6. 1. 1. 1 The selection of raw materials should follow the principle of non-toxic substances replacing toxic substances and low-toxic substances replacing high-toxic substances.
6. 1.65438+ In order to prevent materials from running, leaking, dripping and leaking, effective sealing measures should be taken for its equipment and pipelines. The sealing form should be determined according to the process flow, equipment characteristics, production technology, safety requirements and convenient operation and maintenance, and ventilation and purification measures should be taken in combination with production technology. Mobile portable dust-proof and detoxification equipment should be designed at the same time as the main project of mobile dust and toxic substances operation.
6. 1. 1.3 In the process of dust production, dust production equipment shall be sealed; Set appropriate local exhaust and dust removal facilities to control dust sources; If the production process and dust properties can adopt wet operation, wet dust suppression should be adopted. When wet operation still can't meet the hygiene requirements, other ventilation and dust removal methods should be adopted.
6. 1.2 Washing facilities should be set up in workplaces where toxic substances, acid and alkali and other highly corrosive substances are produced or may exist; Internal structures and surfaces such as walls, ceilings and floors in highly toxic workplaces should be made of materials that are corrosion-resistant and do not absorb or adsorb toxic substances, and protective layers should be added when necessary; The workshop floor should be smooth and non-slip, easy to wash and clean; The ground that may produce liquid accumulation should be treated for seepage prevention, and a slope drainage system should be adopted, and its wastewater should be included in the industrial wastewater treatment system.
6. 1.3 A danger drain ditch (weir) shall be set around the storage tank area where acid, alkali and high-risk liquid substances are stored.
6. 1.4 The sources of dust and poisons in the workplace should be arranged at the downwind side of natural ventilation or air inlet in the workplace; When the facilities involved in the production process of releasing different toxic substances are arranged in the same building, the workplace where high toxic substances are used or produced should be isolated from other workplaces.
6. 1.5 Dust-proof and gas-proof facilities should be designed according to the natural ventilation direction of the workshop, the nature of dust and escaping poisons, the location and number of operation points and the operation mode. Channels (tunnels and corridors) frequented by people should have natural ventilation or mechanical ventilation, and it is not advisable to lay pipelines with toxic liquids or gases.
6. 1.5. 1 The design of ventilation, dust removal and detoxification shall meet the requirements of corresponding dust-proof and antivirus technical specifications and procedures.
A) When several solvents (benzene and its homologues, alcohols or acetates) vapors or several irritating gases are released into the air at the same time, the total ventilation volume shall be calculated according to the sum of the air volume required for each gas to be diluted to the specified contact limit. In addition to the above harmful gases and vapors, when other harmful substances are released into the air at the same time, only the harmful substances that need the maximum air volume are used to calculate the ventilation volume.
B) The composition and arrangement of ventilation system should be reasonable, which can meet the requirements of dust prevention and gas protection. Ventilation pipes that are easy to condense steam and accumulate dust, and ventilation pipes that can cause explosion, combustion or form more harmful substances when several substances are mixed, should be provided with separate ventilation systems and should not be connected with each other.
C) For workshops with hot air heating, air conditioning and mechanical ventilation devices, the air inlet should be set in the outdoor air clean area and lower than the air outlet. For ventilation systems with fire and explosion protection requirements, the air inlet should be set in a safe place where sparks cannot splash down, and the air outlet should be set in an outdoor safe place. The air intake and exhaust devices in adjacent workplaces should be arranged reasonably to avoid short circuit of air flow.
D) The air volume of the air inlet shall be calculated and determined according to the principle of preventing dust or harmful gases from escaping indoors. When conditions permit, actual adjustment should be made with measured data or empirical values before it is put into operation.
E) Air supplied to the workplace is usually sent directly to the workplace. The exhaust area and exhaust volume should be set reasonably according to the specific conditions of the workplace and gas concentration.
F) When determining the position, structure and wind speed of the air inlet of the closed box, the negative pressure in the box should be uniform to prevent the dust from escaping without taking away the materials.
