2. Sports training, sports competition and competitive sports management.
3. Administrative category; Men and women are divided into classes or combined classes; Divide classes according to hobbies; Small class teaching
4.
(A) the principle of consciousness
1, if you want to exercise consciously, you must first make clear the purpose of exercise. Schools are places to train talents. Students should adhere to the "Four Cardinal Principles" and the educational policy of all-round development of morality, intelligence and physique, and cultivate themselves into people with ideals, morality, culture and discipline, so as to make more contributions to the four modernizations and the progress of mankind in the future. Only by setting this lofty goal can a person have a longer-term motivation and consciousness for physical exercise. In addition, participating in physical exercise is more with direct purpose and motivation. For example, in order to enrich cultural life, adjust mood, activate body and mind, cultivate sentiment and exercise will. , or improve health, promote the normal development of the body and create a healthy body, and prevent and treat diseases. No matter what your purpose and needs are, it is mainly purposeful exercise, which will be more active and conscious.
We should fully understand the characteristics and functions of physical exercise. There are various contents and forms of physical exercise. Everyone can choose their favorite sports and forms and consciously cultivate their interest in exercise. When a person is interested in physical exercise, his exercise mood is high and his feeling is positive. But it is not enough to stay in the interest stage. We should start with interest and gradually form conscious actions and good physical exercise habits.
In order to make exercise more conscious, we should always check the effect of exercise. For example, the growth, change and improvement of physical quality, shape, some physiological function indexes and sports performance can also be tested by comparing diet, sleep, mental state and attention during study. This can not only check whether the exercise method is proper and effective, but also see the effect of exercise, thus further enhancing the interest and confidence in physical exercise and improving the consciousness.
(2) the principle of gradual progress
The principle of gradual progress refers to the content, method and exercise load of physical exercise, which must be carried out step by step from small to large, from easy to difficult, from simple to complex and from low to high according to the law of people's understanding of things, the law of the formation of sports skills and the law of physiological function load. In physical exercise, the most taboo is to be eager for success. Trying to "eat a fat man in one bite" will only backfire, and even cause injury accidents or bring certain physical harm to the body. Therefore, in physical exercise, learning movements should be from easy to difficult, the amount of exercise should be from small to large, and the intensity of exercise (stimulation intensity) should be from weak to strong. At the same time, according to the age, gender, physical fitness level to arrange the content of the exercise, so as to receive good results.
(3) the principle of comprehensiveness
The principle of comprehensiveness means that physical exercise should comprehensively develop the functions of various parts, organs and systems of the body, various physical qualities and activities, and pursue the harmonious development of body and mind.
Physical exercise should not only include activities in different parts of the body, but more importantly, it should include various projects and activities of different nature to carry out comprehensive exercise. The various systems of the body are interrelated and mutually restricted. The development of one aspect of the body will inevitably affect the development of other aspects, and all-round development can promote and improve each other. At present, most college students are between 17-23 years old, which is a mature stage of physical development and has certain plasticity. Therefore, it is particularly important to implement the principle of comprehensiveness in physical exercise.
Judging from the effect of exercise on human body exercise, it is also important. Sprint, for example, focuses on development speed. Throwing and weightlifting mainly develop strength, long-distance running focuses on developing endurance, and ball games focus on developing sensitivity and coordination. Therefore, comprehensive exercise can make physical fitness develop in an all-round way, so as to master sports techniques and skills faster and enhance physical fitness.
(4) the principle of regularity
The principle of regularity means that physical exercise must be persistent, making it an important content in daily life.
We should have perseverance in everything, and so should physical exercise. The formation and perfection of sports technology and the improvement of human tissue system function are all the results of repeated strengthening of muscle activities. Exercise is not frequent. After the next exercise, the trace of the last exercise has disappeared and the cumulative effect has been lost, so the effect is very small or even ineffective. At the same time, the formation of sports skills, the improvement of human structure and function, and the improvement of physical fitness are all restricted by the law of "using in and discarding out" in biology. If you don't exercise regularly, the effect you have achieved will gradually fade. As the saying goes, "A fist never leaves his hand, a song never leaves his mouth", which is the truth.
The above principles that physical exercise should follow are interrelated and mutually restrictive. Only by carrying out these principles scientifically, purposefully and comprehensively can we continuously strengthen our physique and achieve the expected results.
5.
Injuries to muscles, bones and internal organs caused by exercise or training are called sports injuries.
It is more important to prevent injuries actively than to treat them after they occur. So, how to prevent it?
