original work
I said in private: I risked my mother and son Chen Qingbiao, but also for each other. The disaster of rewelding (xing), rewelding (si) is fierce by the people (mǐn). Give birth in June, and a loving father will come back to see you; Xing (xíng) is four years old, and his uncle has his mother's ambition. Grandmother Liu Min (mǐn) is a lonely and weak priest, and she was brought up by herself. I am a sickly junior minister, I can't do it at the age of nine, and I am lonely and miserable. As for the establishment. Neither an uncle nor a brother (xi m: n); The door is thin, and there is a child at night. A close relative who has no life outside (J:) insists (qi: ng) and has no answer (tóng). Qióng and Jie stood together, inseparable. Liu Suying's disease often occurs in bed cup (Rü); I brought the soup and medicine, and I never gave up.
Catch (dài) to serve the sacred court and bathe in the clear spring. Wei Xiao, a former satrap minister, visited Lian Xiao, and later became a secretariat minister, and was named a scholar. I have no master to support, and I would rather die. Under the imperial edict, I worshipped the minister, sought the country's favor, and removed the minister to wash (xi m: n) the horse. The accusation (wíI) is humble and serves the East Palace, which is beyond the scope of my report. I am a minister, but I don't take office. The imperial edict is sharp and the minister is slow (bū); County persecution, urging ministers to go on the road; The State Council was anxious to light the spark. I'm going to run at the imperial edict, when Liu is ill (d incarnation); If you want to cheat, tell me not to: I'm really embarrassed to retreat.
Fu Wei ruled the world with filial piety, but he was still pregnant when he was old (j: n), and his minister was lonely. Besides, I'm a junior official and a puppet, and I've been a minister for a long time. I am an official in this plan, and I don't care about honor. Today, I conquered this country and captured some prisoners, even humble people. If you have been promoted (zhuó), you have ruined your life (Wei). How dare you linger on (huán) and have hope (Ji)? However, Liu is dying and his life is dying. I have no grandmother, no today; Grandma has no ministers, and her years are endless. Mother and son are more about each other's lives, so we can't waste them.
I have (à u) four years old this year, and my grandmother Liu has (à u) six years old this year. It is a long day for me to do my bit in your majesty and a short day for raising Liu. I am willing to beg for it. The minister's hard work, not only the people in Shu, but also the herdsmen in the two States know it. May your majesty pity your ignorance and sincerity, listen to my wishes, and save Liu for more than a year. I was born a meteorite and died a grass. I am sorry to hear that I am afraid of dogs and horses.
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Annotation translation
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Minister Chen Mi said: I suffered misfortune very early, because my fate was not good. My father died six months after I was born. When I was four years old, my uncle forced my mother to change her ambition and become sober. My grandmother, Liu, sympathized with my loneliness and hardship and raised me. I was often ill when I was a child, and I couldn't walk when I was nine. Lonely and helpless until adulthood. There are neither uncles nor brothers, and the family fortune is falling, and the blessings are shallow. It's too late to have a son. There is no close relative outside, and there is no child servant to take care of the door at home. Life is lonely, there is no dependence, only one's own body and shadow comfort each other. However, my grandmother was entangled in illness and was bedridden all the year round. I provided her with food and medicine and never stopped serving and leaving her.
By the time the Jin Dynasty was established, I had been politically civilized. His predecessor, Tai Shoukui, and Chaju's lieutenants were his successors, Ci, who recommended his lieutenants as an outstanding talent. Declined politely to accept the appointment, because no one took care of his grandmother. The imperial court made a special decree and appointed me as a doctor. Soon after, it was entrusted by the state and appointed me as the servant of the prince. With my humble status, I undertook the duty of serving the prince, which really exceeded my ability to repay my kindness with death. I will report the above difficulties and refuse to take office. But these letters are urgent and harsh, and they accuse me of negligence and disrespect. The county magistrate urged me to hit the road at once; It is more urgent for state officials to come to the door to urge than for a meteor to fall. I really want to be ordered by the emperor, but my grandmother Liu's illness is getting worse every day; I want to obey my own affairs for a while, but reporting complaints is not allowed. I'm in a dilemma. I'm embarrassed.
