After his death, Zhong Ming's tomb described him as "an outstanding landscape painter with small colors who painted sunrises and sunsets." 19th century Britain. Painter constable sighed: "Roland is still regarded as the most perfect landscape painter, and I think he deserves it!"
1604 was born in Cha Magnaud, a small village in duchy of lorraine, northeastern France.
16 17 to Rome. He used to be a servant of the painter agostino Darcy, and later became his disciple and assistant.
1625 returned to Lorraine and served as the assistant of Claude Duliuye, the royal painter of Lorraine Court.
1627 went to live in Rome again. Create the first outdated oil painting "Riverside Scenery".
1633 joined the Roman artists' professional group "St. Luke's Fine Arts Association" and hired an assistant Jon domenico Terry.
1634 French painter sebastian bourdon made Claude's fake.
1635 began to make the book of truth. Entrusted by King Philip IV of Spain, he painted the decorative works of Ritiro Palace.
1637 was appointed by Pope Urbanus VIII. Establish the status of a first-class landscape painter.
1639 was entrusted by Philip IV for the second time to draw the decorative works of Ritiro Palace.
1644 gout or arthritis attacks, affecting painting. Ani, the illegitimate daughter, is an outstanding student.
1654 was elected director of St. Luke's Fine Arts Association but was dismissed.
1658 Assistant Tieqi Zuo.
1659 started to live with Anije.
1622 nephew Qiang moved in.
1663 is seriously ill and the reason is unknown.
1679 Another nephew Joseph moved in.
1682165438+1died in Rome on October 23rd. Buried in the church of Santa Trinita Dimon owned by the local French.
Claude Geely (about 1604- 1682), known as Claude Lorraine (the meaning of "Roland" region, commonly known as "Roland" or Claude), was born in the northeastern French village of Cha Magnaud about 1604+0605. For centuries, everyone thought that he was born in 1600, because the tombstone (which no longer exists) said that Claude died in the second half of 1682 at the age of 82. However, the information found in recent years shows that there seems to be no record of his birth until 1602, so he may have been born two or three years later (it is generally recognized that Claude should be thirty years old in 1635).
When Claude was born, although duchy of lorraine was politically independent at that time, it belonged to the French cultural circle until it was permanently unified with France in 1766, so Claude was often classified as a French painter.
Claude's parents, Jean and Anna, a Gillette couple, are farmers, but they also live a very rich life. They have seven children, and Claude is the third.
What we know about Claude's boyhood at present is mostly based on two biographies he wrote before and shortly after his death. One of them was written by the German painter and narrator Joaquin van de la Tere (1606- 1688). Delatrey lived in Rome from 1628 to 1635, when she was Claude's neighbor and friend. The other book was written by the Italian Filippo Bardinozzi (1624— 1696). Baldini Nucci is not only an industrialist, but also a sculptor and painter. He is a famous art collector and art historian. It seems that he visited Claude in his later years. What is certain is that he visited Claude's nephew who took care of him. However, due to the close relationship between Sandra Trey and Claude, the credibility of its version has also been strengthened. In contrast, Baldinucci's version record is more detailed, but it is also more academic.
Although the contents of these two biographies are occasionally different and the dates are inaccurate, most of them are almost the same and should be believed.
Claude's grades at school are not very good. It is said that spelling and arithmetic were his biggest headaches, but later he became one of the most prestigious painters at that time and got along well with his prestigious and knowledgeable patrons. From this point of view, Claude should also be a very smart person. According to Dratel's records, Claude had learned to make cakes after finishing his studies. Because pastry was the most sought-after job recognized by Lorraine people at that time, it was not impossible.
At some time between 16 17 and 162 1, Claude left his hometown and went to Rome, probably with his relatives who went to Rome to do business. When Claude arrived in Rome, he was employed by the painter agostino Darcy. At first, he worked as a servant at home (it should be because of his skill in making cakes), and finally became a disciple of painting, and then served as Darcy's assistant in painting. It is said that Claude studied painting with German landscape painter Godfrey Varus and lived in Naples for two years. However, there are still many doubts about his experience during this period. It is unknown whether Claude studied painting from Darcy before or after Varus.
The earliest record of Claude's activities in Rome is 1632. Two years later, she returned to Lorraine and began to work as an assistant for the court painter Claude Duliuer in Lorraine from 1625 to 10. In Nancy, the capital of Roland Principality, they made wet murals for the patio of Calvinist church. Claude is in charge of drawing the background, and Du Liuye draws the characters. But unfortunately, this church was destroyed in the French Revolution. 1At the beginning of 627, Claude, who was 2 1 22 years old, returned to Rome and settled near the Spanish Square where many foreign artists gathered.
Claude's early works before he settled in Rome left no trace. The earliest chronological works are the oil paintings of 1629 and the etched copperplate prints of 1630. However, some works without chronological records are inferred to be works one or two years earlier than this. From the late 1920s to the early 1930s, Claude also began to decorate several wet murals of the houses of the rich in Rome (this is the specialty of his teacher, Argentine Darcy). Except for seven small landscape paintings, all these decorative paintings have been lost, but some researchers believe that whether these seven paintings are really made by Claude remains to be verified. Claude stopped making wet murals after that.