Training methods should be reasonable. It is necessary to master the correct training methods and sports techniques and increase the amount of exercise scientifically. For people with different gender, age, level and health status, the arrangement of exercise should be different from person to person and step by step. For example, teenagers should combine comprehensive physical training with special physical training in training content, focusing on comprehensive physical training; Their physiological characteristics should be considered when arranging the amount of exercise. Compared with adults, the training time is shorter, and the intensity and density are smaller.
The preparatory activities should be sufficient. In practical work, we find that many sports injuries are caused by insufficient warm-up activities. Therefore, it is necessary to prepare for the training. Warm-up activities can improve the excitability of the central nervous system, overcome the physiological inertia of physical function activities and prepare for formal exercise. Warm-up activities can increase the number of open capillaries in muscles, improve the strength, elasticity and flexibility of muscles, improve the function of joint ligaments, enhance the elasticity of ligaments, increase synovial fluid in joint cavities, and prevent the injury of muscles and ligaments. During warm-up activities, we should fully move the large muscle groups and joints of the trunk and limbs, and pay attention to the activities of various small joints. Some special contents should also be added to the preparatory activities.
Pay attention to interval relaxation. In training, it is very important to relax the interval between groups in order to eliminate muscle fatigue faster and prevent sports injury caused by local overload after each group of exercises. During the intermission, some athletes paid insufficient attention to this problem. They often stand still or do some relaxing running after each group of exercises. This can't speed up the elimination of physical fatigue, and it is easy to get hurt when doing the next set of movements. Because the training content of each event is different, the form of intermittent relaxation should also be different. For example, for projects that focus on upper limb exercise, you can do some relaxation jogging at intervals; After the project focusing on lower limbs, you can lie on your back on the mat or grass, lift your legs and shake them or do handstands. On the one hand, it can promote blood return and improve blood supply, on the other hand, it can deepen the inhibition and rest of tired nerve cells in active limbs, which is of positive significance to eliminate fatigue and prevent sports injuries.
Prevent local overload. Excessive concentration of exercise in training will cause local burden on the body and cause sports injuries. For example, too many knee squats and take-off movements are easy to cause patella injury; Too much duck walking will lead to the injury of collateral ligament and meniscus of knee joint. Therefore, monotonous and one-sided training methods should be avoided in training to prevent local overload.
Strengthen the muscle strength of weak parts and practice the river. According to statistics, sports injuries of muscles, ligaments and other soft tissues are the most common in sports practice. Therefore, it is of great significance to strengthen muscle strength exercises in vulnerable parts to prevent injuries. For example, strengthening the strength of quadriceps femoris can prevent knee joint injury, while preventing shoulder joint injury should strengthen the practice of deltoid, scapula, pectoralis major and biceps brachii.
In addition to the above contents, doing a good job in medical supervision, observing training principles, strengthening protection and paying attention to choosing training venues are also important contents to prevent sports injuries.
6.
Health refers to a state of good physical, psychological and social adaptation, not just that you are not sick or healthy. "
On this basis, the World Health Organization has formulated the hygienic standard of 10:
1, energetic, able to undertake daily life and heavy work without feeling too nervous and tired.
2, optimistic, positive attitude, willing to take responsibility, no matter big or small, not picky.
3. Be good at rest and have a good sleep.
4. Strong adaptability, able to adapt to various changes in the external environment.
5, can resist the common cold and infectious diseases.
6, the weight is appropriate, the body is symmetrical, and the position of the head and shoulders is coordinated when standing.
7, bright eyes, quick response, eyelids are not inflamed.
8, clean teeth, no dental caries, no pain, normal gum color, no bleeding.
9, the hair is shiny, no dandruff.
10, muscular and elastic skin.
Two. 1
The function of sports can be divided into two categories: the unique function of sports and the derivative function of sports.
1. Unique functions and functions of sports
The unique functions and functions of sports are mainly manifested in the following aspects:
(1) Keep fit and strengthen the country and species.
(2) Cultivate people's will to be brave and tenacious, overcome difficulties and surpass themselves.
(3) Cultivate people's social consciousness of competition, unity and cooperation.
(4) enrich the cultural life of individuals and society and improve people's quality of life.
(5) To provide and construct a fair, open and just value system and standard for the society.
2. Derivative functions and functions of sports
(1) Communication function and movement function
(2) The economic function and function of sports.
(3) The educational function and function of physical education.
(4) The recreational function and function of sports.
II.2
Exercise in winter has many advantages. Physical exercise in winter can make up for the lack of sunshine. Ultraviolet rays in sunlight can not only kill viruses and germs on human skin and clothes, but also disinfect human body, promote the absorption of calcium and phosphorus, and contribute to the growth and development of bones. Physical exercise in winter can also accelerate blood circulation and increase oxygen supply to the brain, which has a positive effect on eliminating fatigue caused by long-term work of the brain, enhancing memory and improving work and study efficiency.