The word "Netherlands" means low-lying land, including the lower reaches of the Rhine River, the Muse River, the Mulder River and the coastal areas of the North Sea, which is equivalent to parts of the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and northeastern France today. It faces the Atlantic Ocean and Britain, and the south is connected with the whole western Europe through the Rhine River. As early as the Middle Ages, it became one of the major international trade centers in the North because of its geographical advantages. 13 and 14 centuries, the handicraft industry here, especially the wool spinning industry, was quite developed. In the15th century, especially in the early16th century, due to the further development of Dutch trade and wool spinning industry, urban construction was extremely rapid. Among them, Bruges, ypres, Ghent and Liè ge are the most prosperous cities. At the same time, in the struggle with feudal lords, citizens gained a series of privileges for the development of the city, thus gaining relative independence. In addition, due to the royal marriage and agreement, most parts of the Netherlands became the territory of the powerful Burgundy Principality, which completed the initial political unity and promoted the rapid development of Dutch cities. Therefore, the Netherlands at that time has become the only advanced region in Europe that can be compared with Italy. Although the Italian Renaissance broke through the prison of the Middle Ages with great momentum and developed rapidly, Dutch art is still in the late stage of Gothic art, but this does not hinder the formation of Dutch national artistic characteristics, especially the creative contribution to the emergence and development of European oil painting art. At the same time, we can see the works of Dutch artists in the court of urbino and appreciate the works of Dutch masters in the church of Florence. The oil painting techniques and woodcut techniques they created also attracted Italian painters.
Robert Cahn Bin and Jan Van Ecker are the main founders of the Nederland School of Painting. Robert Combin has been working in Tournay for a long time. His famous works include Notice of Pregnancy and Birth of Jesus. Although it is a religious painting, it shows the interest of citizens' life through some details. At that time, there was no independent landscape painting in Holland. The painter painted a street view through the window in the Prenotice of Pregnancy, which is the earliest example of street view in Nederland's painting. Jan Van Ecker (about 1390— 144 1) became an independent painter in 1422, and served as a court painter in duke of burgundy in 1425. Ghent altar painting is an outstanding masterpiece of the early Renaissance in the Netherlands. Jan Van Ecker and his brother Hubert Van Ecker completed the Ghent altar painting in 1432, which is a group of altar paintings of Ghent Saint-Bevan Cathedral. The so-called altar painting is a painting placed on a wooden board in front of the altar of the church, and some are similar to screen painting. Ghent altar painting is a multi-winged "opening and closing" altar painting group. During the holiday service, the two wings of the altar slowly opened with the music melody, and 12 dazzling altar paintings were presented to people. It is divided into upper and lower sections and left and right wings, with Christ in the middle of the upper section and the Virgin Mary and John the Baptist on both sides. On the inner side of the wings are angels who sing in chorus and play music, on the outer side are Adam and Eve, in the center of the lower section is a praise lamb, on the left side of the wings are knights and judges, and on the right side are hermits and ritual patrols. On weekdays, the two wings of the altar are closed, and people can only see the pictures on the outside of the two wings. Ghent altar painting is the first real oil painting in the world (it is said that Jan van Eijk and his brother Hubert van Eijk are the inventors of oil painting), with bright colors. After hundreds of years, the picture remains the same, which was indeed a breakthrough in painting techniques at that time. Therefore, the significance of Ghent altar painting in the history of painting goes far beyond the innovation and originality of general ideological content and artistic form, but creates a new era in the whole European painting. Although most of Yang Van Eyck's works are religious paintings, he has broken through the traditional techniques of religious paintings, attached great importance to the characterization of characters' personalities and psychology, paid great attention to realism, carefully studied the expression of light and color, and made important improvements to the methods of oil painting. In his works, he showed colorful scenes of the real world and secular life, broke through medieval asceticism, embodied the concept of humanism, and opened the way for the Renaissance in the Netherlands.
