(1) Give full play to the residual functions of the elderly.
When the elderly are unable to complete their daily activities independently due to illness treatment or bedridden, they need partial help or complete care from community nurses, family members and family caregivers. Due to illness and aging, the elderly often have a strong dependence on their families and community nurses, and even some elderly people just ask for care in order to get the attention and care of others. Therefore, the care for the elderly should be multifaceted. In the aspect of physiological function, we should not only pay attention to its lost function, but also see its remaining function; In the psychological aspect, it is necessary to know whether there are psychological problems such as excessive dependence, depression and loneliness through careful observation and active communication. Doing everything is harmful to the daily life of the elderly. Community nurses and their families should encourage the elderly to give full play to their residual functions, so that they can take care of themselves in basic daily life without relying on others, and at the same time provide some targeted psychological care. In short, it is necessary to meet the physiological needs of the elderly, but also to fully mobilize their initiative, maximize their remaining functions, and try to let them participate in family and social life as independent individuals to meet their spiritual needs.
(b) Protecting the safety of the elderly
1. Consulting related psychology.
Generally speaking, there are two mental states that may endanger the safety of the elderly. One is unwilling to accept old age, and the other is unwilling to trouble others. Especially the little things in personal life, they are willing to do it by themselves. For example, some old people know that they can't go to the toilet alone, but they don't need other people's help, so it is difficult to walk back to their rooms. Some old people want to pour their own water, but after lifting the thermos, they have no strength to pour the water from the bottle into the cup. In this regard, more health guidance should be given to let the elderly know their health status and ability. In addition, we should be familiar with the life rules and habits of the elderly and give them timely guidance and help to make them live freely.
2. Other protective measures
Unsafe factors caused by physiological and pathological changes of aging seriously threaten the health and even life of the elderly. The common safety problems of the elderly are: falling, suffocation, falling out of bed, taking the wrong medicine, cross infection and so on. Nurses should realize its importance and take effective measures in time to ensure the safety of the elderly. Let's just talk about two problems: falling out of bed and cross infection.
(1) anti-falling bed
Elderly people with consciousness disorder should add bed stalls; Older people who turn over or are tall during sleep should add chairs to the bedside as guardrails; If the elderly are found near the edge of the bed, they should be protected in time and pushed to the center of the bed if necessary to prevent them from falling off the bed.
(2) to prevent cross infection
The elderly have low immune function and weak resistance to diseases, so attention should be paid to preventing infection. Therefore, it is not appropriate to receive visitors too much, and you can refuse to receive visitors when necessary; Patients should try to avoid visiting each other, especially the elderly with respiratory infection or fever.
(c) Personal protection of the elderly
1. Personal care
The daily life of human beings has the same behavior and nature, but everyone has their own unique place. Personality refers to everyone's individual life behavior and social relations, as well as self-awareness related to experience. Because individuals have their own unique social experience and life history, their ways of thinking and values are also different. People often find value in their own personality. In particular, the elderly are rich in social experience, have contributed their lives to society and made great contributions to their families. They gain a strong sense of self from their life experiences, and if they are violated, their dignity will be damaged. Caring for the personality of the elderly, first of all, is to respect their nature and personality and care for their personality and dignity.
2. Take care of private space
Some behaviors in daily life need to be carried out in private space, such as excretion, bathing and sex life. In order to ensure the privacy and happy and comfortable life of the elderly, it is necessary to provide them with an independent space. However, in real life, it is difficult to make unified regulations because of the individual differences in the physical condition, lifestyle, values and economic status of the elderly. ideal
In this case, it is best for the elderly to have their own separate room, which should be connected with their family's bedroom and bathroom for easy contact; It is better to have two curtains. The thin gauze layer can not only transmit light but also block indoor conditions, and the thick gauze layer can block sunlight and facilitate sleep. Many families and old-age care institutions cannot meet the above conditions. At this time, we can take some measures to protect the privacy of the elderly according to local conditions, such as applying curtains or screens to cover in rooms with many people.
(4) adjustment and arrangement of environment
In the living environment of the elderly, we should try our best to eliminate the factors that hinder life behavior, or adjust the environment to make it compensate for the defective function of the body and promote the improvement of life function.
