6. Science and technology refers to the development of science and the application of its achievements in the field of production practice. After World War II, the rapid development of science and technology injected a strong impetus into the accelerated development of society. With the rapid development of science and technology in the world, the role of science and technology in social development is increasingly obvious. 7. Science and technology refers to natural science, and production technology refers to social science. Compared with the classical empirical model, the network model has stronger filtering ability and is stronger than the empirical model when dealing with noisy or sparse data. 8, science and technology (mainly refers to natural science) is the primary productive force, refers to the importance of science and technology to the development of productive forces. Branch ipod terminal
Learning technology is to promote and promote the development of productive forces by applying technology to production practice. 9. However, some people in China today think that science and technology refer to natural sciences, and there are still different opinions on the relationship between science and social sciences, and whether science and technology include social sciences. Some people even doubt whether social science is science or productivity. 10, we believe that science and technology is an important conclusion of the primary productive force, in which science and technology refers to the whole of science and technology, that is, a complete system including natural science, engineering technology, management science and humanities and social sciences. 1 1. Science and technology refers to the actual ability of human beings to master, understand and apply objective natural laws. Scientific and technological achievements refer to the current level of this practical ability. Since the level of science and technology is the degree of human understanding and application of objective laws, every step of this level is a scientific and technological achievement. 12 thirdly, the decisive influence of science and technology (here mainly refers to information technology directly related to archival work) on archival work is mainly manifested in two aspects: first, tools created by science and technology, tools created by archival technology, tools for storage management, and tools for information transmission. And then affect the mode, social relations and status of archival work. 13, and "science" and "technology" are used together, called "science and technology", which refers to natural science and production technology means, generally excluding social science. Such enterprises are not always joint-stock companies or private companies, but they can be cooperatives or state-owned entities. 14. Today, science is usually used with the word technology, which is called science and technology. It includes basic science (pure science) and applied science, which is well known. Generally speaking, the former represents the epistemological value, cultural value and educational value of science and technology. 15. In these basic science categories and basic technologies, natural science and social science and technology are obviously included, that is, hard science and technology and soft science and technology are collectively referred to as science and technology. Of course, the science and technology referred to in people's traditional ideas are mainly hard science and technology (such as mechanical physics, chemical engineering and biotechnology). 16. People's general term for science and technology is the integration development trend of science and technology. Science and technology, as the unity of science and technology, is also the contradictory unity of human purpose and the regularity of nature. 17, technology (here mainly refers to technology) is the pillar of productivity and social development in the past, and it is the first and most popular iPod.
A revolutionary force of fundamental significance. "Science and technology are the primary productive forces" (P274) Deng Xiaoping's assertion clearly pointed out the leading role and important position of science and technology in productive forces and social development for the first time. 18. Although they are usually called "science and technology", it should be clear that this is a parallel phrase. Because of different technologies, the corresponding management methods are also different. 19, and technology is the application of science in production, so since the modern industrial revolution, science and technology have truly merged, which is called "science and technology". Science and technology have no national boundaries and have universal significance or universal effectiveness beyond geographical restrictions. The practical application of science and technology inevitably requires the continuous transformation of social production and the all-round flow of social members, which leads to globalization.
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(A) the etymology of science and technology
1. The word "science" is a foreign noun translated from English "science". In the late Qing Dynasty, "science" was translated into "Gezhi". During the Meiji Restoration, Japanese scholars translated "science" into "science". Kang Youwei introduced the Japanese character "science" directly into Chinese for the first time. Yan Fu also translated "science" into "science" when he translated two books, Evolution and Fu Yuan, which were popular in China in the early 20th century. 2. The Greek root of the word "Technology" is "tech", which originally means personal skills or skills. Early refers to the personal skills, production methods and recipes handed down from generation to generation by the family. Later, with the continuous development of science, the coverage of technology was greatly enhanced.