Roger van de Wei Deng (about 1399- 1464) was also a famous artist in the first half of15th century. He was born in Tourne and is a student of Robert Combin. 1432 became an independent painter in Tournay, and then moved to Brussels, where he won the title of artist. 1450 went to Italy and was well received and respected. Italian humanists call him the best artist in Holland since Jan Van Ecker. Through his activities, he expanded the international influence of the Nederland School of Painting. Christ Off the Shelf, The Madonna of St Luke and St Mary Magdalene are all his masterpieces.
/kloc-In the middle of the 0/5th century, with the prosperity of economy, the culture and art in the north were also very prosperous, and the northern painting school was formed with Harlem as the center. Delk Potts (about1415-1475) is his representative painter. In The Last Supper, the painter did not show the time and place of the event according to the religious content, but boldly moved the location of The Last Supper to the dining hall of a residential building in Holland in the15th century. Typical Gothic houses have narrow walls, many windows, bright and soft indoor light, neat tiles on the floor and white tables covering the desktop, which not only accurately show the indoor perspective, but also well reflect the Neanderthals' habit of being neat, and the indoor furnishings and dining situations are filled with a strong secular atmosphere. This painting can be regarded as a typical example of expressing secular life with religious themes in Nederland's paintings at that time. Another northern painter was Gilgen Toth Sinter Jens (about 1460- 1495), who was influenced by Potts. In John the Baptist in the Wilderness, the characters in the picture are dressed simply, with loose hair and bare feet under worn robes. The painter painted a typical image of a Dutch farmer, and carefully drew trees, animals and birds as the background of the picture. The scenery is beautiful, showing a very open wilderness, shrouded in a quiet and peaceful atmosphere. The Birth of Jesus depicts the night scene when Jesus was born. As a light source, the body of the infant Jesus illuminates the face and part of the picture of the Virgin Mary, while the other part of the picture is hidden in the night, which increases the mystery of religion. At the same time, there is a strong contrast between light and dark in the picture, which has been fully played in Dutch painting in the17th century. Therefore, it is known as the earliest founder of Dutch painting school in17th century. There is also hieronymus Bos (about 1450- 15 16). His paintings often have some grotesque and exaggerated images, which are based on real life and combined with the artist's own fantasy. At the same time, realism and romanticism are closely combined to form their own unique language. By insinuating religious figures and feudal lords through fantasy cartoon images, they were satirized bitterly, creating a brand-new painting style, breaking through the religious atmosphere of traditional Dutch painting, and criticizing the Catholic Church mainly from the standpoint of progressive humanism, reflecting people's ideological feelings against Catholicism and feudalism before the Reformation, and also reflecting the fierce struggle between the old and new sects in the Netherlands.
/kloc-in the second half of the 0/5th century, the famous painter in southern Holland was Hugo van der Gauss (about 1440- 1482). 1467 became an independent painter and was the president of Ghent painters' association. 1In the autumn of 467, he lived in Rhodes Abbey near Brussels as an unruly monk, and 1482 died in this monastery. The shepherd came to worship was completed around 1480, and the death of Mary was written between 1478 and 1482, all of which are representative works of his later creation.
/kloc-in the 6th century, the bourgeois revolution broke out in the Netherlands, which lasted for several decades until 1609, when the Netherlands became independent. During this period, the Dutch people waged a long and unremitting struggle against Spanish rule. The art of old Peter Bruegel (about 1525- 1569) came into being during the brewing and outbreak of the Dutch Revolution. As a great realistic artist, he fought with the people. In his early years, he was famous for his copperplate prints and engaged in landscape painting creation. 1556 began to depict more characters, showing the influence of Bos. From 1563 to his death, he entered the glorious period of creation, created the most important oil paintings, and enthusiastically shaped many farmers' images in farmers' genre paintings, such as "Farmers Dance" and "Farmers Wedding", which portrayed their bold and unrestrained character and showed their abundant vitality. Bruegel's landscape paintings are also excellent. He likes to choose panoramic composition, which has a broad artistic conception, and the close combination of scenery and characters depicts the rich working life of farmers and the beautiful scenery of the countryside. Like harvesting hay. There are also a few works "Dance under the gallows", which directly describe the fighting life of the forest guerrillas-"beggars in the forest", praise the people's heroism and optimism, and play a role in exposing the enemy and inspiring the people. Bruegel used art as a weapon, which profoundly and truly reflected his time, thus becoming the greatest artist in the Dutch Renaissance.