G) circulating air is not applicable to the following three situations:
-When the air contains dust and fibers with the danger of combustion or explosion, and the dust concentration is greater than or equal to 25% of the lower explosion limit;
-For the local ventilation dust removal and detoxification system, the concentration of dust and harmful gases in the circulating air is greater than or equal to 30% of its occupational exposure limits after the exhaust air is purified;
Workplaces where the air contains pathogens, malodorous substances and harmful substances whose concentration may suddenly increase.
H) Various hoods of local mechanical exhaust system shall refer to the requirements of GB/T 16758 and follow the design principles of proper form, correct position, moderate air volume, sufficient strength and convenient maintenance. The wind speed at the hood mouth or control point should be enough to suck the dust and poison generated by the generator into the hood to ensure high collection efficiency. When the local exhaust hood cannot be sealed, the appropriate umbrella exhaust device should be selected according to different process operation requirements and technical and economic conditions.
I) The air duct conveying dusty gas shall be laid vertically or obliquely. When laid obliquely, the included angle with the horizontal plane should be >; 45 。 If it is necessary to set a horizontal pipeline, the pipeline should not be too long, and cleaning holes should be set at appropriate positions to facilitate dust removal and prevent pipeline blockage.
J) According to different types of dust, the lowest economic flow should be ensured in the ventilation pipeline. In order to facilitate the test of the dust removal system, openable test holes should be set at the inlet and outlet of the dust collector, and the position of the test holes should be selected in the straight pipe section with stable airflow, and the test holes should be closed when not being tested. In the purification system with explosive dust and toxic and harmful gases, a continuous automatic detection device should be set up.
K) In order to reduce the harm to personnel and environmental pollution in the factory area and surrounding areas, the tail gas emitted by the equipment that emits toxic and harmful gases and the high-concentration harmful gas emitted by local exhaust devices should be discharged through purification treatment equipment; If it is directly discharged into the atmosphere, the extraction height should be determined according to the ground concentration of the discharged gas, so that the ground concentration of workers in the workplace can meet the requirements of GBZ 2. 1, and it should also meet the provisions of GB 16297 and GB3095 and other corresponding environmental protection standards.
L) The gas discharged from the local exhaust system containing highly toxic, highly toxic or malodorous substances, or the gas discharged from the local exhaust system containing high-concentration explosive hazardous substances, should be discharged to the aerodynamic shadow area and the positive pressure area outside the building.
6. 1.5.2 An emergency ventilation device and a leakage alarm device linked with the accident exhaust system shall be set up in the indoor workplace where a large number of harmful substances or chemicals that are easy to cause acute poisoning or inflammable and explosive may suddenly escape.
A) Emergency ventilation should be ensured by common ventilation system and emergency ventilation system, but in case of accident, it must be ensured that adequate ventilation can be provided. The air volume of emergency ventilation should be calculated and determined according to the process design requirements, but the air exchange frequency should not be.
B) The control switch of the emergency ventilation ventilator shall be set in a position convenient for operation indoors and outdoors.
C) The air inlet for accident exhaust shall be located at the place where the discharge of harmful gas or substances with explosion danger may be the largest. For the dead angle of accident exhaust, shunt measures should be taken.
D) The exhaust port of the emergency exhaust device should avoid the influence on personnel as much as possible;
-The exhaust port of the emergency exhaust device should be located in a safe place, away from doors, windows, air inlets and places where people often stay or pass by;
—— The air outlet should not face the outdoor aerodynamic shadow area and positive pressure area;
6. 1.5.3 In the workplace where combustible gas, dust or aerosol with explosion danger are scattered, an explosion-proof ventilation system or an emergency exhaust system shall be set up.
6. 1.6 The automatic alarm or detection device should be designed according to the technical development level of automatic alarm devices in workplaces where acute occupational poisoning may occur, combined with the production process and toxicity characteristics.
6. 1.6. 1 Detection alarm points shall be set in workplaces where toxic gases exist, are produced or used according to the requirements of GBZ/T233, including workplaces that may release highly toxic and toxic gases, and other toxic gases that may be released in large quantities or easily accumulated shall also be set.