I thought that the Jin Dynasty used filial piety to govern the world, and the old and respected ministers all grew up with pity, not to mention my sense of loneliness was more serious. In addition, when I was young, I was an official and a Langguan of Shu Han. I originally wanted to be an official, and I didn't care about fame and integrity. Now I am a humble prisoner of national subjugation, very humble, over-promoted, generous in favor, how dare I hesitate and expect anything? Just because grandma Liu's life is coming to an end, her breathing is weak and her life is dying, so she can't think of the evening in the morning. If there were no grandma, I wouldn't be who I am today; Grandma can't spend the rest of her life without my care. My grandparents and grandchildren depend on each other to make a living, so I don't want to stop taking care of my grandmother and stay away.
I am 44 years old now, and my grandmother is 96 years old now. It seems that I still have a long time to be loyal to your majesty, but I have a short time to be filial to my grandmother Liu. With the love affair that crows feed back, I beg to be allowed to fulfill my wish to support my grandmother. My grievances are known not only to the people of Shu and the leaders of Yizhou and Liangzhou, but also to the gods of heaven and earth. I hope your majesty can pity my sincerity, satisfy my insignificant wish, and let grandma Liu Can survive the rest of her life. I should have been killed to serve the imperial court while I was alive, and tied a grass ring to repay your kindness when I died. I respectfully submit this form to let your majesty know about it with a sense of fear like a dog.
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Writing background
Chen Qingbiao, selected from Selected Works of Mao Zedong, Volume 37. Originally known as "Chen's feelings"
It was written by Li Mi, a native of the Western Jin Dynasty. He wrote it to the Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty. At that time, the situation was turbulent, and the emperor hoped that Shi Biao could come out as an official. Because Shi Mi is a native of Shu, he is famous for his filial piety and being an official. So the emperor hoped that he could come out as an official and convince the people. He hopes to further expand the territory, and hopes that the world will think that the Qingming of the Jin Dynasty will further win his hearts and minds. Shi Mi's filial piety also has a strong loyalty to the monarch, the so-called "once every emperor and courtier", but he wrote this form to save his life. The article describes my grandmother's great kindness in raising herself, and I should repay my grandmother's great righteousness. In addition to thanking the imperial court for its kind reception, he also poured out his difficulties that he could not do as he wished, revealing his true feelings and being tactful and smooth. This article is regarded as one of the representative works of lyric writing in the history of China literature, and it is said that it is unfilial to read Shi Mi's Chen Qingbiao without shedding tears.
In the fourth year of Jingyuan in the Three Kingdoms (263), Shu was destroyed, and Shimei became the minister of national subjugation. Sima Yan, the son of Si Mazhao, abolished the Wei Yuan Emperor and was called "Emperor Wu of Jin" in history. In the third year of Taishigong (267), the court adopted the policy of appeasement, tried its best to win over the old ministers of Shu and Han, and recruited an Smith to wash the horse for the prince. At the age of 44, Shimi took the Jin Dynasty as an excuse to "rule the world by filial piety" and went to Chen Qingbiao to express his ambition and asked to be suspended on the grounds that his grandmother had no owner to raise him.
Li Mi had a filial name a long time ago. According to Biography of the Book of Jin, Liu, the grandmother who served him, put filial piety first. If Liu is ill, he will cry and rest. If he hasn't undressed, he must taste the soup first. " Emperor Wu looked at his watch and exclaimed, "Sure enough, it's not a hollow name." . Moved, she gave me two maids and asked the county to provide food for her grandmother, and finally raised me.
Liu died about a year after Shi Mi finished writing this form. After two years of mourning at home, the official position was very small, because the political situation was quite stable at that time, and Emperor Wu of Jin no longer needed Shi Biao, so he stopped paying attention to him. Shimi resigned after two years as an official.
