Social work is a kind of work to help people and solve social problems. It helps the poor, the old, the weak, the sick and other unfortunate people in society; Prevent and solve some social problems caused by economic difficulties or unhealthy lifestyles; Carry out community service, improve social functions, improve social welfare level and quality of social life, realize harmony between individuals and society, and promote social stability and development. In China, social work includes not only social welfare, social insurance and social services, but also social transformation such as changing social customs. Social work can be understood from the following aspects:
Social work is a science.
① objectivity.
② Scientific working methods.
③ The logic of working process.
Social work is an art.
① The process of social work is the flexible application of social work methods and techniques.
② Social work needs detailed analysis and wonderful response to problems.
③ Social work often faces new, unique and special tasks.
13. Social work is a system.
Institutional characteristics of social work
(1) is guided by a clear theory.
There are strict and scientific rules of conduct, thus ensuring the standardization of professional behavior.
(3) There are specialized institutions and specially trained social workers. So as to ensure the scientific and effective development of social work.
Siplin's point of view
Social work is a major.
(1) has a systematic theoretical system.
(2) being recognized by the society.
(3) Have professional authority.
(4) Professional groups have internal ethics.
5] Have a professional culture.
Wang Sibin's definition
"Social work is guided by altruism, based on scientific knowledge, and uses scientific methods to help others. The essence of social work is a kind of helping activity, which is characterized by providing services. More precisely, social work is a scientific service activity to help others, which is different from general charity activities. "
—— Wang Sibin's Introduction to Social Work, p 13
International definition of social work:
Social work career promotes social change and the harmony of interpersonal relationship, and strengthens and liberates human's pursuit of happiness. Social work helps people to better communicate and integrate with the environment with the help of theories such as human behavior and social system. It is based on the basic principles of human rights and social justice. (Note: Social work helps people communicate with the environment in many ways. Its purpose is to promote the full potential of human development, enrich human life and prevent human dysfunction. Professional social work focuses on solving and changing problems. Social workers are the promoters of social change, personal life, family and community life progress. Social work is a multidimensional system integrating values, theory and practice.
Second, the origin of social work
1, British Elizabethan Poverty Relief Act (160 1)
2. German Hamburg system and Albert Ford system.
3. British and American charitable organizations
4. Anglo-American Good Neighborhood Movement.
5. Establish a social security system.
Three. Morality and moral standards of social workers
Basic beliefs of professional ethics.
(1) Be neutral, non-discriminatory and unbiased.
(2) Keep secrets and respect personal privacy.
⑶ Respect the personal dignity, personal value and right of self-determination of the case owner.
(4) Be conscientious and ensure the quality of service.
5] live in harmony and coordinate related majors.
2. Code of Professional Ethics
(1) Article 16 of the Code of Professional Ethics promulgated by the National Association of Social Workers.
(2) 12 Basic ethics that social workers should abide by.
Fourth, the theory of social work.
Social work theory (social work theory)
(practical theory)
Practical theory is used to directly realize the goal of social work, and it is also called helping mode or theoretical framework of helping people.
Including the concept of helping others, evaluation, planning and evaluation.
Practical field: the change of social system; Personality change (improvement of interpersonal relationship).
Greenwood once suggested that scientific rationality is descriptive, and the implementation theory of social work can be composed of two theories.
1. Evaluation theory
Intervention theory (intervention)
Five, the process and method of social work practice.
Social casework
(Social casework)
I. Definition
Social casework is a major service mode in the field of social work. In the process of service, social caseworkers maintain face-to-face or one-on-one professional relationship with the case owner, and use professional knowledge and skills to help the case owner deal with the relationship with the environment, thus improving the social welfare of the case owner.
1. Social caseworker-case owner;
Professional relationship: face to face, one to one;
3. Methods: Using professional knowledge and skills;
4. Objectives (functions):
Second, the characteristics
1. feature
4. The qualities that caseworkers should have.
3. Basic beliefs
4. Key points of case work
5. Basic principles
Third, the historical development of case work.
Four, the main theory and mode of social case work
1. Social casework in functional schools.
Case work in psychological and social schools.