6. 1.6.2 The workplace of toxic gas detection and alarm device shall be set and fixed. When the fixed conditions are not available, a portable detection and alarm device should be equipped.
6. 1.6.3 The toxicity alarm value shall be at least set with alarm value and high alarm value according to the toxicity of toxic gas and the actual situation on site. The predicted value is 1/2 of MAC or PC-STEL, and the alarm value can be set to1/2 of the corresponding over-limit multiple value without PC-STEL chemicals; The alarm value is MAC or PC-STEL value, and there is no chemical substance of PC-STEL, so the alarm value can be set at the corresponding over-limit multiple value; The high reported value should be set after comprehensive consideration of toxic gas toxicity, operators, accident consequences, process equipment and other factors.
6. 1.7 The workplace where toxic substances may exist or be generated shall be equipped with first-aid supplies, washing and spraying equipment, emergency evacuation passages, necessary safe-haven areas and weather vanes according to the physical and chemical characteristics and hazard characteristics of toxic substances. Dangerous areas should be set in low-lying places with waterproof layers, and leaked materials and washing water should be included in the industrial wastewater treatment system. 6.2. 1 heatstroke prevention
6.2. 1.65438+
6.2. 1.2 If the process, technology and raw materials can't meet the requirements, engineering control measures and necessary organizational measures should be taken according to the production process, technology, raw material characteristics and natural conditions, such as reducing heat and steam release in the production process, shielding heat radiation sources, strengthening ventilation, reducing working hours, improving operation methods, etc., so that the WBGT index of indoor and outdoor workplaces can meet the requirements of GBZ2.2. If the WBGT index of indoor and outdoor work of workers does not meet the standard requirements, effective personal protective measures should be taken according to the actual contact situation.
6.2. 1.3 The orientation of the high-temperature workshop should be designed according to the prevailing wind direction in summer, so that the workshop can form a through flow or increase the wind pressure of natural ventilation. When the plane layout of high temperature workshop is L-shaped, π-shaped or ш-shaped, its opening should be located on the windward side of the dominant wind direction in summer.
6.2. 1.4 The workshop with high temperature operation shall be provided with skylights to avoid the wind, and the skylights and side windows shall be easy to open, close and clean.
6.2. 1.5 The lower end of the air inlet window for natural ventilation in summer should not be far away from the ground > 1.2m, so that air can be blown directly to the workplace; When natural ventilation is needed in winter, the technical and economic comparison of ventilation design schemes should be made, and the capacity of hot air compensation system should be reasonably determined according to the principle of heat balance. Generally speaking, the lower end of the air intake window should not
6.2. 1.6 The naturally ventilated high-temperature workshop should have sufficient air intake and exhaust area. The ancillary building of a single-storey factory building that generates a lot of heat, moisture and harmful gases should not occupy more than 30% of the total length of the external wall of the factory building and should not be located on the windward side of the factory building.
6.2. 1.7 The longest side of the factory building that generates a lot of heat or escapes harmful substances should be used as the external wall in the plane layout. If there are internal walls around, measures should be taken to send clean air into the room.
6.2. 1.8 The heat source shall be arranged outside the workshop as far as possible; When using natural ventilation mainly by hot pressing, the heat source should be arranged below the skylight as far as possible; When natural ventilation based on through flow is adopted, the heat source should be arranged as far as possible on the downwind side of the dominant wind direction in summer; The heat source arrangement should be convenient for taking various effective heat insulation and cooling measures.
6.2. 1.9 The setting of heating equipment in the workshop should be determined according to the specific situation of air flow in the workshop. Generally, it should be located on the downwind side of the dominant wind direction in summer, under the skylight of the workshop.
