing, unnecessary running or mischief.
4. Preventive measures: In order to achieve safe production, every employee is required to always abide by the safety operation rules and various safety rules and regulations, prohibit illegal operations, strictly enforce the operation discipline and labor discipline, and completely eradicate unsafe behaviors or phenomena.
Identification of psychological factors affecting safety by intransitive verbs
(A) the characteristics of self-expression psychology
This kind of psychology is more prominent in new employees and young employees. They often show confidence and confidence, and like to show their abilities in front of others. But some employees don't pretend to understand and operate blindly; Some have little knowledge, are full of experts, and take risks. The psychology of self-expression often leads to touching and tampering with machinery and equipment, which must be overcome. This dangerous behavior must be stopped and corrected in time.
Question 2: What are the risk factors of enterprises? How to improve the preventive ability? The industry and trade industry has a wide range of fields, many enterprises, many employees and weak security foundation. In recent years, the major risk factors of industrial and trade enterprises have become the main source of various production safety accidents. Serious accidents caused by flammable and explosive dust, high-temperature molten metal, metallurgical gas, liquid ammonia, etc. often occur. In order to improve the risk prevention ability of industrial and trade enterprises and effectively prevent and contain all kinds of accidents, especially serious production accidents, the State Administration of Work Safety has decided to carry out an action plan to identify and control major risk factors and improve accident prevention ability of industrial and trade enterprises from 20 16 to 2020, focusing on six industries, including metallurgy, nonferrous metals, building materials, machinery, light industry and textiles.
First, the overall thinking and objectives
Incorporate the identification and control of major risk factors into the standardization construction of enterprise safety production, the construction of hidden danger investigation and management system, special rectification and daily supervision, adhere to the principles of problem-oriented, classified guidance, source control, tackling both the symptoms and root causes, and paying attention to practical results, adhere to the combination of the present and the long term, pay attention to infrastructure construction and key breakthroughs, and implement the responsibilities and measures for identification and control of major risk factors to enterprise posts step by step, grasp facts and details, and promote enterprises to improve their ability of accident prevention and safety management.
After five years' efforts, by 2020, a long-term mechanism for safe production in the industry and trade industry will be established, focusing on the identification and control of major risk factors, based on the standardization of enterprise safety production and the construction of hidden dangers investigation and management system, focusing on differentiated supervision and precise law enforcement, focusing on the implementation of enterprise post responsibilities at all levels, which will significantly improve the safety foundation of enterprises, significantly improve the intrinsic safety level, significantly reduce the total number of accidents and deaths, effectively curb serious accidents, and achieve a fundamental improvement in the situation of safe production.
Ii. Task 1 Implementing the corporate responsibility.
All regions should organize relevant enterprises within their jurisdiction to carry out the identification of major risk factors, and urge enterprises to establish a responsibility system for the identification and control of major risk factors in industry and trade in accordance with the Guidance Manual for the Identification and Prevention of Major Risk Factors in Industry and Trade (20 16 Edition) (hereinafter referred to as the Guidance Manual, please download it from the website of the State Administration of Work Safety), improve the safety management system in combination with the actual situation, and decompose and implement the responsibilities step by step. According to the instruction manual, identify major risk factors, register and file, implement effective preventive measures, conduct regular inspections and safety risk assessments, and strengthen daily control; Set up obvious safety warning signs on the production and business premises and related facilities and equipment with greater risk factors; Incorporate the identified main risk factors, their preventive measures and emergency treatment methods into the post operation procedures, achieve "one post and one order", and train employees to master them skillfully.
Relevant central enterprises should play an exemplary role, make unified arrangements, supervise and guide subordinate enterprises to implement their responsibilities step by step in accordance with the above requirements, and earnestly achieve results.
2. Deepen the construction of hidden danger investigation and management system.
All regions should combine the implementation of the instruction manual with the promotion of the construction of the hidden danger investigation and management system, identify and keep a close eye on the major risk factors of enterprises, take the places, parts and links with major risk factors as the focus of self-examination, self-correction and self-reporting of enterprises, implement risk level control, increase the frequency of inspection, urge enterprises to strictly implement the responsibility of investigation and management, and timely discover and eliminate hidden dangers of accidents.
3. Improve the quality of safety production standardization construction.
All regions should combine the implementation of the instruction manual with the promotion of enterprise safety production standardization construction, focus on the identification and control of major risk factors, run through all aspects of standardization construction, strengthen self-assessment, evaluation, supervision and inspection involving major risk factors, strictly implement standards, and strictly enforce them, so as to improve the quality of enterprise standardization construction and the basic management level of enterprise safety.
4. Strengthen safety supervision and law enforcement.
All regions should promote the implementation of work by law enforcement, combine the implementation instruction manual with daily supervision and law enforcement, insist on identifying and controlling major risk factors as the key content of safety supervision, continue to carry out targeted law enforcement inspections, establish and improve enterprise ledgers, master enterprise risk factors and identification and control capabilities, and refine supervision and guidance. If the relevant requirements are not implemented in place, find them together, investigate them together, and urge the rectification to be in place together; Enterprises that meet the requirements and can effectively identify and control risk factors can be given more independent management space.
