Outpatient psychological counseling is the most important and effective method in psychological counseling because of its good concealment and systematicness.
As the name implies, psychological counseling by letters is conducted in the form of letters, which are mostly used for help seekers who are far away or unwilling to reveal their identity. Help-seekers provide troubleshooting and psychological guidance according to the situation described in the letter and the questions raised by the help-seekers. The advantage of psychological counseling is that there are few taboos, but the disadvantage is that you can't fully understand the situation and can only give guiding opinions according to general principles. Letters from help seekers are often confusing, and the questions are often too general and excessive, and some even go beyond the scope of psychological counseling. Therefore, when receiving a letter from a customer, some psychological counseling institutions often send a medical history outline or a corresponding psychological or behavioral self-assessment scale to the customer, so that the customer can fill in the prescribed form and send it back, which can make the letter psychological counseling more standardized. Due to the difficulties in methods, the effect of letter consultation is not very good, but the actual work shows that letter consultation is very helpful and beneficial to some help seekers. For more serious problems, the counselor can suggest in the letter that the helper comes to consult in person.
Column Psychological Counseling Column Psychological Counseling is a kind of counseling method that introduces the general knowledge of psychological counseling and mental health through newspapers, magazines, radio and television, or analyzes and answers some typical questions. At present, many newspapers and periodicals in China have opened up psychological counseling columns, including some special psychological counseling, mental health publications, medical magazines, popular science books and so on. Many radio and TV stations also have related programs. Strictly speaking, the function of this form of psychological counseling is more to popularize and publicize relevant knowledge than real psychological counseling. Its advantages are wide coverage, strong universality and weak pertinence.
Telephone counseling Telephone counseling is also a common form of psychological counseling. Its origin is a hotline set up abroad in 1950s, aiming at preventing vicious incidents caused by psychological crisis, such as suicide and violence, from which the word "crisis intervention" also appeared. It is well known that the telephone number of this service is the same as that of the fire alarm and Fei Jing telephone. The call center has a special consultant on duty 24 hours a day, and there is also a mobile emergency team if conditions permit. This kind of consultation telephone has a good effect in saving lives and preventing malignant events, so it is called "lifeline" and "hope line". In addition, there are some toll telephone services in the name of psychological consultation, such as ×× hotline and ×× dedicated line. These service forms should be further standardized. Talking on the phone, relieving boredom or imparting some knowledge can't be regarded as psychological counseling.
On-the-spot psychological consultation On-the-spot psychological consultation means that psychological counselors go deep into schools, families, institutions, enterprises, factories, communities and other places to receive visitors on the spot. This form has a good effect on some psychological problems with the same background or characteristics. The most in-depth development of on-site psychological counseling is family psychotherapy, which has gradually developed into an independent form of counseling and treatment. Family therapy pays attention to the interpersonal relationship between family members, understands this small group through organizational structure, role-playing, alliance and relationship, and finds and solves problems with the whole family system as the object.
Classification and forms of psychological counseling According to the content of counseling, psychological counseling can be divided into development counseling and health counseling; According to the scale of consultation, it can be divided into individual consultation and group consultation; According to the forms of consultation, it can be divided into outpatient consultation, telephone consultation and network consultation.
1, Developmental Psychological Counseling In order to adapt to the rhythm of modern work and life, people pay more and more attention to their own understanding and concern. Developmental psychological counseling can help people tap their psychological potential and improve their self-cognitive ability. When there are deviations or obstacles in self-knowledge, they can be solved through psychological counseling.
With the continuous improvement of human material civilization and spiritual civilization, people gradually pay attention to how to improve the quality of life in an all-round way, such as improving the ability to study and work, maintaining the best working condition, maintaining a peaceful living environment, and coordinating the interpersonal relationship between family members and social members. As a professional skill, psychological counseling can help people adjust their inner world and improve their quality of life.
