(1) Primary prevention
The etiology of most mental disorders is still unclear. Prevent the causes of mental disorders from the social and family levels. First of all, we should give clear guidance from policies and regulations; Develop the national economy and improve the economic level, so as to establish a solid material foundation and better prevent mental disorders. At the same time, carry out national education to promote the popularization of medical knowledge and make the whole society pay attention to mental disorders and their prevention; Improve the health status of the whole people, improve the health level, improve the quality of medical services, and effectively carry out primary prevention of mental disorders. Mental health education should be carried out among people exposed to group crisis events and people at high risk of diseases to reduce the psychological pressure of groups and individuals.
It is necessary to carry out targeted disease prevention for people of all ages. Fetal period is the primitive stage of human individual development. Various tissues and organs, including the nervous system, are developing and forming. Harmful factors affecting maternal health will affect the development of the fetus and even cause nervous system development disorders. The most common are various infections, followed by many poisoning factors. For example, some substances that mothers contact during pregnancy, such as lead, mercury, methanol, manganese, arsenic, carbon monoxide, carbon tetrachloride, etc., will have an impact on the fetus, so we should attach great importance to the publicity and implementation of maternal health care. It is worth emphasizing that in recent years, many drugs have been found to have teratogenic effects or affect fetal development, which should arouse widespread concern in the medical field. As for the harm of abusing sleeping pills, anesthetics and addictive drugs to the fetus, it has aroused widespread concern. In maternal and child health care, we should pay special attention to prenatal examination and midwifery, and eliminate many factors such as birth injury and fetal hypoxia or asphyxia during delivery, and eliminate unfavorable factors affecting fetal development from all aspects.
From infancy to preschool, the development of brain structure and function is particularly rapid, but it is also very fragile, so special attention should be paid to disease prevention and health care in infancy. Infectious diseases of central nervous system, such as encephalitis, meningitis and brain trauma, can cause brain injury, secondary mental retardation, personality abnormality, epilepsy or language dysfunction. In addition, we should pay attention to the nutrition and sleep of infants and children, and pay attention to training their speech and excretion functions. During this period, because the baby's excitement process is more dominant than the inhibition process, the subcortical activity is more than the cortical activity, and the activity is full of emotional color, but the inhibition ability is not perfect, so it is easy to appear excitement, fatigue, external stimulation, inattention, emotional instability and crying. Therefore, parents and kindergarten teachers should pay full attention to the correct rearing of babies.
From preschool to school-age children, the excitability and internal inhibition of the brain are enhanced, and the consciousness of behavior is gradually enhanced. They can gradually control and coordinate individual behaviors and gradually conform to the behavioral norms in the external environment. The results suggest that children's behavior problems are related to family background, environmental factors and social psychological factors, involving parents' educational level, family atmosphere, parents' expectations of children, educational energy, family type, children's academic performance, gender, partnership and the season when children were born.
School age is also an important moment for children's physical and mental development. Therefore, we should pay full attention to the moral, intellectual and physical education and health care of school-age children. First of all, we should cultivate children's habits of personal hygiene and respect for public health; School building equipment should also meet the requirements of children's physical and mental health as much as possible. For school-age children of different ages, we should conscientiously carry out ideological and moral education. If there is a bad tendency among students, measures should be taken in time to guide the situation and do a good job in preventing procrastination. At the same time, the family environment plays a great role, and the key point is to improve the scientific and cultural quality of parents.
When a child reaches puberty, under complicated living conditions, the function of the brain has developed obviously, and the secondary sexual characteristics have changed obviously, which is followed by many psychological changes. Therefore, we should attach great importance to adolescent sexual knowledge education, so that teenagers can be mentally healthy, full of emotions and develop along a normal lifestyle. In adolescence, due to the above endocrine and metabolic changes, there have been obvious changes in physiology and unprecedented contact and contact between individuals and the environment in psychology. Therefore, the two are often prone to temporary imbalance and some neuropsychiatric dysfunction or other mental disorders. To this end, we should also take corresponding measures in advance to guide and help them better adapt to physiological and psychological changes. At puberty, a person can really evaluate himself and others' moral quality and behavior, and begin to independently handle and dominate his own activities and behaviors. It is necessary to carry out psychological counseling and popularize mental health knowledge among teenagers in order to prevent and reduce the occurrence of psychological problems. The contents of psychological counseling mainly include trying to adapt to the new environment, correctly handling interpersonal relationships, studying learning methods, improving learning efficiency, combining work and rest, and correctly treating love issues.
