2. The themes of industrial organization and measurement rules include the company's investment or withdrawal, reform, the role of trademarks and so on.
3. Law Economics applies microeconomics to the selection, implementation and related efficiency of legal system.
4. Labor economics measures wages, employment and labor market dynamics.
5. Public goods policy (so-called public economics) studies government taxation and public expenditure and the economic effects of these policies. (e.g. social welfare issues)
6. Political economy studies the economic role of the political system in determining policy outcomes. Health economics is an institution that studies the health care system, including the role of health care labor and medical insurance.
7. Urban economics studies the challenges faced by cities, such as urban expansion, air and water pollution, traffic congestion and property rights, and applies microeconomics to urban geography and sociology.
8. Financial economics test topics such as ideal investment portfolio, return on capital, econometric analysis of safe return, financial behavior of corporate institutions, etc.
9. Economic History uses methods and techniques in the fields of economics, history, geography, sociology, psychology and political science to study the development of economy and economic system.
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Historically, the study of microeconomics is based on Léon Walras's theory in Principles of Pure Economics? (1874) and the local equilibrium theory introduced by alfred marshall in Principles of Economics (1890).
Marshall method and Walras method belong to neoclassical large-scale microeconomics. Neoclassical economics focuses on how consumers and producers make rational choices to maximize their economic well-being, which is limited by how much income and resources they have.
Neoclassical economists make simplified assumptions about the market-such as complete knowledge, unlimited number of buyers and sellers, homogeneous goods or static variables-to construct mathematical models of economic behavior.