Interpersonal relationship is the direct psychological relationship or psychological distance between people in the process of activities. Interpersonal relationship reflects the psychological state of individuals or groups seeking to meet their social needs. Therefore, the change and development of interpersonal relationship depends on the social needs of both sides.
(B) the role of interpersonal relationships
1, happiness.
Studies show that people who are married or have friends live happier lives, which may be because the interpersonal relationships they get play a role.
2. Mental health.
Mental illness is often caused by tension. Research shows that social support can reduce or prevent psychological harm caused by psychological tension. Some well-designed studies show that the relationship between social support and mental health is due to the influence of interpersonal relationships on mental health. In most cases, social support and high self-esteem can maintain a healthy psychological world.
3. Good health.
Harmonious and intimate interpersonal relationships are beneficial to health, especially in the rehabilitation stage after surgery.
(C) interpersonal relationships of college students
Interpersonal relationship among college students is an important part of interpersonal relationship in colleges and universities, and it is a kind of interpersonal relationship formed by college students in the process of study, work and life. Interpersonal relationship refers to a kind of psychological and social contact formed by the interaction between people in the process of mutual communication. Interpersonal relationship is a direct, indirect, perceptible and psychological relationship between people in a certain social group. The interpersonal relationship of college students consists of three psychological components: cognition, emotion and behavior. First of all, the cognitive component reflects the individual understanding of interpersonal relationships among college students, is the result of interpersonal relationship perception, and is the basis for the formation, development and change of interpersonal relationships. Secondly, the emotional component is the degree of emotional satisfaction and the relationship between the two sides, and it is an experience related to people's communication needs, reflecting the degree of satisfaction with the current communication situation. Thirdly, behavioral components refer to explicit behaviors of college students, such as language, gestures, manners, manners, expressions and other behavioral factors that express personality and convey information. It is a means and form of communication to establish and develop interpersonal relationships.
Friendship and personality adaptation
February 2006, 14, psychological trends
Huang Xiting, Chen Jianwen
As an important part of peer relationship, friendship plays an important role in individual personality adaptation. This paper introduces and comments on the latest research progress of friendship relationship and its personality adaptation function at home and abroad, points out the shortcomings of previous research, and puts forward the future research direction.
Friendship, personality adaptation
Peer relationship plays an important role in the social adaptation and healthy development of individual personality. There are many researches on peer relationship in psychology. Researchers divide peer relationship into two types: one is peer acceptance and the other is friendship. Peer acceptance is a one-way process of group action, which reflects the group's attitude towards individuals; Friendship is one-on-one interaction between friends, which reflects the emotional connection between individuals. For a long time, the research on peer relationship and its personality adaptation has mainly focused on peer acceptance and its development function. However, in recent years, the research on friendship and its personality adaptation has gradually increased, and it is found that friendship has different personality adaptation and development functions from peer acceptance. In the following, the author summarizes the research progress of friendship and its personality adaptation according to his own thinking.
For the study of the structural characteristics of friendship, different people often find different structural characteristics of friendship from different angles and different emphases. Recently, Hartup put forward the structure and dimension model of friendship based on the experimental analysis of friendship development function. Newcomb used meta-analysis method to analyze and summarize the previous studies on friendship, and put forward broad and narrow category models of friendship. In addition, based on their own friendship models, both researchers expounded the adaptive function and development significance of friendship to individual personality. These two kinds of studies are very representative. In addition, on the basis of comparing foreign studies, China scholars have also made a preliminary study on the structural characteristics of friendship between children and adolescents in China. Below, introduce and comment respectively.
First of all, Hartup's friendship relationship structure and dimension model and its personality adaptation function.
(A) Hartp's friendship relationship structure and dimension model
Hartp believes that friendship accompanies a person's life, but the characteristics and contents of friendship are different in different growth periods. Therefore, friendship can be divided into surface structure and deep structure. Surface structure means that at different ages, the ways and contents of friends' communication are different, and the adaptive development tasks faced by friendship relations are also different. Friendship has the characteristics of stages and ages of development and change. For example, in preschool, children's friendship only stays in * * * activities and games. Teenagers emphasize mutual understanding, trust and loyalty among friends, while adults' friendship is linked to work, social activities and achievements. The deep structure refers to the reciprocal relationship between the two sides of the friendship relationship. This reciprocity is consistent across time and scenes, which is the characteristic that determines the nature of friendship and the basis that distinguishes friendship from other interpersonal relationships (such as teacher-student relationship, parent-child relationship, etc.). ).