1 indoor environment
Attention should be paid to indoor temperature, humidity, lighting, ventilation and other aspects to make people feel safe and comfortable. The temperature adjustment ability of the elderly is reduced, and the room temperature should be 22 ~ 24℃. The suitable indoor humidity is 40% ~ 60%; The eyesight of the elderly is declining, so we should pay attention to proper indoor lighting, especially the dark adaptation ability of the elderly is low. Be sure to maintain proper lighting at night, such as ensuring the lighting of corridors and bathrooms, and installing floor lamps will not interfere with sleep. The elderly have a strong sense of color residue (that is, when the color stimulation stops, this feeling does not disappear immediately, but gradually weakens), so you can paint different colors on the door to help them identify different rooms, and you can also draw lines on the wall with various colors to indicate the location of the kitchen, bathroom and so on. The living room should be ventilated frequently to ensure the indoor air is fresh, especially when the elderly can't go to the toilet, and it is easy to cause indoor odor when defecating or incontinence occurs indoors. Some old people have a dull sense of smell and don't pay much attention to their own smell, but it will have a bad influence on people around them. Attention should be paid to promptly and quickly cleaning up excreta and contaminated clothes, and opening doors and windows for ventilation. If conditions permit, air fresheners can be properly used to remove odors.
2. Indoor equipment
Don't have too many decorations in the living room for the elderly. Generally, there are beds, cabinets, tables and chairs, and the corners of furniture should be bent as much as possible to avoid hurting the elderly. Because the elderly are inconvenient to move, it is best not to store household necessities and stoves in the elderly's room. If the furniture at home is messy, it is easy to bump and trip the elderly, and it will also pollute the indoor air.
When nursing the elderly in bed, a higher bed is more suitable. For some elderly people who can get out of bed, the height of the bed should be convenient for the elderly to get out of bed and move. The height should be such that when the knee joint of the old man sits at right angles to the edge of the bed, his feet and soles touch the ground. Generally, it is advisable to reach 50cm from the top of the mattress to the ground, which is also the height that the elderly should choose. It is best to have a bed that can raise the upper body or adjust the height. Bedside lamps and call bells should be installed above the bed, and movable guardrails should be installed on both sides of the bed.
If possible, there should be heating and cooling equipment indoors, but the types of heating equipment should be carefully considered to prevent accidents. To use sanitary and safe electrical appliances, kerosene stoves or gas stoves are dangerous to the elderly with decreased sense of smell, which is easy to cause air pollution and fire; Electric heaters are not easy to warm all rooms, and also make the elderly unwilling to move; Because the skin feeling of the elderly is declining, it is easy to cause burns with hot water bottles; Long-term use of electric blanket is easy to cause dehydration, which should be paid great attention to; A room with heating in winter is more comfortable, but it is easy to cause dry indoor air. You can use a humidifier or hydroponic plants to maintain a certain humidity, and pay attention to frequent ventilation. Indoor ventilation should be maintained in summer. When using air conditioner, you should pay attention to avoid cold air blowing directly on your body and the temperature should not be too low.
3. Toilet, bathroom and kitchen
Toilets, bathrooms and kitchens are places that the elderly often use and are prone to accidents, so their design must pay attention to safety and take into account the needs of different elderly people. The bathroom should be near the bedroom. There should be no steps on the ground between the bedroom and the bathroom, and handrails should be set to prevent falling. At night, there should be lights to see the location of the toilet, and the toilet should be transformed into a style suitable for the individualized needs of the elderly who use wheelchairs; Old people's sense of balance declines, handrails should be installed around the bathroom, and anti-slip bricks should be laid on the ground. If a bathtub is used, it should be equipped with handrails or bath boards, and a rubber pad should be placed at the bottom of the bathtub. Shower chairs can also be used for old people who can't stand. When taking a bath, the temperature of the bathroom should be kept at 24 ~ 26℃, and an exhaust fan should be equipped to exhaust steam, so as to avoid excessive humidity affecting the breathing of the elderly. The mirror above the washbasin should be tilted downward to facilitate the elderly to wash themselves; The kitchen floor should also pay attention to non-slip. The height of the pool and the operating table should be suitable for the height of the elderly. The gas switch should be as easy to operate as possible, and it is best to light it with a button.
People are naturally loyal to themselves, and it is a painful thing to refuse themselves. If you often go against your will, that is, you have to abandon your true colors and be hypocritical to yourself, there is only one situation, that is, you are not strong enough to be independent of anyone. ?