Zhao, a writer in the Southern Song Dynasty, quoted An's words in Bing Tuilu: "Those who read without tears are disloyal, those who read Li Lingbo without tears are unfilial, and those who read Han Tuilu without tears are unfriendly." An Zi, a hermit of Qingcheng Mountain, walked through the clouds. These three articles are called lyric masterpieces and spread all over the world.
The origin of Chen Qingbiao
Shi Mi, whose real name is Ling Bo, was born in Wuyang. He is a devout man. My father died early and my mother was Ho. When I was a few years old, I fell in love with you and I was sick. Grandma Liu, who was brought up by herself, dutifully waited on her in the dark. When Liu was ill, he cried and rested, not taking off his clothes. He must taste the soup before drinking it. When Chen Qingbiao has leisure time, he will give lectures and forget fatigue, while he will learn from Qiao Zhou, who will travel in summer. Less official Shu, for lang. Counting makes Wu people eloquent, and Wu people call it eloquence. Shu Ping, Taishi Chu, ordered the prince to wash the horse. My grandmother is old and has no one to raise her, so she should not live. But the letter said: "I was troubled by danger ... I was born a degenerate and died a dirt."
Emperor Lan said, "The fame of a scholar is well deserved!" Just stop calling. After Liu finished, he took the clothes, washed the horse and gave it to Luo. Sikong Zhanghua asked him, "What is the happiness of the public?" Jeremy said, "You can be together." Hua asked him why, and he said to him, "He can control the middle and dominate, but he can use vertical tricks and worm flow.". Anle Palace wins Zhuge Liang's resistance to Wei, and Huang Hao loses his community. Success or failure is at stake. " The second time, he asked, "What is the significance of Kong Ming's teaching?" Mi Yue said: "Shun, Yu, and three people used to talk to each other, so their conversation was simple and elegant". Kong Ming has no enmity with the speaker, and teaches him to break his ears. "China.
Out of warmth, I hate getting sick. I tasted the book and said, "Celebrate my father's death, but I still suffer." Engaged in white, Yi county, Shen, Fu governance also disintegrated. Secret talent, often looking inward, the court was helpless, but moved to Hanzhong County to complain about losing points. He also gave the East Room a secret order to write poems. At the end of the chapter, he said, "People also have words, and it is predestined. It is better to return to the field than to be an official. Obviously, in the world, language is amazing! " Emperor Wu was angry, so all the officials started to play secret officials. He died at home.
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works appreciation
Appreciation of Huang Yuezhou
the first paragraph
The author stated the special misfortune of the family and the fact that the author was closer to his grandmother, so that Emperor Wu could turn severity into kindness and arrogance of opposing attitude into sympathy of the same position. "Minister's Secret Language" is a common format for typing the beginning of a watch. "I am disturbed by danger, and I am fierce" is the summary of the first paragraph, and it is also the general risk of the full-text public opinion statement. The meaning of "danger" is different from that of "danger" today. Shuowen says, "Danger will hinder difficulties." Jia Kui's "Mandarin" notes: "Worry is also a sign." "Danger" is a bad omen. "sensitive", sick and sleepy, fierce. The words "danger and trouble" and "ferocity" have heavy meanings, which soon bring readers into a tragic realm. What is "danger"? What is "fierce"? "When the child is born in June, the loving father will see his back." It is a great misfortune that the child is mainly raised by his parents at birth. Wen Zi: "A loving father loves his son, but he doesn't want to repay him." It can be seen that it is human nature for a father to be kind to his son. The author uses the third person "child" instead of the first person "minister" in order to objectively state grievances and impress Emperor Wu. It is painful for my father to die, but it will only be more difficult if a loving mother lives with her as an orphan and widow. "At the age of four, my uncle seized my mother's ambition" is another great misfortune! Biography of Li Mi in the Book of Jin: "If the father dies early, what will happen to the mother?" A four-year-old child has lost both parents. Just like a featherless blackbird killed by a hunter, it is conceivable that it is shabby, ignorant, instinctively seeking shelter and foraging, but it is hard to