Working an average of 6.29 days a week and 8.93 hours a day.
70% to 80% didn't buy insurance, and most of them lived in simple dormitories.
Two thirds don't go to regular hospitals.
Children studying in cities spend an average of 2450 yuan a year.
Although living conditions are generally poor, labor intensity is high, social security is poor, and culture and entertainment are few, most migrant workers still recognize the current life situation in the city and are full of hope for their future life.
This is what the National Bureau of Statistics said in a survey released today.
Investigators believe that migrant workers go out to work and do business mainly to increase their income, increase their knowledge and learn technology. From rural areas to cities, migrant workers began to renew their ideas, change their lifestyles and enrich their pockets and brains. Especially young people are active in thinking and have a strong ability to accept new things. Many people don't like agriculture and don't want to stay on the land all their lives.
The survey was launched in August this year and conducted by the Service Industry Survey Center of the National Bureau of Statistics, and conducted face-to-face interviews with 29,425 migrant workers of all types nationwide.
A person from the National Bureau of Statistics said that although the state has reduced the various fees and burdens of farmers, in rural areas, there are many people and few land, and the income of farmers is still very low. Although it is hard to go out to work, most of them still choose to go out to work and do business.
Living conditions are still difficult.
According to the survey data, the average monthly income of migrant workers who go to work and do business in cities is 966 yuan, more than half of which is lower than that of 800 yuan, and only 10% of them earn more than 1500 yuan. The average monthly income of male migrant workers is 1068 yuan, and that of female migrant workers is 777 yuan.
Among the 12 industries surveyed, the average monthly income of migrant workers in mining industry is the highest, which is 1327 yuan, followed by construction industry, which is 1 178 yuan.
About half of migrant workers spend more than 40% of their monthly income. At the same time, half of the migrant workers sent back half of their income to their hometown.
The survey shows that migrant workers in cities work an average of 6.29 days a week and 8.93 hours a day. Among them, 46.90% of migrant workers work seven days a week. Investigators found that the main reasons for the long working hours of migrant workers are: private and individual owners pursue high output and high efficiency, and workers actively extend their working hours in order to earn more money.
According to the survey, most migrant workers did not buy insurance. Migrant workers who did not buy endowment insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance and industrial injury insurance accounted for 73.37%, 73.77%, 84.65% and 67.46% of the total number of migrant workers surveyed respectively.
Migrant workers work in cities, and most of them live in simple dormitories. The survey shows that 29. 19% of migrant workers live in dormitories, 20. 14% in rooms lacking kitchen and bathroom facilities, 7.88% in workplaces, 6.45% in temporary sheds, and 12.54% in cities without shelter.
Investigators also found that migrant workers can generally support themselves when they are sick, and then go to pharmacies to buy medicine when they can't support themselves. Based on the survey of two-thirds of migrant workers who don't go to regular hospitals, we know that the main reasons for not going to regular hospitals are high cost, habit of not going to hospitals and lack of money.
The main leisure ways of migrant workers after work are only watching TV and sleeping, and there are almost no other entertainment activities.
Although half of the migrant workers surveyed have participated in vocational skills training, most of them are only temporary and short-term pre-job training.
The children of migrant workers spend an average of 2450 yuan in tuition fees for one school year in cities, accounting for 19.78% of the total income of these families. In addition, many children of migrant workers have to pay a certain amount of borrowing fees and sponsorship fees to go to school. The survey shows that among 5065 migrant workers with children, 2493 migrant workers paid the borrowing fee and sponsorship fee, and the per capita cost was 1226 yuan.
Although the living and working conditions of migrant workers in cities are difficult, nearly 70% of the respondents feel more comfortable with urban life. The survey results show that 5 1.97% of migrant workers are satisfied with their working conditions, 33.65% with their income level, 30.70% with their quality of life and 24.53% with their social status. In the evaluation of all aspects of work and life, migrant workers are most dissatisfied with medical care, accommodation and diet.