Hartp also believes that to understand the personality adaptation function of friendship, friendship must be divided into three dimensions: "having friends", "the identity of one's friends" and "the quality of friendship". The dimension of "having friends" can be examined from several aspects, such as whether you have friends, how many friends you have, the time you spend with friends, and the duration of friendship. "The consistency of friends", that is, the similarity between friends, comes from the internal and external conditions that form a friend relationship. * * * Same living background (such as residence, family background, class and race, etc.). ), similar physiological characteristics (such as age, gender, appearance, height, etc. ), and similar psychological and behavioral characteristics (such as ability, knowledge, personality, behavior habits, etc. ) are all conditions that produce friend consistency. Some people divide the social behavior of teenagers into prosocial behavior, antisocial behavior and shy withdrawal behavior, and find that people with the same type of behavior are easy to become friends. Hartup believes that there are two other important factors that affect the consistency of friends: mutual choice and mutual socialization. Mutual choice means that people always tend to choose people who are similar to themselves as friends, and similar attraction is the dynamic condition of friendship. Mutual socialization means that people interact with each other and identify with each other, thus gradually becoming consistent or similar in all aspects. The former thinks that the choice of similarity determines the relationship of friends, while the latter thinks that the process of friends' communication determines the similarity of friends. Which is right and which is wrong? Further research is needed. "Friendship quality" can be investigated by the following two methods: (1) dimension evaluation, that is, according to the frequency, characteristics and laws of friends' communication, some characteristics of friendship quality are summarized and abstracted. For example, Windle obtains four dimensions of friendship quality through factor analysis: intimacy, support, self-exposure and hostility. Berndt and others believe that the quality of friendship can be evaluated from positive attributes (such as prosocial behavior, intimacy and trust) and negative attributes (such as competition and conflict) and communication frequency. Parker and others divided the quality of friendship into six dimensions when compiling the questionnaire: affirmation and care, help and guidance, companionship and entertainment, intimacy and communication, conflict and betrayal, and conflict resolution strategies. Among them, intimacy and mutual support are recognized by most dimensions. (2) Type evaluation. The original intention of type evaluation seems to be to establish the types of friendship relationship corresponding to parent-child attachment relationship (parent-child attachment relationship can be divided into security type, exclusion type and anxiety type). It didn't work. However, according to the intimate dependence-individual independence dimension in friendship quality, Schulman divides friendship into three types: dependence type, which emphasizes the balance between cooperation and autonomy; Transcendental, emphasizing the distance of interpersonal relationship; Entangled, emphasizing mutual recognition and integration between friends. Of course, there are other types of friendship.
(B) Hartp's friendship relationship structure model and personality adaptation
As mentioned above, the deep structure of friendship is the reciprocity of friendship, which represents the essence of friendship and is the basis for friendship to be different from other relationships. Therefore, the role of personality adaptation lies in the difference in personality adaptation between "having friends" and "not having friends". Cross-scene comparative research shows that children with friends have stronger social adaptability and higher personality traits such as cooperation spirit, altruism and self-esteem than children without friends. Children without friends are more likely to experience loneliness, while children with friends are more likely to experience subjective happiness.
The surface structure of friendship relationship is the stage and age characteristics of friendship development. Therefore, its personality adaptation function lies in that friendship shows the advantages of personality adaptation in each transition period of life development, or friendship enables individuals to adapt to each transition period of life development smoothly. For example, the company of friends makes it easier for school-age children to adapt to the school environment, and communication with friends helps teenagers form self-identity and avoid identity crisis. Studies have also shown that friendship in early adolescence can predict adolescent sex.
