Spring is a period when cold and warm air meet frequently, and the weather is changeable, hot and cold. If you don't pay attention to health care, it is easy to get epidemic diseases. People with weak resistance are more vulnerable to viruses and bacteria. In fact, these common diseases can be prevented. Here are some common diseases in spring and their self-prevention methods.
Knowledge of common diseases in spring 1 preventive measures of common infectious diseases in spring;
1. Frequent window opening and natural ventilation can effectively reduce the number of microorganisms in indoor air and improve indoor air quality. Indoor air can be disinfected by spraying or fumigation with vinegar, and personal towels, toothbrushes and tableware should be disinfected or replaced regularly.
2. Vaccinate. There are vaccines for common infectious diseases. Planned artificial active immunization is the main link to prevent various infectious diseases, and preventive vaccine is the best active means to prevent infectious diseases.
3. Develop good hygiene habits and keep the workplace clean; Wash your hands before and after meals and after going out. Sneezing, coughing and clearing nose should be covered with toilet paper, and used toilet paper should not be left everywhere; Change, wash, dry clothes and bedding frequently; No spitting, no mixing of personal hygiene products.
4. Strengthen exercise and enhance immunity. In spring, human metabolism begins to flourish, which is a good time to exercise. Take an active part in sports and exercise regularly to enhance your resistance.
5. Life is regular. It is very important to combine work and rest and ensure sleep to improve a person's resistance.
6. Pay attention to the details of clothes and food. The climate in spring is changeable, and it is warm and cold at first, so it is necessary to increase or decrease clothes in time; Reasonable diet, easy to light, high vitamin content, should eat more foods rich in high-quality protein and trace elements, such as lean meat, eggs, dates, honey and fresh fruits and vegetables. In order to reduce the irritation to respiratory tract, drink plenty of water.
7, diligent drying bedding.
8. Don't be afraid of getting sick. Because there are many cold-like symptoms in the early stage of infectious diseases in spring, it is easy to be ignored, so the body is not suitable for timely medical treatment, especially those with fever and rash symptoms, which should be diagnosed as soon as possible and treated in time. If there are infectious diseases, isolation measures should be taken immediately to avoid expanding the scope.
Knowledge of common infectious diseases in spring:
1, influenza (flu)
Referred to as influenza, it is a highly contagious acute respiratory infectious disease caused by influenza virus, and its incidence ranks first among infectious diseases. The incubation period is 1-3 days. The main symptoms are fever, headache, runny nose, sore throat, dry cough, muscle and joint pain and discomfort all over the body. Fever usually lasts for 3-4 days, and some of them are severe pneumonia or gastrointestinal flu. The main sources of infection are patients and latent infections, and the infection period is 1 week. The route of transmission is mainly direct transmission by air droplets, and also indirect transmission by items contaminated by viruses. People are usually prone to the flu.
2. Meningitis (epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis)
Encephalomyelitis is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by meningococcus, which is highly contagious. In the early stage of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis, it is similar to a cold, runny nose, cough, headache and fever. After bacteria enter the cerebrospinal fluid, serious symptoms such as headache, lethargy, neck rigidity, jet-like vomiting, coma and shock appear. The source of infection is mainly patients or carriers, and the transmission route is mainly direct transmission of air droplets. The incubation period is usually 2-3 days, and the longest is one week. People are generally susceptible, especially young children.
Step 3: measles
The incubation period of infectious diseases caused by measles virus is 8- 12 days, and it can be cured in about 10 days. Typical clinical symptoms can be summarized as "three, three, three", that is, three days before eruption: moderate fever at about 38 degrees, accompanied by cough, runny nose, tears, photophobia, and gray spots on oral and buccal mucosa (this is the characteristic); Three days after eruption: from the 4th to 5th day, the body temperature rises to about 40 degrees, and the red maculopapular rash gradually reaches the trunk, upper limbs and lower limbs from beginning to end; Recovery period: 3-4 days after the eruption, the body temperature gradually returned to normal, the rash began to subside, and the skin left sugar bran desquamation and brown pigmentation. Measles is transmitted by respiratory droplets, and patients are the only source of infection. Lifelong immunity can be obtained after illness, and secondary diseases are rare. People who have never suffered from measles or been vaccinated against measles are generally susceptible, especially children aged 6 months to 5 years have the highest incidence rate (90%), and adult infection symptoms are aggravated.
4, chickenpox
This is a highly contagious disease caused by varicella-zoster virus. The typical clinical manifestation of chickenpox is moderate to low fever, and soon red maculopapules appear in batches and quickly develop into clear oval blisters. After 24 hours, the blister becomes turbid and easy to break, then contracts from the center and scabs quickly. Clinically, papules, blisters and scabs often exist at the same time, showing a centripetal distribution, that is, the trunk comes first, followed by the head, face and limbs, while the hands and feet are few and itchy. After receiving regular treatment, if there is no complicated infection, it can be cured in 7- 10 days. The source of infection is mainly patients. The route of transmission is respiratory droplets and contact with utensils, toys, bedding and towels contaminated by varicella virus. People are generally susceptible, especially children. Because the disease is highly contagious, patients must be isolated at an early stage until all rashes are dry and scabbed.