In addition, 55. 14% of migrant workers imagine to develop and settle in the city in the future, and 28.55% of migrant workers hope to return to their hometown after earning money or learning skills.
How to change the weak position of migrant workers
The investigators found that with the attention of all walks of life, the overall situation of migrant workers' salary payment in China has been greatly improved, but a few enterprises still deduct and default on migrant workers' salary.
Among the migrant workers surveyed, 5394 were underpaid, accounting for 20% of the total number of migrant workers surveyed, of which 8.8 1% often underpaid, and 8 1. 19% occasionally underpaid. In addition, the number of unpaid wages also accounts for 20% of the total number of migrant workers surveyed.
Nearly 40% of migrant workers have not signed any labor contract or agreement with their units, half of them can't get overtime allowance, 57% can't get compensation for work-related injuries, nearly 80% can't get paid vacation, more than 90% can't enjoy housing subsidies and housing accumulation fund, and 80% of female workers can't enjoy paid maternity leave system.
Relevant persons from the Bureau of Statistics said that even for migrant workers who signed contracts, there are still 12. 1% people who don't know the contents of the contracts and can't protect their legitimate rights and interests according to law. For some migrant workers, it is enough to have a job to earn money. It doesn't matter whether they sign the contract or not. They lack self-protection consciousness.
According to the field investigation and face-to-face interviews of relevant persons from the National Bureau of Statistics, nearly 40% of migrant workers live in sheds or dormitories. The place is narrow and crowded, and the room is dirty and messy. There is nothing but bedding and clothes. Especially in recent years, due to the reconstruction of villages in cities and the expansion of urban areas, the monthly rent of ordinary buildings in urban areas has been rising all the way, and the burden of utilities and heating costs has led to an increase in living costs year by year. So now most migrant workers choose to live in the urban-rural fringe, and several people or the whole family live in a house of 20-30 square meters. The living space is narrow, the surrounding environment is poor, the traffic is inconvenient, and the safety is not guaranteed.
At present, migrant workers are mostly engaged in occupations with low technical content and low wages. Moreover, the income level of migrant workers has not improved significantly with the economic development of China. Investigators believe that the main reasons are: on the one hand, the quality and ability of migrant workers make them mostly employed in low-wage industrial sectors, such as manufacturing, residential services, construction and other low-tech labor-intensive enterprises. Migrant workers are limited by their professional ability and their wages are low; On the other hand, imperfect institutional factors lead to unfair employment treatment of migrant workers and hinder the improvement of their wages.
They believe that in order to change the disadvantaged position of migrant workers and improve their living environment, the most fundamental thing is to change the dual structure of urban and rural areas, break the restrictions on urban and rural household registration, and let migrant workers enjoy the same public services as urban people such as employment, medical care and education.
Investigators suggest that the government and relevant departments should provide more timely and accurate information about migrant workers, provide more employment opportunities, reduce the blindness of migrant workers' going out to work, make it easier for them to find jobs when they go out, and offer some skills training courses for migrant workers to receive training and broaden their employment opportunities.
In terms of helping to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of migrant workers, the relevant persons of the National Bureau of Statistics suggested that: First, migrant workers are trapped by various taxes and fees in starting their own businesses, such as industrial and commercial tax, medical examination fees, health certificates and health permit fees. And these related costs are expected to be reduced. Second, the new cooperative medical insurance is very concerned by migrant workers, who are willing to actively participate, but the principle of territoriality restricts the implementation of this insurance. For example, migrant workers go out to work and do business and miss the insurance time, or even if they participate in the new rural cooperative medical system, they can't go to the local designated insurance hospitals for medical treatment. (Reporter Wang Leyan)
(Source: China Youth Daily)
In the next five years, China may introduce a series of policies to make nearly 200 million migrant workers truly become urban people.
