Unit 7 Chapter 1 Biological Reproduction and Development
I. Plant reproduction
1. Sexual reproduction: a reproductive mode in which fertilized eggs develop into new individuals. For example, seed propagation (reproduction of offspring from seeds in fruits through flowering, pollination and fruiting). ) (Egg cells in ovules combine with sperm in pollen to form fertilized eggs → embryos → seeds)
2. Asexual reproduction: Without the combination of hermaphroditic germ cells, new individuals are directly produced by the mother. Such as cutting, grafting, layering and tissue culture.
3. The key of grafting: the scion is closely combined with the cambium of the rootstock to ensure survival.
Reproduction and development of insects
1. Complete metamorphosis: In the process of developing from fertilized eggs into new individuals, the structure and living habits of larvae and adults are very different, and this development process is called metamorphosis. Eggs → larvae → pupae → adults. For example: silkworms, bees, butterflies, moths, flies and mosquitoes.
2. Incomplete metamorphosis: egg → nymph → adult. Examples: locust, cicada, cricket, mole cricket, mantis.
Reproduction and development of amphibians
1. Abnormal development: egg → tadpole → young frog → adult frog.
2. Features: Oviposition, in vitro fertilization.
Four. Breeding and development of birds
1. process: nesting, courtship, mating, spawning, hatching and brooding.
2. Features: Oviposition and fertilization
3. Structure of bird eggs: yolk is an egg cell. The blastoderm contains the nucleus. Eggshell and shell membrane-protection, egg white-nutrition and protection, egg yolk-nutrition. The blastoderm is where the embryo develops.
Chapter II Inheritance and Variation of Organisms
Heredity: refers to the similarity between parents and children.
Variation: refers to the difference between offspring and parents.
First, genes control biological characteristics.
1 Biological characteristics: biological morphological and structural characteristics, physiological characteristics and behavior patterns.
2 Relative traits: different manifestations of the same trait of the same organism.
3. Genes control biological characteristics. For example: transgenic super mice and mice.
Organisms inherit genes rather than traits.
Second, gene transfer between parents and children.
1. gene: DNA fragment on chromosome that controls biological characteristics.
2.DNA: It is the main genetic material of double helix structure.
3. Chromosome: A substance in the nucleus that can be dyed dark by alkaline dyes.
4. Genes are transmitted through sperm or egg cells. Sperm and egg cells are the "bridge" of gene transmission between parents and children.
The morphology and number of chromosomes in each biological cell are determined.
Chromosomes exist in pairs in biological cells, and genes also exist in pairs, which are located on paired chromosomes respectively.
In cell division that forms sperm or egg cells, chromosomes are reduced by half.
Dominance and Recessiveness of Three Genes
1. Relative traits include dominant traits and recessive traits. The first generation hybrids are dominant.
2. recessive trait genome becomes: dd dominant trait genome is called Dd or DD.
China's marriage law stipulates that marriage is prohibited between lineal blood relatives and collateral blood relatives within three generations.
4. If a family once had genetic diseases or carried pathogenic genes, its descendants are more likely to carry pathogenic genes. If the related offspring remarry and have children, the chances of suffering from this disease will increase.
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Sex inheritance of four people
1. There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in each normal person's somatic cell. (Male: 44+XY Female: 44+XX)
2. Among them, 22 pairs are identical to men and women, which are called autosomes, and 1 pairs are different from men and women, which are called sex chromosomes. The male is XY and the female is XX.
3. Equal opportunities for boys and girls, 1: 1.
Five-level mutant organism
1. The variation of biological characters is common. Variation is firstly determined by the difference of genetic material basis, and secondly related to the environment. So there are genetic variation and non-genetic variation.
2. Examples of human applying the principle of genetic variation to cultivate new varieties: artificial selection, cross breeding and space breeding (gene mutation).
Chapter III Biological Evolution
First of all, the origin of life on earth
1. Most scholars believe that the process from inorganic substances in the primitive atmosphere to organic substances and then to primitive life was carried out on the primitive earth.
2. Primitive earth conditions: high temperature, high pressure, ultraviolet rays, thunder and lightning, primitive ocean and lack of oxygen.
