That is, it is a branch of historical research with human culture as the research object, and it is a comprehensive discipline that spans history and culturology. In a narrow sense, cultural history has always been synonymous with the history of academic thought or the history of cultural classics, such as Cai Shangsi's Outline of China Cultural History. Obviously, this definition is too narrow, but judging from the research results so far, on the one hand, cultural history research or cultural research mostly focuses on the whole culture, such as the discussion of China's traditional culture, national character, comparison between Chinese and Western cultures, traditional culture and modern culture; On the other hand, many people think that cultural history should focus on spiritual and cultural history, focusing on ideas, fashion, religious worship, dialects, customs, entertainment and so on. In a specific historical period, that is, culture is regarded as culture in a narrow sense. Although this kind of cultural history research has greatly expanded the scope of the history of academic thought, it still does not define the full scope of cultural history research, which is far from the requirements of culturology theory. The uncertainty of the research scope of cultural history is related to people's various definitions of culture and many schools of culturology theory. But generally speaking, the study of cultural history should include the study of material culture, concept culture, social relations culture (various organizations and systems) and even deep psychology. For example, primitive culture, mainly material culture, occupies a large proportion in the history of primitive culture, from making various tools, using and inventing fire, hunting and living to domesticating animals and plants (the cultivation and cultivation of plants is the original intention of western culture); Among them, marriage, family, tribal organizations and so on belong to social relations culture, without which there is no primitive culture. In fact, in the civilized period, ideology and culture only accounted for a small part, especially in the era when most of the lower class people had low knowledge level and little ideological heritage. This kind of culture mostly represents the upper culture or elite culture, and the lower culture is mostly material form. Without the latter, there would be no cultural history. However, as a unique branch of historiography, the research content of cultural history overlaps with anthropology, religion, ethnology, folklore, social history, history of thought, history of science and technology, linguistics, psychology and other disciplines in many aspects, and obviously it should have a unique research perspective. Studying a worship, a family and a marriage as cultural phenomena is very different from studying them in religion and sociology. Taking fire and domesticating animals and plants as a cultural achievement is an important manifestation of cultural progress, and the study of its cultural history is different from other branches of historical research (in fact, traditional historiography rarely involves such topics, that is, the subject of material life history). In other words, the study of cultural history regards all aspects of human culture as all aspects of comprehensive cultural concepts, and studying them serves the study of culture as a whole. In this sense, cultural history should first study the cultural characteristics and influences of different nationalities and countries in different times, then study the reasons, processes, ways and methods of the spread, integration and obstruction of various cultures, and finally study the various functions of culture in history. These studies must rely on the exploration of cultural factors, such as cultural exchange. We must study the dissemination of production tools (such as bronzes and ironware), production technologies (such as the four great inventions), ideas (such as Buddhism), languages (such as a dialect), and arts (such as western paintings), such as its dissemination mode, dissemination circle, dissemination effect, origin, favorable factors and obstacles. The above examples show that the characteristic of cultural history is to study various cultural creations of human beings as cultural phenomena rather than others, and the purpose of studying various cultural factors is to grasp the whole culture macroscopically.
history
There are five sources:
1, from "the emperor in history" Cang Xie, who created characters in the era of the Yellow Emperor. After that, Cang, Shi, Shi Hou, Hou Gang, Yimen, etc. were derived. Cang Xie is a historian, known as "Huang". Later, there was an official named Shi's family.
2. After Mrs. Zhou's history. His surname was Shi in the past dynasties, and he also took Shi as his surname. The earliest person with a surname in history belongs to Taishi in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty. In the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, there was Taishi Gong, who was solemn and called the Four Saints with Taishi Gong, Zhou Gong and Zhao Gong. Because he was an official in the Zhou Dynasty all his life, all his descendants took the official name as their surname. During the Spring and Autumn Period, historians in many countries took officials as their surnames.