Yesterday, Chen Huai, director of the Policy Research Center of the Ministry of Construction, disclosed the above information at the "China-Europe Regional Economic Development Seminar". He also told China Business News that it is the general trend to fully accept the floating population and improve the comprehensive carrying capacity of the city in combination with the Eleventh Five-Year Plan.
Fan Gang, director of the National Economic Research Institute of the China Reform Foundation, and Wang Yiming, vice president of the Macro Institute of the National Development and Reform Commission, supported this policy appeal with their own research results. Fan Gang proved in his research that labor transfer can narrow regional differences; On the other hand, Wang Yiming pointed out that the current household registration and social security policies hindered the transfer of labor.
On June 5438+00, Wang Guangtao, Minister of Construction, publicly proposed that in order to avoid the formation of a new dual structure within the city, all kinds of discriminatory provisions and unreasonable restrictions on migrant workers' employment in the city would be cleaned up and abolished.
Labor transfer has narrowed the regional differences.
Fan Gang found in the survey that more than 50% of migrant workers' income will be repatriated to their original places, which will lead to the narrowing of regional differences.
The survey shows that the wage income of farmers has become an important source of farmers' income, and the contribution rate to farmers' income has reached about 80%. In 2004, the total amount of money sent home by migrant workers was between 654.38+06.9 billion yuan and 300 billion yuan. In 2005, it is estimated to be between 654.38+096.5438+0 billion yuan and 330 billion yuan, and it is expected to increase in the next five years to 654.38+00.
Fan Gang pointed out: "It is unrealistic to build a development zone in China. It is impossible to build Lanzhou into Suzhou and inland into a developed coastal area. After all, land and water transportation is still the mainstream of world commodity transportation, which will inevitably lead to regional economic differences. Then the flow of labor force should be the key factor to narrow this gap. "
Therefore, he suggested that the state encourage the labor force to go out in areas with low per capita GDP, and at the same time lift the restrictions on labor force entry in areas with high per capita GDP to prepare for large-scale migration in the future.
Localization of labor force lags behind urban expansion.
Wang Yiming pointed out in his speech that the current situation in China is that the urban expansion is faster than the localization of the labor force. If the labor force cannot be transferred, it will aggravate the regional economic imbalance.
It is understood that in general cities, migrant workers and other floating population account for about 20%~30% of the urban registered population, and this part of the population in developed areas may be 3~4 times that of the urban registered population. There are 654.38+0.5 billion to 200 million rural surplus laborers who need to be transferred in rural areas. At present, about 90 million people actually live in cities and towns.
However, Wang Yiming said that due to policy reasons, the floating population did not take root in cities. While creating wealth for the local area, they did not fully share the benefits brought by economic development and did not enjoy the same social treatment and social security system. This will widen the economic development gap between regions and reproduce the urban-rural differences within the city.
This imbalance between urbanization and labor localization will be a hidden danger affecting the overall economic situation.
For example, in Chen Huai, most migrant workers in Sichuan Province make a living in the Pearl River Delta. However, the recent rise in the exchange rate may inhibit the export economy of the Pearl River Delta, and many laborers will face unemployment and return home in large numbers, thus causing regional administrative pressure and tight economic distribution.
Give migrant workers citizen treatment
To solve the above problems, it is urgent to revise some lagging policies. On June 5438+00, Wang Guangtao pointed out in an interview with the media that the conditions for cities to accept farmers have gradually matured.
He said that now that the city has a strong economic strength, it is necessary to implement an equal employment system in urban and rural areas in accordance with the requirements of urban and rural planning to protect the legitimate rights and interests of migrant workers.
Specific measures include: efforts to lower the threshold for farmers to enter the city for employment and settlement, and respect their freedom to choose employment and residence; We should attach importance to and carry out vocational training for migrant workers to improve their quality; Help them solve their children's education problems; Help solve the housing problem of migrant workers and give policy support to farmers in cities to buy or rent urban housing; Improve the management system of floating population, and implement citizenization for migrant workers with stable income and fixed residence in cities.