6.2. 1. 10 For the operation with high temperature and strong thermal radiation, effective thermal insulation measures, such as water curtain, thermal insulation water tank or thermal insulation screen, should be taken according to the conditions of process, water supply and indoor microclimate. The average surface temperature of high-temperature ground or high-temperature wallboard where workers often stay or approach should not be >; 40℃, the instantaneous maximum temperature should not be > 60℃
6.2. 1. 165438+
A) When local air supply and cooling measures are adopted, the wind speed control design of the airflow arriving at the work site shall meet the following requirements:
-The air velocity with water mist is 3m/s ~ 5m/s, and the droplet diameter should be
—— When there is no water mist, the airflow speed should be controlled at 2m/s ~ 3m/s in the first stage, 3m/s~5m/s in the second stage and 4m/s ~ 6m/s in the third stage.
B) When the local air supply of the system is set, the temperature and average wind speed in the workplace shall comply with the provisions in Table 1:
Table 1 Temperature, average wind speed and thermal radiation intensity in the workplace
(W/m2) Winter and summer temperature (℃) Wind speed (m/s) Temperature (℃) Wind speed (m/s) 350 ~ 700 20 ~ 251~ 226 ~ 31.5 ~ 370/kloc. When working at moderate intensity, the data can be determined by interpolation.
Note 2: For areas with hot summer and cold winter (or warm winter), the workplace temperature in summer in the table can be increased by 2℃.
Note 3: When the air in local air supply system needs to be cooled or heated, the outdoor calculation parameters in summer should be calculated outside the ventilation room. Outdoor heating should be used to calculate the temperature in winter. 6.2. 1. 12 For air-conditioning workshops with humidity as the main requirement, the air temperature under different humidity conditions shall comply with the provisions in Table 2, unless the process has special requirements or has been stipulated.
Table 2 Different humidity < 55 & lt65 & lt75 & lt85 ≥85 Temperature (℃) 30 29 28 27 26 6.2.1.13 A lounge should be set up in the high-temperature workshop. The rest room should be far away from heat sources, and measures such as ventilation, cooling and heat insulation should be taken to keep the temperature ≤ 30℃; The indoor temperature of the air-conditioned lounge should be kept at 24℃ ~ 28℃. For those who can leave the high-temperature operation point, an observation (rest) room can be set up.
6.2. 1. 14 For special high-temperature operations, such as the cab of bridge crane in high-temperature workshop, the monitoring room in workshop, the operation room and the cab of coke-stopping vehicle in coking workshop, there should be good heat insulation measures, the radiation intensity should be m2, and the indoor temperature should not be >; 28℃。
6.2. 1. 15 When the maximum daily temperature in the workplace is ≥35℃, local cooling and comprehensive heatstroke prevention measures should be taken, and the working time at high temperature should be shortened.
Cold protection
6.2.2. 1 In areas where the annual average temperature in Leng Yue in recent ten years is ≤8℃ and the number of months is ≥3 months, central heating facilities should be set up.
The heating temperature of cold workplaces in winter in 6.2.2.2 should meet the requirements in Table 3.
Table 3 Heating temperature (dry bulb temperature) heating temperature (℃) I ≥18 II ≥16 iii ≥14 iv ≥12 Note: For the classification of manual labor intensity, see GBZ2.2, where I stands for light manual labor and II stands for medium manual labor.
Note 2: When the average worker in the workplace occupies a large area (50m2 ~ 100m2) and the labor intensity is Grade I, the heating temperature in the workplace can be as low as 10℃, Grade II as low as 7℃ and Grade III as low as 5℃ in winter.
Note 3: When the indoor heat dissipation is m3, the wind speed should not be > 0.3m/s; When the indoor heat dissipation is ≥23W/m3, the wind speed should not be greater than 0.5m/s .6.2.2.3 The room temperature of auxiliary production rooms in winter in heating areas should meet the requirements in Table 4.
Table 4 Winter temperature of production auxiliary room Name of auxiliary room (℃) Office, lounge, dining place ≥ 18 bathroom, dressing room ≥25 bathroom and washroom ≥ 14 Note: wind speed > 0.3m/s is not applicable to auxiliary buildings of industrial enterprises.6.2.2.4 Heating setting and heating of industrial buildings. , adopt the principle of technical feasibility, economy and rationality.
In 6.2.2.5 area where the calculated outdoor heating temperature is ≤-20℃ in winter, in order to prevent the workshop door from being attacked by cold air for a long time or frequently, a door bucket, an outer room or a hot air curtain should be set according to the specific situation.
