Intestine refers to the large intestine and small intestine, which is a part of the digestive tract of human body. If our daily drinking water and food are polluted by pathogens, these polluted water and food will enter the intestine through the mouth. These pathogens will multiply and excrete toxins in the intestine, destroy intestinal mucosa, cause intestinal dysfunction and damage, and seriously affect our health. Once the human body is infected, patients will excrete pathogens from feces, and pathogens will pollute others again. Such infectious diseases are intestinal infectious diseases.
Intestinal infectious diseases include bacillary dysentery, typhoid, paratyphoid, cholera, paratyphoid and food poisoning caused by bacteria; Amoeba dysentery caused by amoeba; Viral hepatitis and polio caused by related viruses.
Clinical manifestations of intestinal infectious diseases
Intestinal infectious diseases mostly have gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, loss of appetite, and some are accompanied by fever, headache, limb pain and systemic poisoning. If not treated in time, it will cause serious complications and even death.
Transmission route of intestinal infectious diseases
The feces and vomit of water-borne patients or pathogen carriers are discharged into the water source, and washing clothes, utensils and hands contaminated by pathogens can pollute the water source. Polluted water sources can lead to the outbreak of intestinal infectious diseases. Cholera, typhoid fever and bacillary dysentery are called the three major water-borne diseases.
Through food transmission, there is a danger of being contaminated by pathogens in the process of food production, processing, transportation, storage and sales. Pathogens in food may come from storage containers, tableware, hand contact, manure application and insect pollution.
Spread by shaking hands, using or touching clothes, stationery, door handles, coins, etc. It may cause the spread and spread of pathogens.
Insects can spread flies, cockroaches, etc. To transport pathogens mechanically, and some pathogens can survive in the intestines of insects for a period of time and even reproduce. Insects such as flies and cockroaches that move around are also important reasons for the spread of intestinal infectious diseases.
Major intestinal infectious diseases
Cholera is a serious intestinal infectious disease caused by Vibrio cholerae. Clinical manifestations are vomiting, diarrhea, a lot of rice soup-like excreta, severe dehydration, muscle spasm, urinary incontinence, and most of them die of shock, uremia and acidosis.
Typhoid fever is caused by typhoid Bacillus. The patient begins to feel tired and weak, and doesn't want to eat. He often has symptoms such as abdominal distension, diarrhea or constipation, and then has a high fever, which gradually subsides after about two weeks. In the second week of onset, the patient will have some reddish rashes and the spleen will be swollen. Severe patients may also have symptoms such as unconsciousness, irritability and nonsense, and intestinal bleeding or intestinal perforation may occur in the later stage.
Bacillary dysentery is an intestinal infectious disease caused by Shigella, with purulent inflammation of colon as the main pathological change, and the main clinical manifestations are systemic poisoning symptoms, abdominal pain, diarrhea, purulent bloody stool and acute diarrhea. In severe cases, convulsions, coma and shock may occur. The incidence is most common in summer and autumn.
Hepatitis is caused by hepatitis virus. At the beginning of the disease, patients feel weak and anorexia, especially unwilling to eat greasy things. They often feel nausea, diarrhea and pain in the right upper abdomen. Some patients also have fever, yellow eyes and yellow urine like strong tea. If the eyeball skin turns yellow, it is called "jaundice hepatitis", and if the skin and eyeball don't turn yellow, it is "jaundice-free hepatitis".
Polio, also known as polio, is easy for children aged six to five to get sick. Most of the symptoms are acute onset, sudden fever and poor spirit, much like a cold. After three or four days of fever, the fever will go down automatically, but after one to five days, the fever will return. Two or three days after the second fever, the legs or arms may not be able to move, so it is called "polio".
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O 157: H7 Infectious diarrhea O 157: H7 Escherichia coli infection is a food-borne disease, both patients and asymptomatic carriers can become the source of infection, people are generally susceptible to pathogens, and can obtain a certain degree of specific immunity after infection.
O 157: H7 Escherichia coli infection can be manifested as asymptomatic infection, mild diarrhea, hemorrhagic enteritis (HC), hemolytic poisoning syndrome (HUS) and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), among which hemorrhagic enteritis is the most common. The typical clinical manifestations of hemorrhagic enteritis are severe abdominal pain, watery stool in advance, bloody stool or bloody stool similar to lower gastrointestinal bleeding after 1~2 days, low fever or lukewarm, and the incubation period is 3~4 days, which can be as long as 8 days and as short as 1 day. Some patients may have acute renal failure with high mortality.
Bacterial food poisoning refers to acute toxic gastroenteritis and other symptoms caused by eating food contaminated by bacteria and their toxins. Food poisoning mostly occurs in summer and autumn. It may be explosive and easily lead to collective diseases. Vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea are the main manifestations, which can cause dehydration and poisoning in severe cases.
How to prevent intestinal infectious diseases
In summer, due to the high temperature and humidity, it is especially conducive to the reproduction of bacteria, and food is easily polluted. In addition, the human body consumes a lot in summer and its immunity is relatively weak. Therefore, summer is the high incidence season of bacterial intestinal infectious diseases. Intestinal infectious diseases are sudden, with serious symptoms and strong infectivity, which pose a great threat to people's health and life. Therefore, it is the key to control the disease, develop good hygiene habits and do a good job in prevention.
1, actively carry out patriotic health campaign, strengthen sanitary management of feces, garbage and sewage, and mobilize the masses to carry out the four pests campaign.
Pay attention to personal hygiene and form the habit of washing hands before and after meals. I often cut my nails and change clothes.
3. Dining halls and families should strictly control the quality of food, and must not buy spoiled poultry, eggs, meat and aquatic products for cheap.