The adaptive function of "the consistency of friends" is complicated. Similar attraction between friends leads to further classification and assimilation among friends. First of all, prosocial friendship has a protective function. Children who are accompanied by friends are less bullied and attacked by other children, and are less likely to become victims in competitive relationships. Secondly, antisocial friendship may be a risk factor, and they are more likely to have antisocial behavior together. Mathes and others use the concept of depersonalization to explain this phenomenon. The so-called depersonalization refers to the psychological state that individuals temporarily lose their self-knowledge and identity, and anonymity and group are integrated under the influence of group consciousness.
The personality adaptation function of "friendship quality" is obvious. Among adolescent students, the support of friends is positively correlated with students' participation in school activities and their achievement behavior, and negatively correlated with students' problem behavior. The intimacy characteristics of friends are positively related to students' popularity, social reputation and self-esteem. Among adults, the support and affinity of friends are positively correlated with job accomplishment, social satisfaction and attitude towards superiors. Among the elderly, the support and affinity of friends are positively correlated with subjective well-being and quality of life.
Second, newcomb's wide-narrow model and its personality adaptation function.
(A) newcomb's wide-narrow model
Newcomb's wide-narrow model has two convincing grounds when discussing the structural characteristics of friendship: one is that it is based on the meta-analysis of all previous studies, and the other is that it is based on the comparison between friends and non-friends. Newcomb believes that friendship can be divided into four categories: active participation, conflict management, task activities and relationship attributes. Each wide type can be subdivided into several narrow types.
1. Take an active part in making friends.
Compared with communication with non-friends, people's activities and time together are significantly different. This remarkable difference can be divided into the following four narrow types: (1) social contact, including * * * contact with study and work, * * * contact with entertainment and life, etc. (2) Conversation, that is, establishing emotional connection through language expression; (3) Cooperation means cooperation, sharing, helping, giving and paying attention on the basis of social responsibility; (4) Positive emotional expression, that is, expressing social consistency and affinity through smiling, staring and physical contact.
2. Conflict management
In friendship, as in parent-child relationship and sibling relationship, conflict is inevitable. Therefore, conflict management and conflict resolution are very important for the maintenance and development of friendship. According to the process of conflict management, it can be divided into two stages: conflict initiation and conflict resolution. In these two stages, we can see significant differences between friends and non-friends.
3. Task activities
As a variable of social cognitive development, task activities are also significantly different between friends and non-friends. There are two narrow types of task activities: (1) task communication, verbal and nonverbal communication around tasks or goals. (2) Task execution, that is, the operation process of the actual task.
4. Relationship characteristics
If the above three types examine friendship from the objective behavior level, then the relationship characteristic type examines friendship from the subjective psychological level. The types of relationship characteristics can be divided into six narrow types: (1) similarity, including similarity in activities, interests, values and personality; (2) Equality, including participation, mutual trust and mutual influence; (3) Control, including competition, aggressive behavior, one-way request and obedience. (4) mutual affection, that is, emotional connection and attachment; (5) Intimacy refers to self-exposure between friends; (6) Loyalty refers to mutual alliance and mutual support. Many studies show that the first three types may be the characteristics of friendship and partnership, while the last three types are the unique characteristics of friendship and the key indicators to measure the quality of friendship.
(B) newcomb's wide-narrow model and personality adaptation.
As mentioned above, Newcomb believes that there are significant differences between friends and non-friends in four aspects: active participation, conflict management, task activities and relationship characteristics. From the perspective of personality adaptation and friendship development, active participation refers to individuals deeply participating in social activities and experiencing positive emotions in sharing, cooperation and mutual assistance. The types of conflict management show that friends pay more attention to conflict resolution than non-friends, so it is easier for friends to maintain a harmonious state. In friendship, people communicate more frequently and cooperate more closely, so the operation efficiency of * * * with tasks is higher. The characteristics of friendship can be divided into six aspects: similarity, equality, control, mutual love, intimacy and loyalty, among which the last three characteristics are the key characteristics of friendship, and there are significant differences between friendship and partnership. Studies have shown that the intimate, loyal and loving relationship between friends can make individuals gain a sense of self-worth, social security and emotional support, thus making it easier for individuals to get help and guidance in life adaptation. On the whole, friendship, as a background factor of personality adaptation and development, plays an important role in individual society, emotion and cognition. (1) Friendship, as an individual's social background factor, means that individuals get more opportunities to learn and use effective interpersonal skills, thus laying the foundation for establishing good interpersonal relationships and social status. (2) Friendship, as a background factor of emotional development, has three functions: first, friendship provides a way to express emotions and enables individuals to gain experience in emotional expression and control; Second, friendly feelings promote positive behavior, and friends share, cooperate and help each other; Third, friendship provides a deeper emotional experience than partnership, which is conducive to the development of positive emotions. (3) Friendship, as a background factor of cognitive development, has the following functions: first, friendship promotes people to exchange ideas, share emotions and cooperate with each other, thus providing a unique opportunity for personal social cognitive development and social experience acquisition; Second, in conflict resolution and task activities, friendship makes it easier for people to exchange information, cooperate and coordinate with each other, thus making problem solving and task activities more efficient, thus promoting the development of social cognitive ability.