When designing hot air heating in 6.2.2.6, it is necessary to prevent strong airflow from directly affecting people. The maximum temperature of air supply should not exceed 70℃, and air supply should avoid directly facing people. Generally, the indoor airflow should be 0.1m/s ~ 0.3m/s. ..
In 6.2.2.7, workshops that generate more or more moisture should be designed with necessary dehumidification, drainage and moisture-proof facilities.
The enclosure structure of 6.2.2.8 workshop should prevent rainwater infiltration. For workshops that need heating in winter, the inner surface of the enclosure structure (excluding doors and windows) should prevent water vapor condensation, except for special wet workshops that technically allow water vapor condensation on the wall. 6.3. 1 noise prevention
6.3. 1. 1 noise control of industrial enterprises should be designed according to GBJ87, and the production process, operation and maintenance and noise reduction effect should be comprehensively analyzed, and effective new technologies, new materials, new processes and new methods should be adopted. For the noise generated by production process and equipment, the noise source should be controlled first, so that the noise level of workers exposed to noise can meet the requirements of GBZ2.2. If the technical measures of engineering control still cannot meet the requirements of GBZ2.2, the work schedule should be designed reasonably according to the actual situation, and appropriate personal protective measures should be taken.
6.3. 1.2 Noise-producing workshops and non-noise workshops, high-noise workshops and low-noise workshops should be arranged separately.
6.3. 1.3 In the design of industrial enterprises, low-noise equipment should be selected.
6.3. 1.4 On the premise of meeting the requirements of process flow, high-noise equipment should be relatively concentrated, and corresponding control measures such as sound insulation, sound absorption, noise elimination and vibration reduction should be taken.
6.3. 1.5 In order to reduce the spread of noise, a sound insulation room should be set up. The ceiling, walls, doors and windows of the sound insulation room shall meet the requirements of sound insulation and sound absorption.
6.3. 1.6 The workshop that produces noise should take measures to reduce the influence of noise on the architectural design of the workshop on the basis of controlling the noise source, and pay attention to adding sound insulation and sound absorption measures.
6.3. 1.7 The noise level design requirements of non-noise workplaces shall meet the design requirements in Table 5:
Table 5 Name of noise level design requirements for non-noise workplace Noise level dB(A) Efficiency limit dB(A) Noise workshop observation (duty) room ≤75 ≤55 Non-noise workshop office, conference room ≤60 main control room and precision machining room ≤70 6.3.2 Vibration prevention.
6.3.2. 1 In order to avoid the impact of vibration on health, new technologies, new processes and new methods should be adopted. One is to control the vibration source, so that the vibration intensity of hand-transmitted vibration meets the requirements of GBZ2.2, and the whole body vibration intensity does not exceed the hygienic limit specified in Table 6. If the technical measures of engineering control still cannot meet the requirements, the work schedule should be designed reasonably according to the actual situation and appropriate personal protective measures should be taken.
Table 6 Hygienic limit of whole body vibration intensity Working day contact time (t, h) Hygienic limit (m/S2) 4
The workshop that produces vibration in 6.3.2.3 should take measures to reduce the influence of vibration on the architectural design of the workshop on the basis of controlling the vibration source. Corresponding vibration reduction measures should be taken for workshops with strong vibration, and vibration reduction foundations should be designed for equipment with large amplitude and power.
Vertical or horizontal vibration intensity of auxiliary rooms (such as office, conference room, computer room, telephone room, precision instrument room, etc.). ) In 6.3.2.4, the vibration (1Hz~80Hz ~ 80hz) shall not exceed the design requirements specified in Table 7.
Table 7 Hygienic limit of vertical or horizontal vibration intensity in auxiliary room Contact time (t, h) Hygienic limit (m/s2) Ergonomic limit (m/S2) 4
6.4.2 The design of buildings and structures that may endanger the safety of power facilities shall meet the requirements of relevant national laws and regulations.
