Fracture and dislocation can occur independently or in combination. Sudden occurrence, often accompanied by murmur, immediate severe pain, and severe fracture pain can often cause shock.
(A) the common symptoms and signs of fracture
1. Pain: Obviously, it gets worse during exercise and can cause shock.
2. Deformity: Compared with the healthy side, it is angular and short.
3. Dyskinesia: loss of normal movement function and abnormal out-of-joint movement.
4. Swelling: It appears shortly after the injury. It can also become a hematoma.
South tenderness: the tenderness at the fracture is the most obvious, and the fracture is sharp when the axis hits.
6. Bone rubbing sound: When moving slightly or touching the local area, bone rubbing sound will appear at the broken end.
(2) Symptoms and signs of dislocation
1. Joint deformity: loss of normal joint appearance and change of bone markers.
2. Dyskinesia: loss of normal activity function, often elastically fixed in a semi-flexion state.
3. The affected limb becomes shorter.
4. Local swelling or hematocele.
5. gentle.
(3) Diagnosis
According to the injury, symptoms and signs can be diagnosed as follows:
1. Closed simple fracture. Although the bone has been broken, there is no obvious displacement and there is no serious damage to the surrounding soft tissue. I haven't worn my skin.
2. Open fracture. Broken bones are exposed through the skin and are easy to be infected. Care should be taken to protect the wound from pollution.
3. Complex fracture. Broken bones stab nerves, blood vessels and internal organs, affecting joints, and the symptoms are serious. These situations may also be caused by rescue or improper handling, so we must pay attention to prevention.
4. Simple joint dislocation.
5. Complex dislocation with joint fracture.
(4) On-site rescue
1. Stop bleeding, relieve pain and resist shock.
2. Brake to prevent other injuries.
3. Clean, bandage and prevent open wound infection. They should be sent to the hospital for surgery and injected with anti-tetanus serum within a few hours.
(5) Braking method
1. Splint fixation. Before splint fixation, the distal end of the fracture should be slightly traction, and then fixed with moderate tightness.
2, self-fixation. In the absence of splint or other substitute materials, triangle towel or bandage can be used to temporarily fix the trunk and limbs of the injured person, such as the upper limb is fixed on the trunk and the lower limb is fixed by the healthy side.
3. Other objects are fixed. Use other objects with certain hardness, toughness, suitable length and width to replace the splint for fixation. Don't rush to take out the injured person with spinal fracture or doubt.
The "rescue" on the ground should be carried out on the hard bed board, and several people need to turn it over to the bed board at the same time. Turn around synchronously and don't twist your spine. It is forbidden to carry it by hand or lift it to the stretcher by hand. When carrying, it is best to use prone position. If you lie on your back, you should add padding to the wound to make the spine overstretch, so as to avoid twisting and bending forward, so as not to damage the spinal cord and cause paraplegia.
Simple dislocation can be manually reduced on site and then fixed. Complex dislocation should be sent to hospital for treatment.
Muscle spasm
Involuntary tense contraction of muscle is muscle spasm, commonly known as "cramp". Muscle spasm during exercise is more common in calf gastrocnemius, followed by flexor, flexor digitorum and flexor digitorum.
(1) reason
1. Cold stimulus. If you exercise in cold water, cold air and other environments, if you are not prepared for exercise, you are prone to muscle spasm.
2. Electrolyte imbalance, especially sweating heavily during summer exercise, causes electrolyte imbalance in the body and causes muscle spasm.
3. Muscle contraction disorder or injury. For example, excessive continuous contraction relaxes muscles enough to form spasms, or during exercise, muscles suffer repeated minor injuries, causing protective tonic contraction.
(2) Performance
When muscle spasms, local sclerosis, unbearable pain, fingers and toes involuntarily flex, it is difficult to straighten.
(3) treatment
1. Stretch the flexed fingers (toes) to make them overstretch, stretch the spasmodic muscles, relieve the spasms, and then massage locally and apply hot compress.