3. Social casework in problem-solving schools.
4. Social casework in behavior correction schools.
5." Ps mode "
Social group work (social group work)
I. Definition
Group work, also referred to as group work in social group work, is one of the three direct service methods of social work. "Through the process of group dynamics and the assistance of group workers, individuals participating in the group can change their behaviors, restore and develop social functions, achieve group goals and community development, and thus promote the prosperity of the whole society." (Lin, Xu p 170) Group work is a working method developed after case work in 1930s. It was accepted as a professional working method by the American Association of Social Workers (NASW) in the 1940s, and it is also one of the three pillars of social work.
1. Development view.
1. Development view.
From the perspective of treatment.
13. Operational point of view.
Second, the development history
Third, the working mode
Social goal model
Therapeutic mode
conversational mode
developmental pattern
Compromise mode
Four, the basic principles of group work:
First, the formation of groups;
Second, the purpose and specific objectives of the group;
Third, establish the relationship between workers and team members;
Fourth, individual differences and advantages within the group;
Fifth, group dynamics (interaction between members);
Sixth, share positive life experiences among members;
Seventh, resource mobilization and evaluation.
V. Nature of Group Work
Development goal: to provide social and entertainment opportunities and promote the socialization and all-round development of individuals.
The goal of treatment is to correct inappropriate personality, behavior and attitude, provide information and ways to solve specific problems, and restore and develop individual social functions.
Social action: achieving specific social goals through groups.
Social group work established the required social groups through professional social group work personnel, and guided the group activities with professional knowledge and technology to achieve some or all of the above goals.
Community work (community work)
I. Definition
Kramer & Ampspect (1983) believes that community work is to help a community action system, including individuals, groups and institutions, to participate in planned collective actions under the guidance of democratic values to solve social problems in the community. The goal of the work is to change the environment and institutional conditions. It includes two processes: the first socio-political process and the second technical operation process (problem)
Second, the three modes of community work
George Prague (1987) put forward three strategies of community work: cooperation strategy, sports strategy and competition strategy.
Jack Rothman (1987) proposed three modes of community organization practice:
-Regional development (local development)
-Social action (social action)
-Social planning (social planning)
Three, several concepts in the practice of social work
Diversity and cultural pluralism.
Step 2 authorize
Step 3 support
Values of intransitive verbs in social work
Morales and Schaefer (1989) divided the value of social work into three aspects.
First, people's value preference
Believe that people's value and dignity are innate;
People have the ability and motivation to pursue a more satisfactory life.
People should be responsible for themselves and others, and think of others besides themselves.
The attribution of human needs
People have the same needs and unique preferences.
Second, the value preference for society.
Society must provide everyone with opportunities for growth and development in order to realize their greatest potential.
The society should provide resources and services to meet people's needs, and avoid problems such as eating without food, teaching without teachers, getting sick without a good doctor, having nowhere to live, and racial discrimination.
Everyone has equal opportunities to participate in the shaping process of society.
Third, the instrumental value of social work.
Social workers believe that all people should be respected and respected, so that people have the greatest opportunity to decide their own life direction.
Everyone should be helped to interact with others in order to build a society that meets everyone's needs.
Believe that individuals are unique and don't treat them with stereotypes.
Personal value and dignity, respect for others.
Pay attention to the potential of personal change.
The independent decision of the case owner
Provide opportunities for individuals to develop their potential, seek to meet the common needs of mankind, and seek to provide individuals with sufficient resources and services to meet their basic needs.
Give the case owner rights and equal opportunities.
Nondiscrimination and respect for diversity
Committed to social reform and social justice
Confidentiality and privacy
Willing to provide professional knowledge and skills to others.
Seven, the introduction of social workers:
Social workers have become new professional qualifications, and the National Examination Outline for Assistant Social Workers and Social Workers has recently been approved by the Ministry of Personnel, which means that social workers are included in the category of national professional and technical personnel for the first time.
China News Service quoted Li Zai, Vice Minister of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, as saying at the press conference on the publication and distribution of the examination syllabus that social work generally refers to a specialized undertaking and a discipline that professional social workers master specialized scientific knowledge, methods and skills, adjust social relations and promote the stable development of society by providing special social services and related welfare guarantees for social members. When compiling the examination syllabus, while ensuring professionalism, try to avoid involving too wide, too deep and too difficult content, and the written expression should be easy to understand and concise. The examination pays more attention to social workers' ability to apply relevant knowledge and effectively solve practical problems.