5. Strengthen education and training.
All regions should take the relevant contents of the instruction manual as the contents of publicity, education and training ... >>
Question 3: What are the risk factors of coronary heart disease? 1. Learning CAD may cause damage to brain cells, and you will lose sleep when you study hard;
2. Staring at the computer screen will deepen myopia. In severe cases, it will cause severe vision loss, often accompanied by eye swelling and eye pain;
3. It may alienate friends and family and cause family conflicts;
4. When delving into three dimensions, you may have hallucinations and regard virtuality as reality;
5. Sometimes, although the computer is turned off, I still think about the drawing problem of CAD, which may cause accidents such as traffic accidents and accidental falls on the road;
6. Excessive brain use may cause cerebral hemorrhage and endanger life;
7. Sitting in front of the computer for a long time and concentrating on CAD may cause diseases such as lumbar disc herniation, cervical spondylosis or scapulohumeral periarthritis;
8. Abnormal eating time may induce stomach trouble or unconsciously gnaw mice.
Think of these for the time being.
Question 4: What are the common risk factors of occupational exposure?
1. 1 Lack of knowledge of occupational exposure and weak awareness of self-protection. With the sharp increase of medical accidents and medical lawsuits, most of them occur in obstetrics and gynecology, among which obstetrics is the most common. Midwives work under high risk and strong pressure every day, and devote all their energy to lying-in women and newborns, ignoring their own occupational protection and the handling of accidental injuries during childbirth, which lays a hidden danger for occupational exposure.
1.2 The illegal operation of midwifery is sometimes unpredictable, such as urgent delivery, late admission of parturient or due to subjective and objective factors such as high temperature in delivery room. Some midwives are too late or unwilling to wear protective masks and high boots. They only wear masks, hats and gloves, and sometimes their hands are broken. In this way, blood and amniotic fluid can easily splash on their faces, hands and feet. The longer the blood is exposed, the more dangerous it is.
1.3 Improper use of medical devices belongs to one of the natural environments, and its use process permeates every dimension required by a healthy working environment, such as skilled communication, genuine cooperation, effective decision-making, appropriate staff, meaningful cognition and authoritative leadership. Only by reaching these dimensions can the safe use of medical devices be promoted. Therefore, the safe use of medical devices is the embodiment of a healthy working environment [3]. However, midwifery itself is risky and random, and sometimes the estimation of fetal weight is biased and the fetal head is exposed, so a lateral perineal incision is taken temporarily. Midwifery is inseparable from scissors, needles and other sharp tools every day. If the operation of medical devices is improper or unskilled, coupled with psychological pressure and inattention, it is easy to have occupational exposure.
1.4 The operation was sloppy and the items were placed in confusion. Some midwives leave things lying around on the delivery bed. During the short period of delivery, they often rummaged for scissors, but there was more blood and amniotic fluid on the delivery bed. If they are not careful, it is easy for them to injure themselves by mistake and expose themselves to occupation.
1.5 The layout of the delivery bed is unreasonable, and the disinfection and sterilization measures are not strict. Delivery room is an important place for parturient to give birth. However, due to unreasonable layout, poor working conditions, dim light, small room area and other reasons, air disinfection in some maternal and child rooms is unqualified. For example, the electronic air sterilizer should be set to 20 square meters, but some maternal and child rooms are not up to standard in air disinfection and articles are not qualified in disinfection and sterilization.
1.6 Improper handling of occupational exposure When a midwife has occupational exposure, the first reaction is fear, panic, confusion, not knowing how to handle it correctly or improper squeezing in panic. Improper handling of exposure sources will aggravate occupational exposure.
Question 5: What are the genetic risk factors of chronic diseases?
Bad living habits (greasy food, staying up late, eating disorders, etc.). ) (big correlation)
environmental pollution
age
...
Question 6: What are the risk factors of nosocomial infection? Nosocomial infection: refers to the infection acquired by inpatients in the hospital, including the infection during hospitalization and the infection after discharge, but excluding the infection that started before admission or was in the incubation period when admission. The infection acquired by hospital staff in the hospital is also a hospital infection. Subjective factors: medical staff have insufficient understanding of hospital infection and its harm; Can not strictly implement aseptic technology and disinfection and isolation system; Hospital rules and regulations are not perfect, there is no sound pre-inspection and triage system in outpatient and emergency departments, and there is no sanitary disposal system in inpatient departments, which leads to the spread of infectious sources. In addition, the lack of monitoring of disinfection and sterilization effect can not effectively control the occurrence of hospital infection. Objective factors: 65,438+0, the number of invasive diagnosis and treatment methods increased; 2, the use of immunosuppressive therapy, due to the need of treatment, the use of hormones or immunosuppressants, after receiving chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the patient's autoimmune function decreased and became susceptible. 3. Serious environmental pollution There are many sources of infection in hospitals, so the environmental pollution is also serious.
Satisfied, please adopt.
Question 7: What are the occupational hazards? According to their sources, occupational hazard factors can be divided into the following three categories:
(A) harmful factors in the production process
1, chemical factors: including many chemicals and productive dust in the production process.