2. Leave the stimulation of cold environment and drink some salty water.
(4) Prevention
1. Strengthen exercise, improve adaptability, and make full preparations before exercise, especially in cold environment. Massage the spasmodic muscles properly.
2. Keep warm in winter. You can't be inactive in the water for a long time in winter. If the water temperature is low in summer, swimming time should not be too long.
3. Sweat more in summer, pay attention to drink some salt and boiled water to replenish the lost electrolyte.
4. When you are tired, you should not do strenuous exercise for a long time.
Exercise syncope
Transient loss of consciousness during or after exercise is called exercise syncope, which is caused by sudden cerebral ischemia and is more common in teenagers with low training level.
(1) reason
1. Decreased cardiac output. People who usually lack exercise suddenly take part in a large amount of exercise, and their heart function can't keep up with the needs of exercise for a while. Coupled with the lack of training at ordinary times, uncoordinated movements and breath-holding, the blood reflux is reduced. Cardiac output also decreased significantly, leading to temporary cerebral ischemia. Moreover, due to the lack of exercise at ordinary times, the body's adaptability to this situation is poor, and it is easier to faint.
2. Gravity impact. Such as standing still for a long time, squatting for a long time and suddenly getting up, and suddenly stopping activities after running. Can reduce the blood reflux caused by gravity and form cerebral ischemia.
(2) Performance
First, general fatigue, dizziness, tinnitus, blackness in front of eyes, pallor and other symptoms. Appear, then unconscious, suddenly fall to the ground, appear cold hands and feet, slow and weak pulse, blood pressure drop, slow breathing, pupil contraction and other symptoms. After the light person falls to the ground, the brain is replenished with blood to eliminate ischemia, and he may be awake for a while, but he still feels dizzy, mentally poor and weak after waking up.
(3) treatment
When you have prodromal symptoms, you should squat or lie down for a while to avoid fainting. The fainter should lie down with his head down and his feet high, loosen his collar, keep warm, and massage his lower limbs centripetally. Those who don't wake up can refer to pinching or needling Renzhong, Baihui, Yongquan, Hegu and other points, or smelling ammonia water, which can generally wake up. If you stop breathing, you can do artificial respiration. At this time, turn your head to one side and pay attention to prevent phlegm or vomit from blocking.
Block your throat.
(4) Prevention
1. Keep exercising and strengthen your physique.
2. When standing for a long time, always alternate lower limbs. Don't stand up suddenly after squatting for a long time, stand up slowly.
Don't stop after the sprint, keep jogging and take a deep breath for a while.
4. Those who are weak after a long illness will not take part in strenuous exercise for the time being.
Summer heat
Heatstroke is an acute disease caused by exercise in a high temperature environment and the heat in the body is difficult to dissipate.
(1) reason
It is easy to happen when you exercise for a long time in windless summer or other high temperature environments, especially in the case of sultry weather, insufficient drinking water and direct sunlight on your head.
(2) Performance
Mild people have dizziness, headache, general fatigue, irritability, nausea and vomiting, dry mouth and so on. If not treated in time, there will be high fever, burning skin without sweat, red face, sometimes nosebleeds, shortness of breath, heavy pulse and so on. In severe cases, fainting, pallor, cold sweat, hypothermia, weak pulse, decreased blood pressure, shallow breathing, dilated pupils, and even death may occur.
(3) treatment
Make the patient leave the hot environment quickly and rest in a cool and ventilated place. Raise your head slightly, loosen your clothes, fan the air to cool down, and apply cold compress to your head. Massage the upper body with warm water, and avoid cooling with cold water. Because bathing with cold water will shrink superficial capillaries, the heat dissipation effect is even worse. Coma, you can wake up according to the first aid method of syncope and drink some cold boiled water or light salt water.
(4) Prevention
1. Exercise schedule should be reasonable, especially when the temperature is not too high in the morning and evening in summer, pay attention to measures such as drinking water to cool down. Wear a hat when exercising in the hot sun.
2. Indoor activities should pay attention to ventilation and cooling.
3. Strengthen adaptive exercise.
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