6.4.3 Safety, reliability and economic and social benefits should be comprehensively considered when selecting the extremely low frequency electromagnetic field emission source and power equipment; When building new power facilities, reasonable and effective measures should be taken to reduce the exposure level of extremely low frequency electromagnetic field radiation without affecting health, social benefits and technical and economic feasibility.
6.4.4 For the equipment that may produce non-ionizing radiation in the production process, a non-ionizing radiation protection plan should be made, effective engineering and technical measures such as shielding, grounding and absorption should be taken, and automatic or semi-automatic remote operation should be carried out. If shielding is not expected, reflective isolation or absorption isolation measures should be designed to make the exposure level of workers engaged in non-ionizing radiation meet the requirements of GBZ2.2.
6.4.5 When designing labor capacity, the health impact of electromagnetic radiation environment on special people such as patients with pacemakers should be considered.
6.4.6 Protection against ionizing radiation shall be implemented according to GB 1887 1 and relevant national standards. 6.5. 1 The daylighting design of the workplace shall be implemented according to GB/T 50033.
6.5.2 The lighting design of the workplace shall be implemented according to GB 50034.
6.5.3 Lighting design should avoid glare, make full use of natural light, choose the background suitable for visual work, and choose the position of light source to avoid shadows.
6.5.3. 1 The lighting design shall take corresponding measures to reduce glare from windows. For example, in the direction design of the workbench, workers should face the window sideways or turn their backs to the window, using blinds, curtains, curtains or trees, or translucent windows.
6.5.3.2 should reduce exposure to naked light or use a dark lampshade to completely shield glare or ensure that glare is out of sight, so as to avoid the influence of bulb glare.
6.5.3.3 should take measures to avoid indirect glare (reflective glare), such as setting the position of light source reasonably, reducing the brightness of light source and adjusting the background color of workplace.
The partition between key technical jobs on 6.5.3.4 assembly line should not affect the light or lighting.
6.5.3.5 should match the equipment and lighting, avoid isolated strong light areas, improve visibility and appropriate light direction.
6.5.4 According to the environmental conditions in the workplace, choose suitable lamps and lanterns that meet the current energy-saving standards.
6.5.4. 1 In wet workplaces, waterproof lamps or open lamps with waterproof lamp caps should be used.
In 6.5.4.2, in the workplace with corrosive gas or steam, it is advisable to use anti-corrosion sealed lamps. If open lamps are used, anti-corrosion or waterproof measures should be taken for each part.
In high temperature workplaces in 6.5.4.3, lamps with good heat dissipation and high temperature resistance should be used.
In dust workplaces in 6.5.4.4, suitable waterproof, high temperature resistant, dustproof and explosion-proof lamps should be selected according to dust properties and production characteristics.
In 6.5.4.5, lamps and lanterns used in workplaces with large vibration and swing, such as forging hammers and large bridge cranes, should have anti-vibration and anti-falling measures.
In 6.5.4.6, in the workplace where ultraviolet radiation needs to be prevented, you should use a purple light isolation lamp or no purple light source.
In 6.5.4.7, explosion-proof lamps and switches should be used in workplaces containing flammable and explosive gases and dust. 6.6. 1 The fresh air in the workplace should come from outside, and the fresh air outlet should be set in the clean air area. The fresh air volume should meet the following requirements: the per capita occupancy volume of non-air-conditioned workplaces is h; Such as occupied volume >; 20m3, should ensure that the per capita fresh air volume of 20 m3/h or higher. The air conditioning workshop shall ensure that the per capita fresh air volume shall be ≥ 30m3/h. The per capita fresh air volume of the clean room shall be ≥ 40m3/h..
6.6.2 The per capita fresh air volume of closed workshop should be designed as 30m3/h ~ 50m3/h ... The design of microclimate should meet the requirements in Table 8.
Table 8 Requirements for microclimate design of closed workshop parameters Winter and summer temperature (℃) 20 ~ 24 25 ~ 28 Wind speed (m/s) ≤0.2 ≤0.3 Relative humidity (%) 30 ~ 60 40 ~ 60 Note: Interpolation of microclimate calculation parameters in transition season in winter and summer.