(B) the meaning of science and technology
1. Traditionally, science is a system of knowledge about nature, society and thinking accumulated by human beings. 2. What we call "science" refers to the natural science that studies natural phenomena and their laws; Technology generally refers to various tools, equipment, technologies and process systems combined for a practical purpose according to the production practice experience of natural science principles, but does not include the technical content corresponding to social science. 3. Science and technology are dialectical unity. Technology puts forward the topic and completes it scientifically. Science is the discovery of technology and theoretical guidance. Technology is an invention and a practical application of science.
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Science and technology are the primary productive forces. Throughout the ages, every progress of human society is accompanied by the progress of science and technology. In particular, the rapid development of modern science and technology has opened up a broader space for the development of social productive forces and human civilization and effectively promoted economic and social development. The rapid growth of high-tech enterprises such as computer, communication, biomedicine and new materials in China has greatly improved the industrial technology level of China, promoted the labor productivity of industry and agriculture, and effectively promoted the development of the whole national economy. Practice has proved that high-tech and its industries have become the leading industries in contemporary economic development. Science and technology are the symbols of human civilization. The progress and popularization of science and technology have provided mankind with new means to spread ideas and culture, such as radio, television, movies, videos and the Internet, which has given spiritual civilization a new carrier. At the same time, it is of great significance to enrich people's spiritual life, update people's ideas and get rid of superstitions. Scientific and technological progress has created enormous material wealth and spiritual wealth for mankind. With the advent of the era of knowledge economy, the endless development of science and technology and its unlimited creativity will continue to make greater contributions to human civilization. The relationship between science and technology is different in different historical periods, from technology-led to science-led development, from the separation of technology and science to the precise combination of science and technology. The development of modern science and technology shortens the time between the basic research of science and the application and development of technology, especially the birth of system science, which makes automation, computer and communication technology transform rapidly from technology to industrialization. The application of system science in biomedicine leads to the coupling of system biology and synthetic biology, which will quickly lead to the application of system medicine and system bioengineering, thus leading to the biomedical and bio-industrial revolution of individualized medicine, translational medicine and medical engineering system, and making science and technology as the productivity of social and economic development more and more prominent. Modern science and technology will greatly increase human knowledge. Today, unexpected new inventions will appear frequently. Sometimes I almost regret that I was born too early and I don't know what will happen. Benjamin Franklin. High-tech is like a messenger to communicate reality and future, guiding people to explore the space for development and move towards a dynamic new world. The contemporary scientific and technological revolution with information technology as the core is booming around the world, marking a historic leap from industrial society to information society. Information technology includes microelectronics, optoelectronics, computer technology, communication technology, imaging technology, display technology and so on. Since 1990s, information technology has developed rapidly in the direction of digitalization, high speed, networking, integration and intelligence. Its rapid development and wide application have triggered many changes in high-tech fields and formed a magnificent picture of scientific and technological innovation.
life sciences
Modern life science and technology made unprecedented development in the 20th century, especially the discovery of DNA double helix structure and the real DNA double helix structure of human genome project.
Stone makes life science and technology become the mainstream of high technology in 2 1 century. Because life science and technology can reveal the secrets of biological structure and heredity, it plays an important role in promoting the development of population and health, agricultural high technology, ecological environment, food and chemical industry, so it has broad development prospects.
space science
Space science is one of the fastest-growing frontier technologies in contemporary science and technology. Going into space, conducting scientific research there, developing unlimited space resources, settling and traveling, and even establishing space civilization have always been human dreams. Realizing this dream will depend on the progress of space technology. In the past half century, with the development of space technology and the wide application of various applied satellites, mankind has created unprecedented new fields such as satellite communication, satellite broadcasting, satellite meteorology, satellite navigation, satellite measurement, space science and military applications. The development of space technology has played an important role in radio and television, long-distance communication, weather forecast, resource investigation, navigation and positioning, agricultural production, emergency rescue and disaster relief, environmental monitoring and scientific research, etc. Space technology is an important symbol of a country's scientific and technological development level, and its development and application have become an important means of modernization in all countries of the world.