Developmental psychological counseling often involves the following contents: the influence of pregnant women's psychological state, behavioral activities and living environment on the fetus; Early intellectual development of children; Psychological problems in children's development; Unbalanced physical and mental development in adolescence; Social adaptation; Sexual psychological knowledge consultation; Social communication and puppy love between men and women; The contradiction between youth's independence and dependence; Friendship and love; Achievement motivation and self-realization; Choose a spouse to get married; Interpersonal relationship; Employment, unemployment and reemployment; Interpersonal conflicts, emotional disorders, work and family load adaptation in middle age and menopause; Family structure adjustment; Menopause syndrome, etc. Re-adapt to the social role of the elderly; Family relations such as husband and wife, two generations, grandparents and grandchildren; Physical aging and psychological aging; Old age life, etc.
2. Who is the target of health consultation and psychological consultation? It should be said that people who feel psychologically unhealthy are the objects of mental health consultation. In other words, anyone who is nervous because of some psychological and social stimuli and obviously experiences physical or emotional distress can become the object of healthy psychological counseling. Because psychosocial stimulation is very complicated and intricate, it exists widely in the current society. So any psychological problems in life, work, study, family, illness, rehabilitation, marriage, parenting and so on. Once the client experiences discomfort or pain, it can belong to the scope of health psychological counseling. Its content is roughly as follows:
(1) Various emotional disorders, such as anxiety, fear, depression, pessimism, etc.
(2) Interpretation of uncontrollable thoughts, intentions, behaviors and actions;
(3) various psychosomatic diseases, such as coronary heart disease, hypertension, bronchial asthma, ulcers, etc. And sexual dysfunction;
(4) Long-term chronic physical diseases, which can't be cured for a long time, are not satisfied with the treatment and lose confidence, and need psychological counseling;
(5) Psychological guidance to help-seekers in mental rehabilitation period;
(6) How to deal with and care for the help seekers in the family.
Basic principles of psychological counseling 1, confidentiality principle. Consultants should keep the inner secrets of visitors, properly keep correspondence, test data consultation files and other materials, never talk about the privacy of visitors on any occasion, and never talk about the privacy of visitors to their own unit leaders, colleagues, classmates, parents, spouses, etc. Unless they get the consent of the visitors.
2. Understanding Principles A counselor should fully understand the language, actions and emotions of visitors, and should not judge right or wrong from a moral point of view, but should help visitors analyze the reasons and find a way out.
3. Time-limited principle Psychological counseling must abide by certain time limits. The time for each consultation is generally about 60 minutes (the consultation can be extended appropriately at the time of initial acceptance), and in principle, the consultation time or interval cannot be extended at will.
4. The principle of helping others and helping themselves is an opportunity to learn. Counselors help visitors clear their minds and learn to deal with problems rationally, so that their psychological quality can grow in the process. Therefore, consultation itself is the process of visitors' learning and growth, and it is also the process of consultants' "helping others and helping themselves".
5. Voluntary principle In principle, visitors seeking help in the psychological counseling room must be completely voluntary, which is the premise of establishing the relationship between counseling and visiting. If there is no desire and requirement for psychological counseling, the psychological counselor will not take the initiative to find him or her for psychological counseling. Only when he (she) feels uncomfortable, is worried about it and is willing to seek help from a psychological counselor can the problem be solved. In principle, the door of the psychological consultation room is always open to anyone.
6. The existence of the principles of objective neutrality and unconditional active concern is reasonable, and everyone must have their own difficulties in doing anything. From an objective standpoint, psychological counselors give unconditional positive attention to visitors, without moral standards and personal interference, and will do their best to help each visitor get out of the rainy season of the soul.
7. The principle of postponing major decisions In the process of psychological counseling, due to the emotional instability of visitors, in principle, they should be advised not to make major decisions such as breaking up, abortion, separation and divorce easily. After the consultation, the visitor's mood is settled, and the decision made after the mood is sorted out is often not easy to regret or go back on our word. In this regard, the consultant should inform you at the beginning of the consultation.