3. One of the "Nine Surnames of Zhaowu" in Sui and Tang Dynasties. The Guo Kang branch of the ancient western regions has a country with a long history and lives in a city with a long history. It is one of the "Zhaowu countries". In history, people from countries came to live in the Central Plains and took the country name as their surname.
4. It was changed by Ashina of the Turkic nationality. In the Northern Wei Dynasty, those who entered the Tang Dynasty changed their surname to Shi.
5. Shi is also of mixed birth. For example, there were Shi Siming in the Tang Dynasty, and there were Turkic species in Benning Yizhou.
Historical surname distribution
Shi's surname is Guan, and all countries in the pre-Qin period have official history, so during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Shi's family was widely distributed all over the country.
In the Western Han Dynasty, Shi Gong was a native of Lu, and his grandson Stan moved from Lu (now Qufu, Shandong Province) to northwest Chang 'an County, Shaanxi Province. Shi Chong, the great-grandson of Stan, moved his family to Liyang (now Gucheng Town, Gaochun County, Jiangsu Province) in the early Eastern Han Dynasty. Shi Bao's descendant, Shi Dan's grandson, moved to Hexi Health (now Gaotai County, Gansu Province) during the Yongjia Rebellion at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty. One of the descendants of Stan moved to Gaomi (now Shandong) and the other stayed in Jingzhao (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi). In addition, at the end of the Western Han Dynasty, there was a crime of stone cen (now Pei County, Jiangsu Province) and moving Hepu (now northeast Hepu County, Guangxi Province); In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Shi Tongping moved to Qingshen County (now Sichuan).
Today, there are still Shi families in Kaifeng, Luoyang and other places in Henan. During the Tang and Five Dynasties, there were Shi families in Hunan, Zhejiang, Shanxi and other provinces. In Song Dynasty, there were Shi families in Jiangxi and Hebei. By the Ming dynasty, the stone was still distributed in some places in Hubei, Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou, Yunnan and other provinces, and it had spread all over the south of the Yangtze River. After the Qing Dynasty, some stone men moved overseas and lived in Singapore and other countries.
Wang Jun Tang Hao
Hall number:
Loyalty Hall Lies: At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Shi Kefa fought against the Qing Dynasty with the minister of war and the great scholar Yangzhou. When Yangzhou was in danger, Shi Kefa wrote a suicide note to his old mother's wife, and because he had no son, he ordered his lieutenant Stilwell to be his son. And confessed: "I was buried next to the tomb of Ming Chengzu after my death." After the city was broken, Kefa couldn't commit suicide and ordered Stevie to kill it. Dewei cried and refused to kill. The result was captured by the Qing soldiers. After being captured, the Qing people advised him to surrender. He was indomitable and brave.
Hope county:
Jiankang County: Liangjia County, sixteen countries ago, is located in the southwest of Gao Tai, Gansu Province. The Northern Dynasties abolished Wei.
Xuancheng County: A county was established in the second year of Jin Taikang (AD 28 1 year). Governance is located in Wanling (now Xuancheng, Anhui).
Gaomi County: In the first year of the Western Han Dynasty (73 BC), it was changed to Jiaoxi County to govern Gaomi. The Western Jin Dynasty restored the country, and the Southern Song Dynasty changed to a county, which governed Sang City (now Weifang East, Shandong Province).
Jingzhao County: In the first year of the early Han Dynasty (BC 104), it was changed to Jingzhao Yin, which was one of the three auxiliary departments. Governance in Chang 'an.
Shi's genealogy
Nationwide: eight volumes of Shijia genealogy.
Jiangsu: The genealogy of Wu Zhong School of Shishi is not divided into volumes, the genealogy of Qianhuai Family is not divided into volumes, the genealogy of Fang Family of Shichang is divided into three volumes, and the genealogy of Changzhou Shi Family is divided into twelve volumes and the first volume.