2. Physical factors: including abnormal meteorological conditions, abnormal air pressure, noise, vibration, non-ionizing radiation, ionizing radiation, etc.
3. Biological factors: infectious pathogens such as Bacillus anthracis, Brucella and forest encephalitis virus.
(B) harmful factors in the process of labor
It mainly includes unreasonable labor organization and labor system, excessive labor intensity, excessive mental or psychological tension, excessive tension of individual organs or systems during labor, long-term bad labor, unreasonable labor tools and so on.
(c) Harmful factors in the production environment
It mainly includes the production environmental pollution caused by natural environmental factors, unreasonable factory buildings or layout, and other harmful factors discharged in the production process.
Question 8: In the classification of hazardous and harmful factors in production process, what is the material factor? Classification and code of hazardous and harmful factors in the production process are 2009- 10- 15. This standard replaced GB/T 1386 1- before implementation. Compared with GB/T13861-1992, the main changes of this standard are as follows:-The "normative reference document" has been added; -Add "terms and definitions"; -The code structure is changed from "three layers" to "four layers"; The six categories were changed into four categories, namely "human factors", "material factors", "environmental factors" and "management factors". This standard is proposed by China National Institute of Standardization. This standard is under the jurisdiction of the National Technical Committee for Standardization of Information Classification and Coding. Drafting units of this standard: China National Institute of Standardization, China Research Institute of Safety Production Supervision and Management, and Liaoning Research Institute of Safety Production Supervision and Management. Main drafters of this standard: Zhang Yanqi, Liu Ji, Hao and Li Ronghua. The distribution of the previous version replaced by this standard is:-GB/T13861-1992. Classification and code range of hazardous and harmful factors in the production process 1 This standard specifies the classification and code of various main hazardous and harmful factors in the production process. This standard is applicable to the prediction and prevention of dangerous and harmful factors, the identification and analysis of the causes of casualty accidents, and the processing and exchange of occupational safety and health information when planning, designing and organizing production in various industries. 2 normative reference documents The clauses in the following documents become the clauses of this standard through the reference of this standard. All subsequent modifications (excluding errata) or revisions of dated reference documents are not applicable to this standard. However, parties who have reached an agreement according to this standard are encouraged to study whether the latest versions of these versions can be used. For undated reference documents, the latest edition is applicable to this standard. GB 13690 classification and marking of commonly used hazardous chemicals 3 terms and definitions the following terms and definitions apply to this standard. 3. 1 Production process The whole process of workers engaging in production activities at the production site 3.2 Dangerous and harmful factors will cause casualties, affect people's health and even cause diseases. 3.3 Human factors in production activities come from human or man-made natural dangerous and harmful factors. 3.4 Physical factors: dangerous and harmful factors in machinery, equipment, facilities and materials. 3.5 Environmental factors Dangerous and harmful factors in the production environment. 3.6 Risk and harmful factors caused by management of management factors and lack of management responsibility. 4 Classification Principles and Code Structure This standard classifies hazardous and harmful factors according to their nature in the production process. Dangerous and harmful factors in the production process can be divided into four categories, namely human factors, material factors, environmental factors and management factors. The codes in this standard are classified codes, which are represented by six digits. * * * is divided into four layers. The first floor and the second floor use one digit to represent the big category and the middle category respectively; The third layer and the fourth layer represent the small class and the fine class with two digits respectively. The code structure is shown in figure 1. * * * *-code │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 947 table 1 the classification and code table of hazardous and harmful factors in the production process indicates 1 human factors11. kloc-0/ 1 1 10 103 10 199 1 102 1 103 104 1 1 1 04010401165438, which is easy to cause fatigue, strain and injury.
Question 9: What are the occupational hazards? The occupational diseases mentioned in the Law on the Prevention and Control of Occupational Diseases refer to the diseases caused by workers of enterprises, institutions, individual economic organizations and other employers who are exposed to dust, radioactive substances and other toxic and harmful factors in their professional activities.
Patients suffering from occupational diseases must be employees of employers such as enterprises, institutions or individual economic organizations. They may not suffer from occupational diseases when exposed to occupational hazards, and work-related diseases may not all be occupational diseases. Occupational diseases have their specific scope, that is, statutory occupational diseases stipulated by the state. All patients with statutory occupational diseases can enjoy the occupational disease treatment prescribed by the state according to law.
Occupational hazards in the workplace can be divided into the following three categories according to their sources:
1. Harmful factors in the production process: such as lead, benzene series, chlorine, mercury and other productive poisons; Productive dust, noise, ionizing radiation and infectious pathogens;
2. Harmful factors in the labor process: such as unreasonable labor organization and system, unreasonable work and rest system, excessive labor intensity or improper production quotas, and mental (psychological) occupational stress of workers; Being in bad posture or posture for a long time, or using unreasonable tools to work, etc.
3. Harmful factors in the production environment: including the role of natural environmental factors, such as high temperature radiation in hot season and poor ventilation caused by closed doors and windows in cold season; Unreasonable plant construction or layout, such as toxic workshop and non-toxic workshop being arranged in one workshop, and unreasonable production technology causing environmental pollution.