It is reported that there are currently 400,000 people engaged in civil affairs and social work in public institutions, and there are more than 400,000 community employees nationwide. Together with 50,000 civil affairs assistants and civil affairs cadres at the grassroots level, these workers will be the targets of assessment. Candidates who pass the examination will receive different levels of vocational qualification certificates issued by the Ministry of Personnel and the Ministry of Civil Affairs.
Project background:
At present, most social workers in China are active in social welfare, community correction, justice and other fields, and have gradually expanded to health, education, social security, psychological counseling and other fields. Their role in maintaining good social order is increasingly recognized by society.
1. Definition of occupation:
Social workers refer to social service personnel who follow the value concept of helping others to help themselves and use professional methods such as case, community and administration to help institutions and others develop their potential, coordinate social relations and promote social justice.
2. Career profile:
At present, most social workers in China are active in civil affairs, women's federations, charities, social organizations, community service agencies, street offices and other fields, and have gradually expanded to health, education, social security, psychological counseling and other fields. Their role in maintaining good social order is increasingly recognized by society.
There are more than 200 colleges and universities in China offering social work majors, and the number of social workers trained each year is about 1 10,000. Although these people are far from enough according to social needs, in fact, only 10%-30% students have chosen the corresponding social work, and a considerable number of them have entered institutions, enterprises and other units to engage in "inappropriate" work. Many students majoring in social work feel that the employment prospects are too pessimistic. Experts believe that the main reason for this "pessimism" is that our specialization is ahead of professionalism.
Social workers are equivalent to government employees. At present, this new major, as a profession, has been "indifferent" by society. Only 12% of students in this major can be admitted to the Ministry of Civil Affairs every year, and even the professional counterpart rate of some school graduates is zero. The low employment rate of social workers and the fierce examination for civil servants prove from another aspect that we still have a long way to go to achieve "big market and small government".
Statistics show that there are nearly 20,000 social workers paid by the government in Guangzhou, including more than 8,000 social workers in Guangzhou. It mainly works in the fields of helping young people's education, women's work and rehabilitation consultation for the disabled, with community neighborhood committees as the main working platform.
Nevertheless, many people who are essentially engaged in social work in our country still face an embarrassing situation. Social work is a profession specializing in social work, and most of the current practitioners do not have relevant professional qualities and skills. On the other hand, the qualification standard of social workers has just started in China, and the definition of social workers is still unclear. People who do social work can hardly be called social workers in a strict sense.
The society urgently needs a large number of social workers, and the employment rate of social work majors is pitifully low. Why do these two situations coexist? First of all, the government, the largest employer of social science graduates, has given civil servants job opportunities. Second, the awareness of social workers in the whole society has not been formed. When students majoring in social work apply, nine times out of ten they must explain what social work is to recruiters. After they join the work, they are often used as nurses or simple handymen. This leads to another problem: they don't understand the professionalism of social work at all (they need certificates abroad), and they are more willing to spend a little money to find cheap non-professional labor.
In developed countries and regions, the social work system has been very perfect and professional, and social workers are an important force to maintain the healthy operation of society. They have become an indispensable part of social crime prevention, especially juvenile delinquency prevention and care for the elderly. In Hong Kong, there are 1 social workers for every 1000 people.
With the rapid development of China's economy and society, many social problems have also increased. It can be said that the profession of social worker involves a wide range. People who engage in patient psychological counseling in hospitals and those who handle and counsel family disputes in judicial institutions all belong to the category of social worker. According to the development trend of "big market, small government" and referring to the "government purchasing services" policy being implemented in Shanghai (the government invites tenders to help community corrections personnel, drug addicts and problem teenagers return to society and other marginal groups), the above social work will eventually be separated from the law enforcement systems such as civil affairs, justice and health, which will provide a lot of social work opportunities.
Experts predict that in the next decade, citizens will gradually form a sense of social work, and the government will also introduce supporting policies. Social work, a new profession, will have a good development prospect. According to statistics from the labor and social security department, one third of the more than 300,000 workers in China have college education. According to the regulations of Shanghai Municipal Government, nearly 3,000 neighborhood committees in the city are equipped with 2 employment assistants and social helpers, and only 6,000 people are needed.
In developed countries and regions, engaging in social work is a very noble and decent job with good pay. China and Hongkong are close at hand, and the income of social workers is stable. The average junior social worker's monthly salary is 1.2 million yuan-1.8 million yuan, and the senior social worker's annual salary can reach more than 400,000 yuan.