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/kloc-The Dutch revolution in the second half of the 6th century ended with Dutch independence and compromise by Flanders. In this land, which once produced a generation of masters of painting such as Van Ecker, Bosch and Bruegel, two schools with their own national artistic characteristics emerged due to the division after the Great Revolution: one is Dutch painting headed by Rembrandt17th century, and the other is Flemish painting headed by Rubens17th century.
/kloc-Flemish painting in the 0/7th century is still under the control of Spanish feudal autocracy and the church, and its development is obviously different from that of Dutch painting, which has gained independence at that time. Its mission is to decorate magnificent palaces and halls, and to decorate churches and church altars. This helps to form the decorative style of art, especially painting, which is sponsored and welcomed by the courts and the aristocratic bourgeoisie. However, the tradition of Flemish excellent national art has not been completely lost. It still maintains the positive factors in Flemish art in the17th century and reflects people's healthy thoughts and feelings. Especially when Spain's control was strengthened and the bourgeois revolution entered a low tide, the Flemish citizens and peasants did not give up their independence and freedom like the aristocratic class. They are still exploring the road of further independent political and economic development. Therefore, this national consciousness of resisting Spanish feudal autocracy was also reflected in the painting art at that time, and it was often shown in a symbolic and tortuous form, just like the struggle for independence and freedom. Therefore, compared with Dutch art in the same period, Flemish art in the17th century has obvious aristocratic and religious color on the one hand, and still has a certain nationality on the other hand, which is more or less reflected in the works of artists at that time, especially the works of unknown folk artists. Flanders School, represented by Rubens and Van Dyke, gradually formed in Flanders, serving the church and nobles, praising them with artistic images, setting up monuments and satisfying their luxury life and entertainment enjoyment. In the process of its formation, the artistic style of Flanders painting school not only retains the true colors of Dutch national art, but also widely absorbs the artistic achievements of Italian Renaissance masters, especially the Venetian painting school. In the17th century, baroque art, academic school and Caravaggio school formed in Italy also injected new blood into Flanders painting, especially baroque art, which became the mainstream style of Flanders painting school. The picture is bright, warm, bright and gentle. This energetic and colorful baroque artistic image has a strong visual appeal to the audience and is also welcomed by churches, nobles and capitalists.
(1) Peter Paul Rubens's works (1577— 1640) have a surprising number of subjects, including religious paintings, mythological paintings, historical paintings, genre paintings, portraits, landscapes, animal paintings and so on. He combined the magnificent baroque art style with the Dutch national art tradition, and formed a unique style with romantic tendency, which made him a representative painter of the baroque art style in Flanders and a famous master of painting in Europe, and had a far-reaching influence on modern European painting. His works are vivid, colorful and decorative, and often have a surging momentum. With his rich imagination and bold creative spirit, he painted many scenes showing fierce conflicts, such as the historical painting The Battle of Amazon, which embodies the spirit of heroism and patriotism. The picture is full of strong sense of movement, magnificent momentum and unrestrained emotions.
(2) old Jan Brueghel (1568-1625) is the son of old Peter Bruegel. He is a famous landscape painter and still life painter. Exquisite pen, bright colors.
(3) Jacob Jordan (1593- 1678). The colors he uses are also bright and warm, and he likes to use red to set off the cheerful atmosphere, and his character is similar to Rubens. Wild, healthy and full of energy. But his characters and temperament are not aristocrats but civilians, and he has a simple local flavor. Jordan has created many works reflecting folk life and customs. The characters maintain a simple and natural style, which embodies distinctive national characteristics, such as Satya's visit to the farmer's house and a dinner with the bean king. However, in his later years, his works gradually tended to be gorgeous baroque style.