5, mumps
Acute and systemic infectious diseases caused by mumps virus can generally be cured in about 2 weeks. Typical clinical symptoms are fever, swelling and pain under the ear and chin. Parotid enlargement is characterized by forward, backward and downward spread around the earlobe, which may be complicated with meningoencephalitis and acute pancreatitis. The source of infection is mumps patients or recessive infection, and the virus infects healthy people through droplets. It is more common in children and adolescents, with good prognosis and lasting immunity after illness.
6, rubella
Rubella is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by rubella virus, and spring is the high incidence season of rubella. At first, there are usually only low-grade fever and mild cold symptoms. Rash usually occurs 0 ~ 2 days after the onset of 65438+, and the shape and distribution of rash are similar to measles. It takes only 1 day for the rash to develop rapidly from the face to the whole body, which is the characteristic of rubella. Lymph node enlargement in the occipital region, behind the ear and neck is also a common symptom of this disease. Rubella patients, people who have rubella virus but are not sick and congenital rubella patients are the sources of infection of this disease. Both children and adults can get sick, and it is contagious 5 ~ 7 days before and 3 ~ 5 days after the onset, with the strongest infectivity on the day of onset and the day before. You can basically get permanent protection after infection. The transmission of airborne droplets is the main route of rubella transmission, and daily close contact can also be contagious. Rubella doesn't need special treatment. After a definite diagnosis, observe at home, do a good job in cleaning and nursing the skin and mouth, give digestible and nutritious liquid or semi-liquid food, and pay attention to quiet rest.
7.scarlet fever
Acute respiratory infectious diseases caused by group A streptococcus. Early pharyngeal congestion and tonsillar enlargement are characterized by fever, sore throat, headache, nausea and vomiting. Generally, a rash appears within 24 hours of fever, starting from behind the ear, neck and upper chest and spreading to the whole body within one day. The rash is bright red, the size of a needle, and looks like "goose bumps". If you press it with your fingers, the blush will fade temporarily and the skin at the pressed part will be pale. After more than ten seconds, the skin returned to scarlet, and the face was bloodshot and reddish, but there was no rash. Pale lips and tip of nose, red and swollen nipple of tongue. Scarlet fever is mainly transmitted by respiratory droplets and occasionally by contact. People are generally susceptible, and children and adolescents are more common. There are specific drugs for the disease, and the treatment effect is good, so the cure rate is high and the harm has been obviously reduced, but early diagnosis and correct treatment are the key.
Knowledge of prevention and treatment of common diseases in spring 2 1. chickenpox
Patients are contagious from 2 days before eruption to 6 days after eruption.
There may be precursor symptoms such as fever, headache and general burnout in the early stage of onset, and a rash appears within 24 hours of onset. The distribution of rash is centripetal, that is, there are more trunks and heads and fewer limbs. In most cases, patients have mild symptoms and can be cured without treatment.
2. Mumps
The patient is contagious from 6-7 days before parotid gland enlargement to 9 days after parotid gland enlargement.
At the beginning of the disease, there may be precursor symptoms such as fever, headache, fatigue and loss of appetite. 1-2 days after the onset, there will be pain in the zygomatic arch or ear, and then there will be salivary gland enlargement, usually one or both parotids.
3. Influenza
Influenza patients are the source of infection, mainly through air or droplets in crowded and closed environments, or through direct contact with patients' secretions.
Symptoms such as fever, headache, myalgia, fatigue, rhinitis, sore throat, cough and gastrointestinal discomfort may also occur.
measles
Measles patients are the source of infection, mainly through droplets or direct contact with the nose and throat secretions of patients.
Cough, runny nose, fever, jealousy and oral leukoplakia (Koch's leukoplakia) appeared in the early stage of illness; After 3 ~ 7 days, maculopapules will appear on the skin, which generally spread from the face to the whole body for 4 ~ 7 days or up to 3 weeks, leaving brown spots or desquamation; The respiratory system, digestive system and brain of seriously ill patients will be affected, leading to serious consequences and even death.
5. Hand, foot and mouth disease
Hand, foot and mouth disease patients and recessive infected people are the sources of infection, mainly through digestive tract, respiratory tract and close contact.
Most of them occur in preschool children, especially in the age group under 3 years old.
The main symptoms are maculopapules and herpes on hands, feet and mouth, and a few severe cases may have meningitis, encephalitis, encephalomyelitis, pulmonary edema and circulatory disorders.
6. People are infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza.
The main sources of infection are poultry (poultry, wild birds) and birds with avian influenza or virus. Infection is mainly through the respiratory tract, but it may also be caused by close contact with infected birds and their secretions, feces and polluted water, but no evidence of effective transmission between people has been found.
The early symptoms are very similar to the common flu, mainly manifested as high fever (mostly lasting above 38℃), cough, sore throat, headache, general malaise and other symptoms.
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