I. Construction of Occupational Health Infrastructure
Occupational health infrastructure is the premise of enterprise occupational health management, which mainly includes basic production situation, production technology, structure and distribution of basic production personnel; The source of occupational hazards and their distribution in the whole production process, the distribution of personnel involved in occupational hazards, etc. Until the establishment of occupational health records. Among them, it is very important to identify occupational hazards.
The basic method to identify occupational hazards is to search all chemicals used in the whole production process and find out all possible occupational hazards in the production process.
At present, there are some problems: first, there are few kinds of occupational hazard factors, for example, there are obviously 20 kinds of occupational hazard factors, and only 10 is recognized; The second is that the coverage is narrow and some production links or posts are ignored. The consequences are: some unrecognized occupational hazards are out of control, which may lead to the sudden occurrence of acute occupational diseases and the occurrence of long-term chronic occupational diseases; However, the narrow coverage of identity recognition makes some employees and posts unprotected and unmanaged, which directly threatens the life and health of employees and easily leads to social problems. The main reasons for these problems may be: first, enterprises lack professional knowledge or professional and technical personnel; Second, there is not enough research or understanding of production technology, or the sense of responsibility is not strong; Third, individual operators may only proceed from economic benefits, ignoring or deliberately "avoiding" reducing production costs.
In this regard, I think, first of all, business operators should improve their sense of social responsibility and put occupational safety and health in the proper position of enterprise management, because in the final analysis, the damage to employees and society is also the damage to enterprises; Enterprises can introduce occupational health professional and technical personnel or strengthen the training of occupational health management personnel, and can also seek help from social occupational health professional institutions; Occupational health managers should strengthen the research on the production environment and technology of enterprises; At the same time, it is hoped that the national occupational health supervision institutions will strengthen the audit of the declaration of occupational hazards in enterprises and supervise and manage the sources of occupational hazards, and do some in-depth guidance.
Second, the detection of occupational hazards
The detection of occupational hazard factors, like the identification of occupational hazard factors, is an important part of occupational health management and complements each other. The quality and quantity of detection of occupational hazard factors directly affect the dynamic judgment of occupational hazard factors and the preventive measures that enterprises should take. There are also some problems here: first, the setting is unscientific and does not meet the relevant standards; Second, the setting area is narrow, that is, the setting position is missing; Third, monitoring methods. At present, the fixed-point monitoring of many enterprises is only one-time random testing, which does not meet the sampling requirements of occupational exposure limits Assessment of Hazardous Substances in the Workplace. As a result, the randomness of detection is too large, resulting in abnormally high or low data or unable to reflect the actual contact level and dynamic changes.
Like the identification of occupational hazard factors, enterprises must first strengthen their sense of responsibility; Occupational health management personnel should cooperate with social testing institutions, carefully sort out the current situation of occupational hazards in enterprises, draw up testing schemes suitable for the actual situation of enterprises in accordance with relevant national standards and set up points. At the same time, the time and times of testing should be standardized.
Third, occupational hazard post management
The post management of occupational hazards is actually the management of personnel exposed to occupational hazards. In our country, there are some difficulties or problems in management because of the complicated employment methods of some local enterprises: First, frequent job transfer makes it difficult to manage people with occupational hazards; Second, the types of employees in enterprises are complex, and the management is more difficult, resulting in some problems. For example, registered personnel are contract employees of the enterprise itself, and outsourced personnel are dispatched employees introduced by labor intermediary companies. Outsourcing personnel are employees of foreign companies or some production units that undertake projects, and the third is to manage border issues. Outsourcing enterprises, namely labor intermediary companies and outsourcing enterprises, are all legal business entities with legal personality. However, in the practice of occupational health management, there are also some specific management boundary problems between them and the direct employing enterprises, such as how these foreign enterprises and personnel implement and adapt to the management requirements and systems of their own enterprises, the burden of occupational medical examination fees, who will establish occupational health monitoring files, relevant compensation and management after the occurrence of occupational diseases, etc.
The post management of occupational hazards is directly related to the management of people and should be paid enough attention to. First of all, I hope the relevant government departments will further promote the standardization of employment methods; In the agreements with labor intermediary companies and outsourcing enterprises, enterprises must clarify their respective responsibilities and obligations for occupational health management and even the payment of related expenses; The employing unit shall require the labor intermediary companies and outsourcing enterprises to undertake occupational health management responsibilities according to the Law on the Prevention and Control of Occupational Diseases, and the specific management boundaries shall be clearly defined in the respective occupational health management systems of Party A and Party B to achieve seamless connection.
Four. Notification of occupational hazard factors and occupational health training
There are different ways to let people exposed to occupational hazards know about their workplaces and working environment and how to prevent occupational hazards, but contract notification and occupational health training are legally necessary. At present, some enterprises inform employees of occupational hazards in employment letters, and regard them as annexes to labor contracts. However, occupational health training in enterprises is generally combined with occupational safety training, but it is often a mere formality, lacking effective methods and applicable teaching materials.
The function of occupational hazard notification and occupational health training is not only to satisfy workers' right to know, but also to create a certain humanistic environment for enterprises to manage and protect occupational hazards. Enterprises must standardize the notification methods of occupational hazard factors according to legal requirements, and combine the characteristics of enterprises to invest certain time, energy and funds to carry out effective occupational health training according to local conditions. It is hoped that the government occupational health supervision and management institutions will provide enterprises with appropriate technical and training materials and give guidance while strictly supervising law enforcement.
To sum up, at present, China's occupational health management and occupational disease prevention and control work is still in its infancy and infrastructure construction stage. From the perspective of enterprises, there are still many problems and difficulties. Occupational health management and occupational disease prevention and control is a systematic project, which requires the joint participation of the government, society, enterprises and related people in order to operate and develop healthily. Modern enterprises are social units that provide products, but their social responsibilities cannot be shirked. Although occupational health occupies a limited position in enterprise management, enterprise managers must realize that the production of products is ultimately the production of people, and occupational health managers should also assess the situation, grasp the tightness of management in time, and gradually push occupational health management deeper.
Government supervision and management institutions and social occupational health-related institutions should earnestly perform their respective supervision and management and social functions, and take enterprises as the basic working face, because enterprises are the starting point and end point of occupational health work.