(4) Antuoni Van Dyke (1599 ——1641), whose main achievement is portrait. Ned's blue portrait with traditional style in the early days. Later, he went to England and became a court painter of Charles I. As the main target was the court nobles, he formed an elegant and gorgeous style. The characters in his works all have a quiet and weak temperament and are graceful, and some authors even beautify the subjective imagination of the object. He paid more attention to depicting the gestures and movements of characters, breaking through the rigid composition of traditional British portraits. In addition, the painter's skillful painting skills have had a far-reaching impact on the development of British portrait painting. The image of Charles I is his masterpiece.
1609 The Dutch Revolution finally ended with the independence of the Netherlands and the establishment of the Republic of the Netherlands, which was the first bourgeois republic in European history and the most prosperous and advanced country in Europe. The society under the emerging capitalist system has more democracy and freedom than the feudal autocratic society. Many pagans persecuted in other countries fled to the Netherlands to take refuge, and they wrote books here. By 1654, there are six famous universities in the Netherlands. Periodicals first appeared in the Netherlands, newspapers gradually became popular, and technology was very developed. The new cultural atmosphere has trained outstanding thinkers, scientists and artists, making fine arts get rid of the shackles of religion and court and face secular life more widely. Under such social conditions, the Dutch school of painting came into being. It inherited the Dutch national art traditions in 15 and 16 centuries, characterized by realism and minimalism, and was rarely influenced by the baroque style popular in Europe at that time. Because the Dutch won through heroic and tenacious struggle, they can fully realize their own ability and value, so how to express people's self-confidence and self-esteem and how to reflect people's real life, feelings and wishes has become the main topic of concern for most artists of the Dutch painting school. They cast their eyes on the colorful real world and paint their daily lives, people from all walks of life they are familiar with and beautiful natural scenery with brushes. Under the progressive social system in which people's status and value are affirmed, painters can boldly abandon the religion that has imprisoned people and art for thousands of years and take people's real life as the blueprint of their artistic creation. Painters are interested in the daily life phenomena of ordinary citizens and the beautiful and colorful natural scenery. Whether it is the self-esteem and self-confidence of the bourgeoisie, or street beggars, Jianghu artists and village doctors; Whether it's a luxurious and elegant living room, bedroom or shabby hut; Whether it is a country road or a rare game; Whether it is noble vessels, wild flowers and fruits, or even trivial things in life, these once unpretentious things are now put on canvas by Dutch painters. In order to meet the diversified aesthetic needs of society, the theme of art has been expanded and the forms of expression have been diversified. Independent landscape paintings, still life paintings and animal paintings, portraits of individuals and groups, and genre paintings full of life are all welcomed by the general public. Therefore, painters specializing in a certain subject appeared, such as portrait painters hals and Rembrandt, custom painter Vermeer, still life painter He Da, landscape painter Hobema and so on.
(1) The talented portrait painter frans hals (about1581-1666) is the founder of the Dutch realistic painting school. The early prosperous works fully show the healthy, happy and energetic image of Dutch citizens, and reflect the energetic spirit of the Dutch people after the victory of the revolution. From the 1920s to 1930s, he described people of all walks of life and different ages in the Netherlands, such as officers, citizens, girls and children. His representative works include Smiling Knight, Clown Playing Mandolin, gypsy woman, etc. Painters like to choose the composition of close-up busts, and pay special attention to facial expressions when depicting characters. They are good at expressing characters' personality characteristics and psychological state. The picture is vivid and simple, and the characters in the painting seem to move freely. Although most of them are portraits of single people, they often remind people of other characters outside the picture, which constitutes a plot and is full of rich life breath. Like genre painting.
