What are the environmental monitoring methods?

According to the classification of professional departments, environmental monitoring can be divided into femtosecond detection monitoring, health monitoring, meteorological monitoring and resource monitoring. According to the medium in which pollutants exist (1), the physical indicators of water pollution monitoring (chromaticity, conductivity, temperature, suspended solids, etc.). ), chemical indicators (heavy metals, inorganic salts, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, pesticides, volatile phenol, etc. ) and biological indicators (total number of bacteria, number of Escherichia coli) in surface water, groundwater and sediments. (2) Air pollution monitoring: qualitative and quantitative determination of primary pollutants such as suspended particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and mercury, and secondary pollutants such as photochemical smog. (3) Soil pollution monitoring monitors toxic and harmful substances such as heavy metals and pesticide residues in the soil. (4) Solid waste monitoring monitors the toxicity, flammability, corrosiveness, heavy metals and other indicators of industrial hazardous solid waste and domestic garbage. (5) Monitoring of biological pollution When organisms absorb nutrients from the environment, pollutants in water, air and soil enter the organisms. The monitoring items of plants are generally similar to those of soil, and the monitoring items of aquatic organisms depend on water pollution. (6) Noise pollution monitoring The pollution caused by modern industrial and agricultural production, transportation and living noise is becoming more and more serious, and people pay more and more attention to noise pollution monitoring and noise control. (7) Monitoring of radioactive pollution.

According to the monitoring purpose (1), routine monitoring, also called routine monitoring or supervisory monitoring, is a long-term and continuous monitoring of designated projects to determine environmental quality and pollution sources, evaluate the implementation of environmental standards and the progress of environmental protection work. It is the daily work of environmental monitoring department, and its work quality is the symbol of environmental monitoring level. Conventional monitoring includes environmental quality monitoring and supervisory monitoring of pollution sources. Environmental quality monitoring basically adopts various monitoring networks (such as water quality monitoring network and atmospheric monitoring network). ) Collect data at the set measuring points for a long time to evaluate the present situation, pollution degree and changing trend of environmental pollution, and the progress made in environmental improvement, so as to determine the environmental quality of a region, a country or the whole world. The supervisory monitoring of pollution sources is a regular and fixed-point routine supervisory monitoring to master the pollution sources and monitor and detect the changes of major pollution sources in time and space, including the monitoring of "three wastes" discharged from major production and living facilities, and the monitoring of motor vehicle exhaust, noise, heat, electromagnetic waves and radioactive pollution. (2) Emergency monitoring Emergency monitoring, also known as special purpose monitoring, has many contents and forms, including mobile monitoring, low-altitude aerial survey and satellite telemetry. According to its specific purpose, it mainly refers to: ① Pollution accident monitoring: emergency monitoring is carried out when pollution accidents occur to determine the diffusion direction, speed and possible diffusion range of pollutants, and provide basis for effective pollution control. For example, the monitoring space of radioactive material hazards when nuclear power accidents occur, the scope of oil spill pollution of oil tankers, and the impact of accidents caused by industrial pollution sources. (2) Arbitral monitoring: In case of disputes or conflicts in environmental pollution accidents in the process of environmental law enforcement, arbitration monitoring is conducted to provide legally effective data for law enforcement departments and judicial departments. Arbitration monitoring can only be carried out by authoritative departments designated by the state. For example, at present, the sewage charges in China and the monitoring in handling pollution accidents are carried out. ③ Inspection, verification and monitoring: including personnel and laboratory inspection, method verification and acceptance and monitoring when pollution control projects are completed. (4) Consulting service monitoring: providing consulting monitoring for government departments, production departments and scientific research departments. For example, monitoring in the environmental assessment of new enterprises. ⑤ Monitoring of renewable resources: such as monitoring natural resources such as soil, vegetation grassland and forest, monitoring the trend of soil degradation, changes of tropical rain forest and grassland, etc. ⑥ Health monitoring: Understand the harm of pollution to people's health. This is a very important monitoring. Many western countries have mastered these monitoring data and the pollution incidents that have occurred, which makes the government take strict measures to control pollution. (3) Scientific research monitoring, also known as research monitoring, is a high-level monitoring conducted by scientific research institutes for specific purposes. Scientific research monitoring is mainly to find out the migration and transformation law of pollutants in the environment through monitoring, develop environmental monitoring standard materials, investigate and monitor the original background value of an environment, or participate in the environmental evaluation of a project. When the collected data shows that there are environmental problems, it is necessary to study and determine the degree of harm of pollutants to human body, organisms and other receptors.