get. Preface to Shi Mao: "When Wei Shizi's flea dies, his wife keeps his righteousness, and his parents want to take it away and marry it." This is why my uncle talks about my mother's ambition, but it is an excuse (because people in feudal society regard it as an ugly thing for a woman to marry after her husband dies), and it is also a filial piety for the author to forgive her mother. Judging from the usual psychological situation, it seems that the elderly especially like the third generation. It seems that grandparents prefer grandchildren and daughter-in-law likes children. If this judgment is correct, it is natural that Grandma Liu likes the author very much, plus the author is a lost child, of course, she likes it very much and is particularly sympathetic. In this way, the meaning and degree of "loneliness and weakness" and "compassion" can be properly understood, and grandma is of course "raised by herself". Biography of Jin Shu Li Mi: "When I was a few years old, I was deeply in love and fell ill." "Not nine years old", maybe it's rickets or something. If the child is healthy, grandma may be less worried, but now she is "not nine years old". Special weakness is another great misfortune and another factor that grandma is worried about. Write "weak" in the above sentence, and focus on "loneliness" below. Although there are three kinds of great misfortunes, there is still room for flexibility if there are many family members and relatives outside. Now it is "lonely, as for the establishment". Loneliness is painful enough, strange enough and long enough: first, from the perspective of the author's parents, there is no uncle and no uncle. Second, judging from the author's peers, there is no brother or younger brother. "The Book of Songs Zheng Feng Yang Shui": "Brother Duanxian, Wei Yu and the woman (you)." Zheng Xuan wrote: "Fresh, less." The author borrows a sentence from the Book of Songs, but the word "fresh" is not "less" but "nothing", which is a special meaning to avoid repeating the word "nothing" with no uncle in a special language environment. From the perspective of external relatives, there are no relatives who wear mourning clothes for their grandmothers, brothers and wives. There are no families who wear mourning clothes for great-grandparents and uncles, and there are no cousins who wear mourning clothes for unmarried cousins. There is only one single branch. Economically speaking, the family is in decline, and there is not even a child servant who orders food. Finally, the tragic situation of the author's childhood loneliness, poverty, loneliness, sadness, ruthlessness, squeal without complaint and being looked down upon is described concisely, powerfully and vividly with "Lonely Seeking Failure, Being Together". The secular concept of feudal society is different from today. Today, equality between men and women is proud of being an only child (regardless of gender). In feudal society, boys were preferred to girls, and many children (boys) were advocated. The author's "not nine years old" is also "no uncle, no fresh brother at last", and it is also a poor family without relatives and servants. The growth of several generations of orphans and weak seedlings is full of the care of his grandmother Liu. It may be said that my grandmother devoted all her wisdom, blood, energy and even life to raising the author. How can readers not be immersed in a search atmosphere, cold and desolate, and have deep sympathy for the author? If Grandma Liu is physically and mentally healthy and easy to operate, there is still room for manoeuvre. Once again, great misfortune inevitably happened. Grandma Liu couldn't stand the devastation of many family changes, the cold reception of many social people, the pity and worry of many orphans and weak grandchildren, and the feeding and hugs by herself, so she "missed" the baby's illness and "often" stayed on the mattress, losing the ability to live independently. The only thing my grandmother relies on is a weak seedling. "I have brought soup and medicine, and I have never abandoned them." I wrote the author's filial piety to grandma in a more general and specific way. Biography of Li Mi in the Book of Jin: "Special service is filial piety. When Liu was ill, he cried and rested, not taking off his clothes. He must taste the soup first. " It can be seen that the author has deep feelings for grandma, thoughtful service and close attachment. There are only a few words from "26" to "Fei Li", but it outlines a very important picture of Chen Qing's inaction as an official. The following argument takes these words as the only factual basis.