Even though Claude began to work independently from 65438 to 2007 in the late 1920s, he became famous in the mid-1930s and was welcomed by many important art patrons. 1633, Claude joined the highest art group in Rome, the Art Association of St. Luke, and became a member of the association, and his income began to increase. In the same year, he hired an assistant, Jon domenico Tieqi Tieli. At that time, 13-year-old Tieqi Tieli accompanied Claude to 1658.
In Claude's painting experience, the patron who gave the greatest support was Cardinal Guido Bantiboliu. He is rich in knowledge and profound in connotation. The outstanding portrait painted by Anthony von Dyke (1599- 164 1) endowed him with eternal life. This painting is now in the collection of the Beatty Art Museum in Florence. According to bartholomew's records, Ban Tibuliu entrusted Claude to paint "two landscapes", which not only satisfied Ban Tibuliu himself, but also gave a high evaluation to Pope Urbanus VIII who had just finished his works. At that time, other cardinals, as well as all celebrities and nobles, became frequent visitors to Claude's studio. It is impossible to verify which two landscapes Claude painted for Bantibu, but the four works he later painted for Banus VIII (1637- 1639) have been preserved to this day.
So far, Claude has not only established his position as a first-class landscape painter in Italy, but also has many more and more supporters abroad. It is worth mentioning that the Spanish Philip IV built Letiro Palace in Madrid in 1930s of 17, and decorated it with the works of first-class painters such as velazquez (1599- 1660). Claude also made several works for this palace. In fact, Claude was very popular at that time, not only being imitated by other Roman painters, but even appearing as a fake. 1634, the French painter Sebastian Bourdon (161671) once sold one of his works in the name of Claude.
In order to prevent forgery, Claude began to leave detailed records for each work around 1635. He used sketches to record every work that came out of the studio and then made a book. Each sketch records in detail the matters related to the customer. If there is any doubt about the author of the work, it will be well recorded. Claude's book was named Libro dei Verito in Italian, and now it is widely called Liber Veritatis in Latin.
Thanks to the Book of Truth (now in the British Museum in London), Claude's works can be recorded completely and correctly, from which we can know the nationality and occupation of his clients, including three popes, many cardinals, nobles, diplomats, military technicians, generals and surgeons. Most French art collectors commissioned the production, and Claude's works were scattered in Amsterdam, Antwerp and other places besides Italy.
Among the admirers of Claude in Italy, the Sicilian aristocrat Don Antonio Louvre was one of the most famous art collectors at that time, and he was widely known for entrusting Rembrandt to produce many works. Around 1665, Luff appointed an agent to buy Claude's works, and wrote back this letter from Rome: "There is no chance to buy Claude's works, because his life appointments are full." In fact, Loew finally managed to get Claude's works, but this letter also let us know how popular he was at that time. Claude, whose works have never stopped, is naturally more expensive than ordinary landscape painters, but because of his slow painting speed, he can only complete a few works a year. Although I have not accumulated great wealth, I still live a very rich life.
Even though Claude was very successful in his career, he still lived a quiet and simple life and devoted himself to pursuing artistic achievements. According to De La Trey's description, Claude is "generous and noble, and has no hobbies except his own work"; Baldini Nucci also mentioned his good temper and integrity. Claude also keeps warm contacts with other painters, especially the French painter Pu Sang from his hometown (1594- 1665). They often drink together. In addition, Claude refused to hold an important position in St. Luke's Fine Arts Association. But accept the assigned task. He has never held public office in his life, nor has he participated in various banquet activities organized by foreign artists in Rome. Claude moved only once during his fifty-five years in Rome. According to the list of his property after his death, Claude spent all the remaining cash on paintings, prints and books.
Claude has never been married, but his illegitimate daughter Anijie (mother is probably Claude's maid) was born in 1653 and has lived with him since 1659. Claude has two nephews, Qiang and Joseph, who moved in with him in 1662 and 1679 respectively, and became a bridge between Claude and his hometown and family. Claude was in poor health in his later years and was taken care of by Agni and her two cousins. Claude has been suffering from gout or arthritis since he was in his forties, which often delayed the drawing of his works. 1663, Claude's unknown lesions became more serious.
Old age and illness reduced the number of Claude's works. According to the scriptures, 1669 painted only two pictures, and 167 1 painted only one picture. But even so, the work has maintained a high standard. In fact, several masterpieces are his works in the last ten years. For example, the painting "Ascani Uus Shooting Deer in Sylvia Forest" (1682) painted in the year of Claude's death is considered as one of his greatest works.
1682165438+1On October 23rd, Claude, who was about 77 years old, died in Rome, and was buried in the French church of Saint Trinitadmont on the Spanish steps, not far from where he lived, overlooking the Spanish square. In the epitaph, Claude was described as "an outstanding landscape painter who described the sunrise and sunset brilliantly" and "his art was highly appreciated by the upper class."