Major scientists and their contributions
Isaac newton (1642- 1727) was a British scientist, the founder of modern physics, and Newton was influenced by his discoveries such as Newton's three laws and the law of universal gravitation.
It means a lot. Werner von Siemens (18 16- 1892) is a German engineer and entrepreneur. Inventor of motor, generator, tram and compass telegraph, improved submarine cable, put forward open hearth steelmaking method and innovated steelmaking process, and founder of Siemens. Thomson Joseph John (1856— 1940) is a British physicist. 1897 discovered the first basic particle of matter structure-electron. Fulton (1765— 18 15) was an American inventor. 1807, fulton made a steamboat. Karl friedrich benz (1844- 1929) is a German engineer. 1868, the world's first three-wheeled internal combustion engine car was built. Volta (1745- 1829) is an Italian physicist. 1800, he made a voltaic pile, and soon invented a voltaic cell, which made people get a stable and continuous current for the first time. Kauros August Otto (1832- 189 1) is a German engineer. 1876, the first four-stroke cycle gas internal combustion engine was built. This made it possible for cars and subsequent planes to appear. Daimler (1834- 1900) is a German mechanical engineer. 1883 made the first gasoline engine, and 1886 made the world's first four-wheel internal combustion engine car. Talcott Parsons was an English inventor. 1884, the first multi-stage reactive steam turbine was manufactured. Rudolf Dissel (1858- 19 13) is a German engineer. The first diesel engine was manufactured in 1897. Bessemer (1813-1898) is a British engineer. Converter steelmaking was invented in 1856. Thomas Alva Edison (1847— 193 1) was an American inventor. He completed more than 1300 inventions in his life, which had a great influence on mankind. 1897, he successfully developed the incandescent lamp. Morse (1791-1872) was an American inventor. 1837, the invention of the telegraph, 1844, May 24th, the world's first telegraph was sent. Alexander bell (1847— 1922) was an American inventor. The telephone was invented in 1876. Guillermo Marconi (1874— 1937) is an Italian engineer. The wireless telegraph was invented in 1895. 1March 28th, 899, radio communication was successfully realized. Alfred bernhard Nobel (1833- 1896) is a Swedish chemist, engineer and industrialist. 1866, Nobel made safe explosives and founded the Nobel Prize. Max Planck (1858.4.23-1947.10.3) is a German physicist, the pioneer and founder of quantum physics, and the winner of the 19 18 Nobel Prize in Physics. Since then, the situation that classical physics dominated the whole country has ended. Albert Einstein (1March 87914-1April 95 18) is a world-famous German-American scientist, a Jew, a pioneer and founder of modern physics, and a proponent of relativity and "mass-energy relationship". Defender of "deterministic quantum mechanical explanation" (vibrating particles)-God who doesn't roll dice. Nikola tesla (1856- 1943), born in July 1856, is the most famous inventor, physicist, mechanical engineer and engineer in the world. The main inventions include alternating current, Tesla coil, particle beam weapon, Tesla turbine engine, asynchronous engine, rotating magnetic field, ground fixed wave, double-wire coil and wireless technology. His achievements in electromagnetism and engineering are unsurpassed. At the same time, Tesla is also considered as a pioneer in robotics, ballistics, consulting science, nuclear physics, theoretical physics and the Internet. Because of his inspiration, many descendants won the Nobel Prize. He is known as "the man who created the 20th century". Many of his theories beyond the times, such as hyperspace transmission theory, wireless energy transmission theory, vacuum energy extraction theory, free energy theory, anti-gravity theory, etc., have been preserved by the American government and are unknown to the outside world. James watt (james watt, 1736 19-65438+.
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The motive force of economic development
At present, the labor productivity of China is only 1/40 of that of developed countries. Once science and technology are transformed into productive forces, it will greatly improve production efficiency, thus promoting rapid economic development, and its role greatly exceeds the transformation of the economy by capital and labor.