The second paragraph
Many righteous men in the dynasties and the Syrian court showed great courtesy, and all of them had an irreconcilable contradiction between "serving the country" and "favoritism" because of Liu's illness. The author aims to dispel the doubts of Emperor Wu of Jin and pave the way for the following request for "final support". "Catch the sacred dynasty, bathe and purify", including the highest tribute of Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty; Thanks to the author's kindness. The word "bath" means that the author is like a seedling that has been nourished by rain and dew and thus thrives. Emperor Wu worried that the author's excuse of serving his grandmother was really an opposition or wait-and-see attitude towards the new dynasty. The author is even more worried that if the wording is improper, it will arouse the suspicion of Emperor Wu and lead to his death. "Serve the holy dynasty", the courtiers called it the words of the monarch, and the courtiers were extremely grateful for the words of the new dynasty. Calling and thanking can make Emperor Wu of Jin keenly feel that this is a person who likes to talk to the monarch, so the heartstrings are relaxed. "Seize the sacred court and bathe in purity", as a transition, it leads to "Chen Qing". Specifically state the following facts: First, the Taishou recommended the author as "Lian Xiao", which is a compliment; Second, the secretariat recommended the author as a "scholar" and called him a talent, but "I resigned without project support." At first glance, Death is not a "bath purification", but actually the best "bath purification", because the local officials in the Jin Dynasty not only recognized and strongly praised the author's filial piety, principle and talent, but also understood the author's tragic situation, being reasonable and keeping promises. Because it is a local official, and because it is a past tense, it is only necessary to briefly explain "supporting the owner and resigning." The more important fact of "bath purification" is that "the imperial edict is special, and the minister worships the minister, seeks national favor, and washes the horse except the minister." The imperial edict of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty made the author serve as the general manager of the court guards who were particularly close to him. Soon, he was awarded the position of assistant to the prince. In the face of the repeated promotion of the supreme ruler, Shi Biao, as the minister of surrender, could not simply do it, so he made a name for himself. In Emperor Wu's view, Shi Mi's deep love for such works is actually "resignation", and his heart is in Cao Cao and his heart is inevitable in the Han Dynasty. However, the author skillfully wrote: "The accusation of humble service to the East Palace cannot be reported by the chief official." The author took the initiative to say what Emperor Wu wanted to say, and he said it so tactfully and sincerely that Emperor Wu would of course be calm. But after all, this is what the author said. Judging from the previous situation, he did not get the understanding of Emperor Wu, but was forced: "The imperial edict is harsh and the minister is slow." "Fear", "Jun", "Responsibility", "Self" and "Slow" all accurately and vividly depict the anger of Emperor Wu at that time. Counties and counties are "forcing" and "urging" ministers to go on the road, while the State Council is carrying out the king's orders in detail, which is "behind closed doors" and "eager to spark". It has six words, which is very concise and vividly depicts a vigorous and unstoppable picture of death, which is different from what is written above. The word "Mercedes-Benz" used in "I want to serve Mercedes-Benz" is wonderful, which strongly shows the author's anxiety about going to Beijing to serve the royal family soon. The word "day" in "Liu's illness is getting worse and worse" is not long, and it complements the following "Gou (for a while)". The author skillfully uses the dilemma reasoning: "If you want to order to escape, Liu will get worse; If you want to follow an affair, tell you not to. "Dilemma reasoning is a combination of hypothetical reasoning and selective reasoning. Since there are two premises and the conclusion is either one or the other, there is a saying that "the minister is in a real mess." This conclusion contains a good warning. On the surface, there is loyalty and respect for Emperor Wu and filial piety for his grandmother, which makes Emperor Wu realize that the author's true feelings are from the heart, and every sentence is reasonable, which partially eliminates some doubts about the author. In fact, dialectically, the fundamental point here is "be selfish first, then serve the country." "If you directly propose' begging for support' first, it is likely to anger Emperor Wu and lead to death. Here, the formal dilemma is exactly where the author and things are superb. How to further convince Emperor Wu? The author left a suspense, and the key to lead the reader to the following is the climax.
