In view of the impact of the above natural disasters on the incidence of infectious diseases, the prevention
In view of the impact of the above natural disasters on the incidence of infectious diseases, the prevention and control of infectious diseases after natural disasters should have different characteristics from usual, and the organization and leadership of prevention and control should be the relevant departments of * * * *. According to the characteristics of infectious diseases in disaster period, the control of infectious diseases can be divided into four periods.
Pre-disaster period
China is a big country, and some areas are prone to natural disasters. Therefore, preparations should be made before disasters occur, including the prevention and control of infectious diseases.
1. Accumulation of basic data. In order to formulate scientific prevention and control countermeasures in times of disasters, attention should be paid to the accumulation of basic data in peacetime, including population data, health data, incidence data of infectious diseases, distribution data of major endemic diseases and distribution data of major animal hosts and vectors.
2, formulate infectious disease control plan. In some disaster-prone areas, such as earthquake-active areas, low-lying areas in the lower reaches of major rivers and flood diversion areas, there should be emergency plans when disasters occur, including infectious disease control plans. The plan should determine the focus of disease prevention in different periods according to the specific situation of each disaster-prone area. The deployment of mobile teams that can be sent to disaster areas, as well as the storage location and deployment plan of urgently needed disease prevention materials and equipment, should also be considered in prevention.
Due to the sudden occurrence of natural disasters, it is impossible to make a plan for every area that may be affected. In order to facilitate demonstration, we should make a more detailed plan according to some typical areas.
3, mobile epidemic prevention team to prepare. Due to the impact of natural disasters, disaster areas often do not have enough health and epidemic prevention and medical strength to deal with emergencies that have occurred. In the face of sudden disasters, the existing epidemic prevention teams are often in a state of temporary confusion and paralysis. Therefore, when a major natural disaster occurs, it is necessary to send a mobile epidemic prevention team into the disaster area to support disease control.
4. For some disaster-prone areas, the personnel of these mobile teams should be trained regularly to let them know about the health and diseases in the main mobile direction and the problems they may encounter after entering the disaster area. When the personnel changes, the personnel of these mobile teams should also be supplemented and adjusted in time to cope with emergencies at any time.
2. Disaster shock period
When a large-scale natural disaster strikes suddenly, it is almost impossible to carry out effective disease prevention and control. However, during this period, medical teams sent to disaster areas for the purpose of emergency rescue should be equipped with enough drinking water disinfection places and drugs to prevent and treat intestinal infectious diseases, and pay attention to the signs of large-scale infectious diseases and carry out appropriate treatment to control the initial outbreak of diseases.
Late period of three disasters
When residents in disaster areas are out of danger and temporarily live in safe areas, disease prevention and control should be carried out systematically:
1, rebuild the surveillance system of mass diseases.
Due to the impact of major natural disasters, the disaster relief work is heavy and the personnel flow frequently, the disease monitoring and reporting system established at ordinary times is often paralyzed in the early days after the disaster. Therefore, the primary task of the health management department and the mobile epidemic prevention team should be to rectify it and re-establish the epidemic reporting system according to the situation of the victims, so as to find the epidemic situation in time and deal with it correctly. The contents of monitoring should include not only the legally reported infectious diseases, but also the temporary residence and mobility of the population, the occurrence of major diseases, and the number of rodents and vectors in and around the residents' temporary residence.
2. Rebuild the safe drinking water system.
Because the destruction of water diversion system poses the most serious threat to people, all possible measures should be taken to restore and ensure the safe drinking water supply first.
3. Vigorously carry out health campaigns.
Improving the sanitary conditions of temporary shelters after disasters is an important link to reduce the occurrence of diseases. Therefore, when residents are basically out of danger and arrive at a safe place, they should be organized to continuously improve the sanitary conditions at home, remove garbage and dirt, spray pesticides regularly to reduce the density of mosquitoes and flies, and carry out rodent control when necessary.
When reconstruction begins after the disaster, the sanitary conditions of the original residence should be improved before moving back to the original residence.