3. protein, nucleic acid is an important substance in life
Second, the course of biological evolution.
1. comparison method: according to certain standards, compare interrelated things to determine their similarities and differences.
2. Fossils: the remains, relics or traces of life of organisms buried in the stratum for various reasons and formed after tens of thousands of years of complex changes. For example: archaeopteryx fossils (ancient reptiles → ancient birds)
3. The general trend of biological evolution: simple to complex, low to advanced, aquatic to terrestrial.
Third, the reasons for biological evolution
1. Simulate the formation process of protective color: one aspect of animals' adaptation to the environment is the result of natural selection.
2. Natural selection: after living competition, the fittest survive and the unsuitable are eliminated.
3. Process: excessive reproduction, survival competition, genetic variation, survival of the fittest.
4. Significance: Organisms constantly evolve through heredity, variation and natural selection.
Unit 8 Chapter 1 Infectious Diseases and Immunity
I. Infectious diseases and their prevention
1. pathogen: bacteria, viruses, parasites and other organisms that cause infectious diseases.
2. The basic link of the epidemic of infectious diseases: susceptible people pass through the source of infection.
3. Preventive measures for infectious diseases: control the source of infection, cut off the route of transmission, and protect susceptible people.
Immunization and planned immunization
1. Three lines of defense of human body:
The first line: skin and mucous membrane
The second way: bactericidal substances and phagocytes in body fluids.
The third way: immune organs and immune cells.
2. Antibodies: When pathogens invade the human body and stimulate lymphocytes, lymphocytes will produce a special protein for pathogens.
3. Antigen: a substance (such as a pathogen) that causes the human body to produce antibodies.
4. Immunity: Initially refers to the human body's resistance to pathogens.
Now it refers to a physiological function of the human body, which enables the human body to identify its own and non-self components, thus destroying and rejecting the antigenic substances of the human body, or the damaged cells and tumor cells produced by the human body itself, so as to maintain human health.
Vaccine: a biological product usually made of inactivated or attenuated pathogens, which can produce corresponding antibodies after being inoculated into human body.
6. Planned immunization, meaning:
Chapter II Drugs and First Aid
Safe use of prescription drugs (R) and over-the-counter drugs (OTC)
1. Names and functions of some commonly used drugs. For example, Niuhuang Jiedu tablets can be used to treat diseases such as sore throat. The new quick-acting cold tablets can be used to treat nasal congestion, sore throat, headache and fever caused by colds.
2. Summarize the common sense of safe medication. -Analysis of information contained in drug labels. Main ingredients, indications, usage and dosage, drug specifications, precautions, production date and expiration date of the drug.
4. 120 first aid
5. artificial respiration
6. Chest compressions
7. Bleeding and hemostasis: external bleeding, internal bleeding, capillary bleeding, venous bleeding and arterial bleeding.
Chapter III Self-awareness and Health Improvement
First, assess your health.
1. Health refers to a good state of physical, psychological and social adaptation.
2。 Keep a happy mood: Happiness is the core of adolescent mental health.
Second, adjust your emotions.
Methods: divert attention; Choose the right way to vent your troubles; self-consolation
Second, choose a healthy lifestyle.
1. Influence of lifestyle on health: Chronic non-communicable diseases are not only affected by genetic factors and environment, but also related to personal lifestyle. Unhealthy lifestyle accelerates the occurrence and development of these diseases.
2. To explore the effect of alcohol or tobacco extract on the heart rate of Daphnia. 25%) can promote the heart rate of Daphnia, and high concentration of alcohol can inhibit the heart rate of Daphnia.
3. Harm of alcoholism to human health: Alcohol will damage people's heart and blood vessels, and alcoholism will make the brain excessively excited or paralyzed, leading to neurasthenia and mental decline. Long-term alcoholism can lead to alcoholism, excessive drinking and life-threatening.
4. Harm of smoking to human health: When tobacco burns, harmful substances such as nicotine and tar in the smoke enter the human body, causing damage to the human nervous system, reducing people's memory and attention, and also inducing various respiratory diseases, such as chronic bronchitis and lung cancer.
5. Harm of drugs: it will damage people's nervous system, reduce human immune function, cause cardiopulmonary injury, respiratory paralysis and even death.