The third paragraph
Put forward the program of "ruling the world with filial piety" in Jin Dynasty, and state the author's particularly lonely situation, political history, attitude towards life and political thought, so as to further dispel the doubts of Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty. Han Feizi's explanation is difficult: "Everything is said, and ... people of the same kind who want to show their wisdom will do something different for it." The author made a big fuss about the program of governing the country, which made Emperor Wu feel that he was "careless and ignorant" (see Talking about Difficulties). The sacred dynasty "ruled the world with filial piety" and achieved "people are still regretful when they are old", which is an ardent praise for the imperial court's resolute attitude and proper handling of filial piety, but it also laid the groundwork for "begging for the end". Therefore, the adverb "Te" and two adjectives "You" and "He" effectively describe that the author's situation is unusual and special, so it is more necessary and necessary to be "edified". A careless author may think that "begging for the end" has been put forward, but it will still make things worse, because "ruling the world with filial piety" is a saying, while "whatever is old …" is a way of reasoning, just a general art of argument, and has not yet opened the heart of Emperor Wu. The clever and patient author suddenly made a mistake and simply saw the bayonet, pushing the plot to a climax! Bravely, frankly and very alert, he gave a thorough account of his historical problems, attitude towards life and political thoughts, showing his face: "I am an official worse than the puppet regime, and I have been a minister." The positions of "less", "official" and "calendar" show the long time and great diligence of being an official, but their fundamental purpose is not to serve the western Shu, but to "achieve great things." Since "it is a great event", it cannot be said that "it is a pity to be proud", which dispelled the doubts of Emperor Wu. On the other hand, Liang Wudi's measures made the author, a humble prisoner, feel that he was "too arrogant" and should "die for his bosom friend". How can he hesitate and have other plans? This further dispelled some doubts of Emperor Wu. In Emperor Wu's view, the emperor is supreme and his ministers are humble, so it is very convenient to exert high pressure at every turn. The author has a good look at this psychological state, trying to depress himself and raise the country's goodwill: "Today, I lost my country and captured it, and it was reduced to a minimum." One word "base" is not enough, plus one word "micro" and one word "ugly", it is "micro to ugly" At the same time, the country's deep gratitude is "excessive", "spoiled", "excellent" and "great" (synonymous with "excellent" and "great"). It is necessary to be gratified, frightened, emotionally exhausted, and loyal to the former dynasty, which is exactly what Emperor Wudi earnestly hopes. Then using rhetorical sentences like "How dare you wander and hope" can only enhance Chen Qing's tone without angering Emperor Wu. It is rare for a bannerman to use such words to his new master. It is not that Shu Han kept the festival, nor that the new dynasty refused to be an official. Why? The only reason, apart from what I said earlier, is that the author sketched another tragic picture, that is, the picture of Grandma Liu's illness: "The sun is dying, the breath is dying, and life is in danger." The metaphor "the sun is dying" vividly shows that my grandmother's time has come, and it is coming soon. The author just tried his best to seize the moment, fulfill his obligations and enjoy the happiness of the moment, which is a short report for Liu Zhiri. At this point in the article, it is entirely possible to put forward the view that "begging for the soul is the last support", but the extremely clever and careful author is also afraid that Emperor Wu thinks it is really a passive resistance to the emperor's life under the pretext of general filial piety. The author once again summed up his close relationship with his grandmother, "I don't have my grandmother, so there would be nothing today;" Grandmother has no minister, and the rest of her life has no end ",which is a meaning and a statement;" "Mother and son are more dependent on each other" still means the same thing, but it is just another way of saying that it emphasizes the complicated changes and naturally comes to the conclusion that it can't be wasted at all. " Just a little ",boxing, a true feeling, that is," don't waste distance ",using" just a little "and" don't waste distance "is also a complicated change of emphasis. The above two sentences are heartfelt and touching. From the careful persuasion of Emperor Wu's sympathy, it is clear that "nothing can be abolished" is inseparable, which is a step forward from the ambiguous statement that "the minister's advance and retreat is actually a mess".
Fourth paragraph
Clearly put forward "I would like to beg for the last support", saying that filial piety should be followed by loyalty, so as to move Emperor Wu and achieve the purpose of expression.