4. Prevent the invasion of blood-sucking insects.
It is impossible to reduce the density of blood-sucking insects to a safe level when residents are forced to sleep outdoors. Therefore, the main means to prevent insect-borne infectious diseases is to prevent insect bites. You can use all possible methods to protect people from the bites of blood-sucking insects such as mosquitoes. For example, use plants with natural insect repellent function to fumigate mosquitoes, and try to transfer mosquito nets, mosquito repellent and other materials to the disaster area.
5, timely find and deal with the source of infection.
Under the condition of major natural disasters, it is often difficult to improve the phenomenon of crowded population and mixed living of people and animals in a short time. Therefore, finding patients and timely and correct isolation treatment are the basic means to reduce infectious diseases.
Some diseases, such as hepatitis and malaria, are the only source of infection. Therefore, residents in disaster areas should pay special attention to finding such patients in time and transferring them to medical units with isolation conditions for treatment.
In addition, many diseases can occur not only in humans, but also in animals. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the inspection of domestic animals such as pigs, cattle, horses and dogs in the disaster areas, find the infection of leptospira, schistosomiasis and Japanese encephalitis in time, and deal with the animals that become the source of infection in time.
6, out of the crowd for diagnosis.
After the fire, a large number of people will leave the disaster area in the form of engaging in labor activities or visiting relatives and friends. Therefore, in the surrounding areas of the disaster area, especially in large and medium-sized cities, people from the disaster area should be specially inspected to find the epidemic signs of infectious diseases in time. In some endemic areas, these floating population should also be immunized to avoid the outbreak of some endemic infectious diseases.
Four aftereffects
When the affected people moved back to their original places of residence and started post-disaster reconstruction, the prevention and control of post-disaster infectious diseases entered the stage of aiming at post-disaster effects.
1. Carry out physical examination and immunization for the returned population.
At this stage, the population flowing out of the disaster area began to return home one after another, and the focus of infectious disease prevention and control work should be shifted to prevent the returning population from having a second peak.
People who go out to engage in labor services may enter some epidemic areas, get infected there, and may bring the host and media of the disease back to their hometown. Therefore, inspection should be strengthened among returnees to find out which epidemic areas they have been to, such as plague, brucellosis and schistosomiasis, and check these possible situations. If patients are found, they should be treated immediately.
Babies born in other places often lack immunity to some common diseases in their hometown, so it is necessary to strengthen the examination of infants and young children in order to find and treat their diseases in time.
Because it is difficult for floating population to carry out normal planned immunization work, there is often an immunization gap between these populations. Therefore, timely supplementary immunization is an important measure to prevent the incidence from rising.
2. Reconstruction of disaster areas and re-investigation of diseases.
Natural disasters can often cause the expansion of animal infectious diseases such as schistosomiasis, leptospirosis and epidemic hemorrhagic fever, and lead to changes in the distribution and epidemic intensity of animal diseases. Therefore, in the post-disaster reconstruction period, we should re-investigate the distribution of these diseases and take corresponding preventive measures to prevent them from breaking out during the reconstruction process.
For families and individuals in disaster areas, we should pay attention to the following points:
1 Pay attention to the cleanliness of drinking water. If possible, follow the instructions of the disaster relief personnel and disinfect them strictly with drugs. If there are no conditions, try to boil the water before drinking. Never quote polluted water just because of trouble.
Pay attention to food hygiene and avoid eating some foods of unknown origin, so as not to cause further harm.
Cooperate with disaster relief personnel to kill flies, mosquitoes and rats, and do everything possible to prevent mosquito bites.
If you find anything unusual, such as someone around you getting sick, having a fever, suffering from board disease, etc. , it shall immediately report to the disaster relief personnel or relevant departments.
Try to avoid sharing rooms with many people, and try to avoid living with animals, even your own poultry and livestock.
6 unless necessary, don't move at will without the organization and guidance of relevant personnel. People who go out should not rush into the disaster area because they care about the safety of their relatives and friends.
When the supply of tap water and other water sources is interrupted after the disaster, and it is necessary to drink groundwater, fire water and other residential water, attention should be paid to ensuring the safety of drinking water. After the disaster, if the tap water supply is interrupted, bottled water should be given priority, or boiled in a designated place for drinking.