Zhejiang: Yuyao Banlin genealogy has nine volumes, Yuyao genealogy has eleven volumes at the beginning and two volumes at the end, Yindong genealogy has eight volumes, Chengjiang genealogy has ten volumes, Yindong Hanling genealogy has two volumes, and Yindong Shangshui Street genealogy has fifteen volumes at the beginning and one volume.
Shandong: The Shi family tree is not divided into volumes, the Shi family tree in Laoling is not divided into volumes, and the Shi family is not divided into volumes.
Hubei: Six volumes of Shi's genealogy and ten volumes of Shi Huang's genealogy.
Hunan: Shi's genealogy has nine volumes, Shi Xu's genealogy has fifteen volumes, and the first three volumes.
Sichuan: Ten volumes of genealogy of stone in Libeixi.
Great names in history
Shi Kefa: A famous anti-Qing fighter. When the soldiers were trapped in Yangzhou, he refused to surrender and stuck to the end. Unfortunately, he died heroically.
Shi Menglin: Neo-Confucianism in Ming Dynasty. He advocated neo-Confucianism as the foundation of the country, encouraged by honors and festivals, and participated in giving lectures at Lindong College.
Shiyu: During the Spring and Autumn Period, a historian who defended the country was famous for his integrity. When he died, he also suggested that Wei Linggong become a saint (Mi Apollo) and go to Zixia Mi. Later people called it "corpse remonstration". His books are very straight and are a model for historians.
Book History: Zhou Xuanwang is a calligrapher. According to legend, he created the seal script (that is, the big seal script). He put forward the materialistic proposition of "being in harmony with real creatures, the same is unsustainable".
Historical surnames are inherited from historical emperors and originated in Wuchang, Xuancheng.
According to historical research, this ancient and glorious surname has two main sources, both of which are closely related to ancient historians-one is from Cang Xie, the "historical emperor" who created characters in the Yellow Emperor, and the other is from Tai Shiyi of the Zhou Dynasty.
According to the examination, Cang Xie's descendants were mainly born in Xuancheng, and Taishi's descendants were mainly born in Wuchang. In other words, later generations originated from the family of Shi surname in Xuancheng County, Anhui Province, and their ancestors can be traced back to Cang Xie, the historian of Huangdi five thousand years ago. Shi, a native of Wuchang, Hubei, is a descendant of Tai Shiyi 3000 years ago.
Both Lushi and Xing recorded the origin of the teacher's surname. "History of Taoism" points out: "There is history after". "Compilation of Surnames" points out: "After the history of Mrs. Zhou was lost, the official was the surname and Sun Xun was the emperor of Han history." In addition, China's surname home also pointed out: "After the Taishi and Cang Xie."
These three records admit that Cang Xie and Tai Shiyi are the ancestors of later generations' historical surnames, which is quite substantial in terms of the "evidence" that modern people attach importance to when studying knowledge. However, if people surnamed Shi want to find their true source, I'm afraid they have to work harder. At least they have to find out whether their ancestors were from Anhui or Hubei a few years ago in order to find their own context through clues.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, historical surnames were really prominent, such as those of Lu and Wei, all of whom were immortal figures in Qing history.
Chen Shi's reputation has been spread through the ages, mainly because of a "Shi Chenbei" that still stands in the Confucius Temple in Qufu, Shandong Province. The monument was built in the second year of Jianning, Emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty, namely 169, with a history of more than 1800 years. The inscription on the tablet is an article by Lu Chen worshipping Confucius in the Spring and Autumn Period. They are divided into two stone tablets. The first stone tablet contains memorial and the second stone tablet tells the ceremony. So far, the full text is complete and can be recited, and the official calligraphy tablet is superb, which has always been the case for calligraphy learners. Of course, in this way, Chen Shi who wrote the inscription will be immortal.
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Shi Kefa was a famous national hero in history and admired by everyone. The epic story of his death in Yangzhou is more familiar to later generations, and the name of "the capital of stone ge" is widely known among the people.