Although the author writes eloquently, he still soberly and cautiously predicts that Emperor Wu Can will not be satisfied with the statement that "nothing can be wasted" and will take some corresponding high-handed measures. The author also soberly and cautiously estimated that although Liu's time is not far away, Emperor Wu will still think that "favoritism" conflicts with "serving the country", and the author still cannot ask for "begging for the last support". At the beginning of this paragraph, the specific time limit is stated: "I have four in forty this year, and my grandmother Liu has six in ninety this year." Forty-four years old, middle-aged, in the prime of life, serving the country for many days; 96 years old, rare since ancient times, the wind candle tile frost can be extinguished instantly. Naturally, it is concluded that "Your Majesty's day is long, and Liu's day is short". This conclusion clearly points out that there is only a very short-term contradiction between "serving the country" and "favoritism", but there is no contradiction at all in the long run, which is also a strong basis for reasonably proposing measures to solve the temporary contradiction between loyalty and filial piety. From the perspective of Emperor Wu, we can regard the perfection of Shimi as a model of "ruling the world with filial piety" and even achieve the goal of Shimi's career in the new dynasty. It's magnificent and free. Why not? ! The experienced and profound author naturally put forward the requirement of "a blackbird's business, willing to seek the end" The Blackbird Incident is both a metaphor and a metaphor. It is the basis of "begging for food". Tracing back to this, it is the nature of animals and the nature of governing the world, which fully conforms to the program of "governing the world with filial piety". It is also a naive expression of sincerity and modesty. This kind of wording is euphemistic and decent, even the stone man will change his mind. Of course, Emperor Wu Can would not refuse. Er Ya Shi Shu: "Wish, desire also." It is different from the "willing" in modern Chinese, and it should be said to be "very promising" to express the deep desire. The use of words such as "wish" and "begging" is particularly strong. Cleverly, after the author made a clear request, he was afraid that Emperor Wu would not believe what he said, "I am lonely." In order to prove that the sentence was true and not false, he made the following proof: "The minister's hard work was seen by the people who were not alone in Shu and the herdsmen in Erzhou, and he knew that the emperor had learned everything." "See", "know" and "* * * as a mirror" are synonyms, which strongly show that the author's painstaking efforts are as bright as the sun and as bright as fire. Of course, the role of confirmation is far from convincing the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, but it can also make the Emperor feel that even without considering the author's situation, starting from the means of "ruling the world with filial piety", it can meet the author's short-term requirements, win the hearts of the people, be an official, touch the gods and comfort the author. Why not do it? ! Strangely, the author still feels that his meaning is still unfinished, his words are still unfinished, his feelings are still not reached, and his reason is still not smooth. He once again requested "be sincere and listen to me", so that Liu Can could avoid accidents and succeed unexpectedly. A series of words such as "simplicity and sincerity", "micro-ambition", "luck" and "guarding the pawn" show that the author pleaded with tears in the most humble and pious tone, urging Emperor Wu to be completely emotional. Even better, in order to reassure Emperor Wu once again, the author finally put forward the guarantee of "being born first to fall down and dying first to grow grass", which is a few steps further than "being born without fear of falling down and dying first to grow grass". Although the essence is for the author's lofty feelings for his grandmother, the author's loyal love, respect and heartfelt feelings for his grandmother cannot be expressed in words, which makes Emperor Wu more convinced of the sincerity and urgency of the author's feelings. Finally, he expressed his particularly respectful thoughts in a submissive tone: "dog and horse", "fear" and "invincible", which is suitable for a simple, true, exciting and pitiful language that a new monarch wants to hear. Why not let Emperor Wu marvel, be angry and pity, and soften up? ! Biography of Li Mi in the Book of Jin: "Emperor Wu said,' The name of a scholar is worthy!'" "Huayang National Records": "Jia Qicheng gave two handmaids to make the princess prepare meals for his grandmother. Biography of Li Mi in the Book of Jin: "Liu, the late master, took his tax and washed his horse and returned to Luo." . "Visible shi biao is sincere. (Excerpted from Treasures of China Literature Appreciation, Shaanxi People's Education Publishing House, 1995).