Military combat effectiveness
In today's world, peace and development are the themes of the times. However, the "cold war" mentality still exists, and hegemonism and power politics are still the main sources that threaten world peace and stability. It is the same choice for a powerful country in science and technology to become a modern country.
Political influence
The level of modern science and technology has become a bargaining chip in international political struggle and a symbol of great power status. Deng Xiaoping once pointed out: "If China had no atomic bombs, hydrogen bombs and satellites since the 1960s, China would not be a big country with important influence and would not have such an international status."
The driving force of social progress
The productivity of scientific and technological development has created a highly developed material civilization, but improper use of science and technology has caused worldwide environmental problems.
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Great achievements have been made in human genetic research.
1.199965438+February1day, a research team composed of scientists from Britain, the United States, Japan and other countries announced that the first human chromosome genetic code had been translated and Apollo landed on the moon.
This is another major breakthrough in the field of human science. The human genome project is one of the three major scientific projects in human history, which is as famous as Manhattan Atomic Bomb Project and Apollo Moon Landing Project, but its value and influence on human society will far exceed the first two projects. 2. On June 26th, 2000, the first draft of the human genome was finally completed. Scientists from China participated in and completed the high-quality sequencing of the draft of the human genome 1%. This mission shows that China scientists have the ability to rise to the forefront of international science and make important contributions. 3. On February 12, 2000, scientists from six countries participating in the Human Genome Project jointly published the human genome map and its analysis results, and the complete map of the human genome will be completed this year. Draw a complete human genome map and decipher all human genetic information. The implementation of this plan will provide a basis for the diagnosis and prevention of human diseases, bring immeasurable changes to the pharmaceutical industry, and promote the development of life science, information science and a number of high-tech industries.
Space technology has developed rapidly
1.On February 2, 20001day, the second Beidou navigation test satellite developed by China was successfully launched, and it was launched on February 3, 2000/day.
Schematic diagram of Beidou satellite navigation system (2 pieces) The first Beidou navigation test satellite together constitutes the Beidou navigation system. This indicates that China will have the first-generation satellite navigation and positioning system independently developed. After the system is completed, it will mainly provide navigation services for highway traffic, railway transportation and offshore operations, and will play a positive role in China's national economic construction. 2.20011China's "Shenzhou II" was launched from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in China and successfully entered the scheduled orbit. On June 65438+1October16th, the "Shenzhou II" unmanned spacecraft returned accurately and landed successfully. This is the first launch of China space flight in the new century and the second flight test of China's manned spaceflight project, which marks an important step for China to realize manned flight. Scientists in China are at the forefront of international science and technology in nanotechnology research. Recently, Chinese scientists have directly discovered the "strange" performance of nano-metal in the world for the first time-superplastic ductility. Nano-copper can be stretched more than 50 times at room temperature, which is regarded as "a breakthrough in this field. It shows people for the first time how nano-materials without gaps are deformed". Generally speaking, China ranks fourth in the world in the total number of nano-papers, and has occupied a place in the international research of nano-materials. Four. On October 29th, 2000/KLOC-0, the first humanoid robot independently developed by China, which has human appearance characteristics and can simulate human walking and basic operation functions, made its debut at Changsha University of National Defense Technology. The appearance of humanoid robot indicates that China's robot technology has been among the international advanced ranks. V. Achievements Exhibition of the National "863" Plan15th Anniversary On March 5438+0, 2006, the State held the Achievements Exhibition of the "863" Plan15th Anniversary in Beijing Exhibition Hall. Since the implementation of1986 "863" project in March, * * * has obtained more than 2,000 patents at home and abroad, published more than 47,000 papers, created a cumulative new output value of more than 56 billion yuan, and generated indirect economic benefits of more than 200 billion yuan. The overall gap between the R&D level in the high-tech field supported by the 863 Program and the world advanced level has obviously narrowed, and it has begun to occupy a place in the world high-tech field. More than 60% of the technology has grown from scratch, and now it has entered or approached the international advanced level, and 25% still lags behind the international advanced level, but it has also made great progress on the original basis.