Third, China's research on the structural characteristics of friendly relations
Friendship is formed and developed under a certain social and cultural background, and there are certain cultural differences in the characteristics of friendship. On the basis of Parker and Asher's research, China scholars have studied the structure of friendship characteristics of children and adolescents in China. Their research results show that the friendship characteristic structure of children and adolescents in China has five dimensions, and the order of importance is: * * sharing activities and mutual assistance, personal communication and conflict resolution, example and competition, mutual appreciation and intimate communication. In addition, by comparing Parker's research results on American children, it is found that children in both countries believe that good friends should have close communication, communication and entertainment, and help each other, which is useful (effective) to each other; The difference is that American children put more emphasis on mutual competition and disloyalty among peers, while China children put more emphasis on mutual communication and cooperation.
At present, the discussion of friendship in China only stays on the study of children's friendship structure characteristics and friendship concepts. It seems that few people have studied the relationship between friendship and personality adaptation. This is a virgin land to be explored.
Four. comment
Hartp's structure and dimension model, on the one hand, examines friendship from a macro perspective, that is, from the lifelong development process of human beings, which not only reveals the essential feature of friendship, that is, reciprocity, but also reveals the stage and times characteristics of friendship development; On the other hand, from the microscopic point of view, that is, from the perspective of the formation and development of individual friendship, it reveals the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of friendship and the conditions for friendship. In a word, he basically examines friendship from the perspective of vertical development. Accordingly, when he discusses the adaptive function of friendship, he not only examines the general adaptive function of friendship, but also examines the special significance of friendship in various transitional periods of life development. This paper not only examines the personality adaptation function of the quantitative characteristics of friendship relations, but also examines the personality adaptation function of the quality characteristics of friendship relations. Although there is some overlap and repetition in the research, on the whole, this kind of research is undoubtedly reasonable.
If Hartup's structural dimension model basically examines friendship from the perspective of longitudinal development, then Newcomb's width model basically examines friendship from the perspective of transverse anatomy. On the one hand, Newcomb examines friendship from the external aspects such as behavior, active participation, conflict management and task activities, on the other hand, he examines friendship from the internal aspects of psychological characteristics, that is, the field of relationship characteristics. Accordingly, he discussed the personality adaptation function and development significance of friendship from three aspects: society, cognition and emotion. This study not only considers the adaptation of social orientation of friendship, that is, the achievement of individual interpersonal relationship, social status and achievement results, but also considers the adaptation of personal orientation of friendship, that is, the acquisition of emotional satisfaction and cognitive achievement. Undoubtedly, this kind of research is also reasonable.
China scholars have not done much research on friendship. However, the only research can be conducted on the basis of comparison with foreign research, which makes this kind of research have the characteristics of cross-cultural research, which is quite desirable.
Unfortunately, there are many empirical studies on friendship, but so far no widely recognized friendship theory has been put forward, which is the direction of future research. In addition, many studies show that friendship and personality adaptation are not a simple causal relationship, but there is a multi-channel mutual feedback relationship between friendship and personality adaptation. Besides friendship, there are many other factors that affect personality adaptation, such as parent-child relationship, family environment, educational environment and temperament type. Friendship may interact with other factors, so it may be more meaningful to combine friendship with other factors to investigate its influence on personality adaptation.
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