During this period, group portraits prevailed in the Netherlands, and hals also created a series, such as The Banquet of St. George's Shooter and Company Officers. The sorter of group images often asks the painter to give everyone an equal opportunity to express, which leads to the inability to arrange the central figure and a plot to unify the picture, which can not but cause some regrets. Hals tried his best to arrange the characters in an orderly way, breaking through the traditional rigid and flat layout, striving for an extremely warm atmosphere, and still appropriately reflecting the style of hals's portraits. During this period, hals's portraits were full of optimism and had unique painting skills. His bold, confident and lifelike figures are expressed by his fluent and unrestrained brushwork, which is the outstanding feature of hals's portrait painting and constitutes the unique style of hals's great and immortal portrait art. Most of his later works adopt the positive image of classical composition, and the picture shows a melancholy mood, which is dignified and profound than his earlier works. (2) Rembrandt Hammens Van Lan (1606-1669), a great realistic artist in the Netherlands, has experienced rough life, bravely and firmly adhered to the road of realistic creation, made extremely brilliant contributions to the development of European realistic art, and also made Dutch painting in the world of17th century. Rembrandt received a good education in his early years. Professor Du Pu's anatomy course 1632 has taken an important step in the creative process, showing Rembrandt's extraordinary talent and winning social praise. 1642, Rembrandt created a collective portrait of Amsterdam Shooter Company and the world-famous night patrol (it is said that when the smoke turned black over the years, it described the scene of gathering and starting at night, which handled the relationship between light and shade well), but the shooting team was mostly rich bourgeoisie, and their artistic interest was mediocre, so the painter was required to arrange them in the same important position on the screen. Rembrandt, on the other hand, created a theme painting, a portrait of a plot group, which highlighted the heroic spirit of the predecessors who never forgot to fight bravely with the Spanish rulers and were determined to defend the motherland. Only to be slandered and taken to court. This shows that the Dutch bourgeoisie in the 17 era has lost its progress in the revolutionary period and can only appreciate superficial and vulgar things. There is a profound contradiction with Rembrandt's realistic art. Since then, the painter's life has become increasingly poor, but he still unswervingly adheres to his own creative principles and is closer to the Dutch civilians and the poor. The characters in his works are all taken from the real images in life, and even when depicting religious stories, they also reflect the religious themes of life. Rembrandt's portraits are vivid and unique. Especially the portrait of the old man is particularly touching. Their old faces and deep eyes, as if to show their vicissitudes, also contain profound thoughts and philosophy of life. Rembrandt also likes self-portraits and left a lot of works. Rembrandt's copperplate prints are not only numerous, but also exquisitely carved with a pen, which has permanent artistic charm like his oil paintings. Like three trees.
Under the capitalist system, everything is a commodity entering the market, and the value of this commodity also enters the art field, and art products enter the market as commodities. Painters used to rely on religion and nobility, but now they rely on market consumers. Their creation should meet the aesthetic needs of buyers from content to form, which determines the content and form of Dutch painting.
Contemporary painters such as hals, Rembrandt and Vermeer are customarily called "Dutch small painting school". This is a very interesting name, which accurately summarizes the differences of Dutch art in17th century, that is, the Dutch painting school includes many tribes. Every city has its own school of painting, and a city has many schools of painting, each with its own characteristics. Of course, in this small land, especially when many painters move frequently, it is even more impossible to maintain their uniqueness, although they try their best to do so. Austad and Resdal were active in Harlem at that time; Pieter de Hooch is active in Delft; Gai Na Du is active in Leiden University Town; Geller Hont Hungary Hungarian Hus is active in Utrecht, the center of conservative forces; Active in Amsterdam is the largest business and art center in the Netherlands, including Hurst Calve and portal. Almost all of them are prolific artists, who have created a large number of genre paintings, landscape paintings and still life paintings. It is said that up to now, there are more than 50,000 Dutch paintings in the hands of art galleries and private collectors all over the world. They are called "Dutch small painting school" for two reasons: first, their works have small frames, which are suitable for citizens to hang in indoor decoration rooms; First, it does not show major social themes, and pays special attention to the description of life details to cater to the aesthetic taste of citizens.