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Analysis:
An Important Ideological Resource of "Universal Ethics" —— The Moral Philosophy of The Analects of Confucius (Liu Argument)
The Analects of Confucius has more than fifteen thousand words. Throughout the book, there is always a very clear idea: to teach people to handle the relationship between "benefit" and "righteousness", that is, to handle the relationship between interest and morality. This is the basic problem of moral philosophy. There is always a basic relationship between any society and the places where people live, which is an unavoidable problem for anyone. Many viewpoints expounded in The Analects of Confucius are aimed at teaching people to control benefits (that is, interests) with righteousness (that is, morality), using morality as a tool to balance interests, and firmly controlling people's strong desire for interests within the scope permitted by the overall interests of society, so as to safeguard interests. From this point of view, on the basis of "Zi Han stresses profit", it is concluded that Confucius and pre-Qin Confucianism only emphasize "righteousness" and exclude "profit". This is an unscientific conclusion that goes against the actual thoughts of Confucius and pre-Qin Confucianism.
In the Analects of Confucius, Confucius and his disciples discussed and debated the relationship between righteousness and benefit many times, and also made many positive statements, which clearly showed the basic propositions and firm positions of Confucius and pre-Qin Confucianism on the relationship between righteousness and benefit:
"The Analects of Confucius. "Liren has a saying:
Confucius said, "Being rich and expensive is what people want; If you don't follow the path, there is nowhere. Poverty and meanness are disgusting to people; Don't go if you don't get it by the way.
Do it for the benefit, but complain more.
A gentleman is figurative, while a villain is figurative.
There is a saying in "The Analects of Confucius Yong Ye Pian":
Fan Chi asked. Confucius said, "I know the significance of serving the people and staying away from ghosts and gods."
"The Analects of Confucius Lutz" records:
It's Ju's father, asking about politics. Confucius said, "Haste makes waste. Haste makes waste; Seeing small profits can't be a big deal. "
Notes on The Analects of Confucius: Xian Wen Pian;
Luz asked an adult. ..... Confucius said, "Why do you need to be an adult today? See what is right, you can give your life. If you don't forget the words for a long time, you can become an adult. "
Zhang Zishuo, "When a person sees danger and death, he understands what he means ..."
The remarks of Confucius and his disciples about the relationship between righteousness and benefit recorded in The Analects of Confucius all show that Confucius and his disciples advocate that the relationship between righteousness and benefit should be controlled by righteousness, so that it can maintain a certain balance in the dynamic development of society, thus achieving social stability and development. This basic idea was vividly reflected in Mencius, another master of Confucianism in the pre-Qin period, and in Ming Che.
"Mencius Liang Zhangju" records:
Mencius met Liang. The king said, "You have come a long way, but will it benefit our country?"
Mencius said to him, "Why should you talk about profit? There is also righteousness. "
Mencius was afraid that Liang Huiwang would not understand his intention, and then he knew what was at stake:
Wang said, "Why is it good for our country?" ? The doctor said, "Why is it good for my family?" ? Shu Ren said, "Why is it good for me?" ? It is dangerous for the state to pay taxes from top to bottom. If the country of a thousand riders kills its monarch, it will be the home of a thousand riders; A thousand times the country kills its king, then a hundred times the home. It's not too much to walk a thousand roads and a hundred roads. Righteousness before righteousness, profit first, and embarrassment if you don't take it. Those who leave their relatives without benevolence and righteousness, and those who leave their husbands without benevolence and righteousness. Wang also said that it was only benevolence and righteousness, so why should he say profit?
Zhu took notes after this passage:
Cheng Zi said: A gentleman does not seek profit, but seeking profit is harmful. Different people have different opinions, and it is also good for wise people to see wisdom. At that time, everyone in the world was mercenary, and they no longer knew that there was a distinction between righteousness and benevolence. Therefore, Mencius said benevolence, not benefit, so it is also the heart of a saint to pull out its plug and save its disadvantages. (Four Books, Chapters and Sentences)
Mencius' Liang Jiao clearly shows Mencius' and pre-Qin Confucianists' views on justice and interests, and emphasizes that justice is used to restrict and guarantee greater, longer-lasting and more fundamental interests. To this end, we must prevent quick success and instant benefit. As the king of a country, if you only care about the present and grab "profits" by any means, the result may be that the country is ruined and lost. What is the "profit" at this time? Sima Qian, a thinker and historian in Han dynasty, has a better understanding of this Confucian view of justice and benefit. He said:
I read Mencius' book until Liang asked,' Why is it good for our country? I sighed and didn't give up. Yue: Hehe, it's the beginning of profit-seeking chaos! Masters seldom talk about benefits, but always guard against the original. Therefore,' put it in the interests and complain more'. As for Shu Ren during the day, why are the advantages and disadvantages different? (Biography of Historical Records, Mencius and Xun Qing)
Sima Qian not only understood, but also affirmed and recognized the above Confucian concept of justice and benefit.
Since Confucius, the concept of justice and benefit of Confucius and pre-Qin Confucianism has had a far-reaching positive impact on the Chinese nation. For more than two thousand years, it has been the most basic guiding principle for us to deal with and solve all the relationships between "benefit" and "righteousness" at home and abroad. Practice has proved that the basic proposition of "righteousness" controlling "benefit" in pre-Qin Confucianism has strong vitality. Especially today when China is building a socialist market economy, Confucius' and pre-Qin Confucianists' views of "righteousness" and "benefit" still have many positive effects of promoting good and restraining evil. In international communication, we adhere to this principle. No matter in economic or political exchanges, we can quickly gain each other's trust and make more and more friends. All this benefits from China's profound traditional culture, especially the profound pre-Qin Confucian culture.
Nowadays, the market economy is almost all over the world, and many people "struggle" for some "economic" or "political" interests, which really corresponds to what the ancients said: "Strive for fame in the DPRK and benefit the world." When we study and discuss the "universal ethics" and moral philosophy of The Analects of Confucius, we should pay attention to and clarify the moral principles of Confucius and pre-Qin Confucianism. Some of the basic ideas still have positive reference for the construction of "universal ethics"
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Do what you want. -not seeking benefits?
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