4, do not drink raw water, the dishes should be cooked thoroughly, the leftovers should be put in the refrigerator for the night, and they should be reheated when eating.
5. When buying vegetables that are easy to be infected with insects, we should pay attention to being fresh and tender without insect eyes, and also pay attention to whether pesticides are used. After picking the yellow leaves, soak them in clear water for more than half an hour, change the water 2 ~ 3 times in the middle, and then cook.
6. When storing food or processing food, raw and cooked food should be separated.
7. It is best not to eat at food stalls, buy unlicensed lunch boxes and organize large-scale dinner activities.
8. It is found that the food has a strange taste or odor and cannot be eaten, nor can it be eaten after cooking.
9. Tableware such as bowls and chopsticks should be boiled and disinfected frequently.
10, once the symptoms of intestinal infectious diseases appear, seek medical attention in time; Family members who suffer from food poisoning at the same time should report to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention when they go to the hospital.
To sum up, there are nine words to prevent intestinal infectious diseases: eat cooked food, drink boiled water and wash your hands frequently.
What is cholera?
Cholera is an intestinal infectious disease infected by mouth, which can be spread through water, food, personal contact and flies. Water transmission is the most important way of transmission. People are generally susceptible.
Patients and healthy carriers are the sources of infection. After getting sick, the carrier can reach 1 year.
The main clinical manifestations are severe diarrhea, vomiting, uneasy expression, apathy, hoarseness, dizziness and blood pressure drop, which can cause dehydration and death in severe cases. After people are infected with cholera, the incubation period is usually 1~2 days. Most cases have acute diarrhea first, then vomiting, a few vomit first and then diarrhea, most cases have no abdominal pain, and a few cases have dull pain or abdominal distension. Diarrhea occurs several times a day to more than a dozen times, and a few even have incontinence, which is impossible to count.
The onset season of cholera is generally from May to 165438+ 10, and the epidemic peak is from July to 65438+ 10. However, with the climate warming, cases will appear in early April or even in the middle and late March.
Cholera patients and suspected patients need isolation treatment, and close contacts should also be isolated for medical observation. The patient's vomit, domestic water, clothes, tableware, etc. It should be strictly disinfected. The furniture, floors, walls, contaminated household appliances, toilets and the surrounding environment of patients' families should also be disinfected.
Why is cholera rising this year?
The cholera epidemic in China has been hovering at a low level for nearly three years, and this year it has shown an obvious upward trend. The increase of cholera cases this year is not only related to the changes of cholera epidemic strains in some parts of southern China, but also related to natural disasters, bad eating habits and cross-contamination in food processing in some areas, which is the result of many factors.
According to local reports, as of the end of September this year, the number of reported cholera cases in China has increased significantly compared with the same period of last year, and most of them are concentrated in several southern coastal provinces. Outbreaks mostly occur after weddings and funerals in rural areas, and sporadic patients have a history of unclean diet, especially eating raw or half-baked seawater products or eating in small restaurants. Related studies have found that the change of dominant bacteria is one of the important factors of cholera outbreak or epidemic. In the mid-1990s, cholera epidemic in China was dominated by Nana Ogawa type. In recent years, the multi-bacterial types of cholera are prevalent at the same time in China, and the proportion of rice leaf type has increased this year; In several southern coastal provinces with more reported cases, cholera epidemic strains once again showed the trend of rice leaf type.
The increase of epidemic intensity of cholera rice leaf strain is worthy of attention. Because according to the historical epidemic data of cholera, due to the lack of corresponding immunity, the transformation of cholera strains can often lead to new epidemics. Experts predict that from June 5438 to 10 this year, there is still the possibility of local epidemic in southern provinces, and the cholera epidemic in 2006 may exceed this year in terms of the number of patients and the scope of the disease.
The epidemic situation of cholera in history
The name of cholera first appeared in Neijing, a classic of traditional Chinese medicine, and was also discussed in Treatise on Febrile Diseases in Han Dynasty, and there was also a monograph on cholera in Qing Dynasty. It is an acute intestinal infectious disease caused by bacteria and infected by unclean diet. Patients will have severe diarrhea, dehydration and even death. Because of its fierce onset, rapid spread and great influence, it has been identified by the World Health Organization as one of the infectious diseases that must be isolated internationally.
According to historical records, there were seven epidemics of cholera. The first time started at 18 17. Cholera started in India, spread to Arabia, and then spread to Africa and the Mediterranean coast. The second epidemic in 1826 arrived in Russia and then spread throughout Europe; The third epidemic, which crossed the ocean, arrived in North America on 1832. In less than 20 years, cholera has become "19th century's most terrible and remarkable world disease". During the hundred years from 65438 to 0923, there were six cholera epidemics, which caused incalculable losses. More than 38 million people died in India alone.
196 1 year later, the seventh cholera epidemic began again. This time it started in Indonesia and then spread to other Asian countries and Europe; 1970 entered Africa, and Africa, which had not seen cholera for a hundred years, suffered greatly from it. According to the statistics of the World Health Organization, in 200 1 year, African cholera patients accounted for 94% of the world; 199 1 year, cholera hit Latin America. In one year, 400,000 people fell ill and 4,000 people died, and the economic loss of Peru alone reached 770 million US dollars.
In 1990s, the number of cholera patients showed an upward trend. The World Health Organization called it a permanent threat to the world and said that "the threat is increasing". Experts believe that the reason why cholera has come back after many years is related to factors such as environmental deterioration, backward sanitary facilities, poor living conditions and malnutrition. For example, the cholera epidemic in Peru in 199 1 was mainly due to the lack of clean drinking water.
Cholera is easy to control. As long as you don't drink water contaminated by germs and eat cold and unclean food, you won't get infected.