The physical changes of female menopause are obvious, and the endocrine system and autonomic nervous system are obviously unbalanced, which will affect the higher nervous activity of cerebral cortex and show menopausal symptoms to varying degrees. A few people suffer from menopausal depression or paranoia caused by some mental trauma. People who suffer from affective psychosis in youth are also prone to menopause, and their main clinical manifestations are anxiety and depression. Therefore, attention should be paid to the prevention and treatment of mental trauma and physical diseases. For those with menopausal symptoms, endocrine and other treatments should be taken in time.
In old age, there will be many changes in the organizational structure and function of the human body, and the mental function naturally tends to be dull, lacking flexibility and vigilance; Physical diseases such as hypertension, arteriosclerosis and heart disease have also increased; Those who are prone to organic or functional mental disorders are relatively increasing in today's aging society. Therefore, to pay attention to the mental health of the elderly, we must first prevent the occurrence of psychogenic diseases in the elderly; Actively prevent physical diseases at an early stage, pay attention to improving brain function, and prevent mental disorders caused by ischemic brain diseases. Secondly, it is necessary to carry out publicity and consultation on mental health of the elderly, popularize medical and health knowledge, and enhance their adaptability.
(2) Secondary prevention
For all kinds of mental disorders, early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment are all aimed at achieving the best curative effect. For schizophrenia, early detection, early treatment and prevention of recurrence should be the main measures. This requires the establishment of institutions for the prevention and treatment of mental illness in the community. Popularize the knowledge of mental illness prevention and treatment through primary medical and health institutions. Because the etiology of affective disorder is not completely clear, its prevention can only start with early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment of the disease, so as to strive for good curative effect, prevent sequelae and reduce the harm caused by the disease. It is of great significance to carry out psychological intervention and family psychological education, reduce stress factors from family environment, avoid excessive accusation or emotional intervention, and improve patients' coping ability for preventing diseases and reducing recurrence. At the same time, through the community mental disorder prevention and control institutions to carry out various prevention and control work. For anxiety disorder, the onset is mostly related to physical quality, personality characteristics or mental stress. According to the characteristics of anxiety disorder with multiple causes, multiple mechanisms and multiple clinical manifestations, popularize mental health knowledge, especially psychological consultation, psychological support and psychotherapy in general hospitals, so that patients who repeatedly go to general hospitals but are not treated in mental hospitals can be correctly diagnosed and treated in time, and the influence of neurosis on their lives and work can be reduced.
(3) tertiary prevention
Most mental disorders will cause different degrees of disability and increase the burden on families and society. Strengthen the treatment and rehabilitation of key mental disorders, highlight the intervention of psychological and behavioral problems of key groups, and strive to provide assistance to patients with mental disorders to prevent and reduce the occurrence of mental disabilities. The rehabilitation of mental disability needs to be combined with the needs of different levels of mental disability for environmental support. Hospitalization is a measure taken by patients in acute phase, which belongs to institutional rehabilitation. Extended services are provided during the remission period, and rehabilitation institutions send professionals to the site to provide professional rehabilitation services for rehabilitation objects. Community rehabilitation in the recovery period. Provide long-term and extensive support and supervision for people with severe mental disorders, and implement conditional supervision for people with mild and moderate mental disorders according to specific conditions. Provide appropriate vocational training for people with mental disabilities of Grade III and IV; On the basis of education and training, general jobs can be arranged for people with mental disabilities of Grade IV to achieve centralized sheltered employment; For people with third-degree mental disability, simple operation can be arranged in combination with their behavioral and intellectual characteristics; For the second-degree mental disabled, they can combine their behavioral and intellectual characteristics and engage in simple operational work accompanied by caregivers; For people with first-degree mental disability, because they need long-term supervision, it is not suitable and impossible to find employment, but they can receive rehabilitation training. Rehabilitation includes methods or means to realize the rehabilitation of mentally disabled people, including medical services, articles and appliances, rehabilitation training and services.
Hospitals or specialized medical institutions help the disabled to recover or compensate their functions through medication, psychotherapy or other forms of treatment, and improve their self-care ability and social adaptability. Carry out rehabilitation training and services. Disabled Persons' Federation, health or other departments provide all kinds of training, training guidance, rehabilitation nursing, psychological consultation, popularization of disability prevention knowledge, health education, publicity of scientific safety awareness and related consultation and referral for mentally disabled people and their relatives and friends.