4.4. 1 The intensity or concentration of occupational hazard factors shall meet the national occupational health standards.
Occupational exposure limits () is the exposure limit of occupational hazard factors, which refers to the allowable exposure level that workers repeatedly contact for a long time in the process of occupational activities, and will not have harmful effects on the health of the vast majority of contacts. The intensity or concentration of occupational hazard factors shall meet the requirements of GBZ 2. 1 and GBZ 2.2.
4.4.2 Reasonable production layout
The production layout should comply with the provisions of GBZ 1, and consider mechanization, automation and remote operation as much as possible, strengthen sealing and avoid direct operation. And corresponding protective measures should be taken in combination with the production process. The production layout should include the overall layout of the workshop and the layout of production process equipment.
The overall layout includes plane layout and vertical layout. When arranging a factory building or workshop on the plane, the facilities with serious pollution hazards should be kept away from pollution-free facilities on the premise of meeting the needs of the main project. The workshop with high noise level is separated from the workshop with low noise level, the hot working workshop is separated from the cold working workshop, and the workshop with dust is separated from the workshop with toxic substances. A certain health protection green belt should be set between the workshop with occupational hazards and other workshops and living quarters. When the workshop is vertically arranged as a multi-storey building, the production operation of releasing heat and harmful gas should be arranged at the top of the building. Equipment with high noise and vibration should be placed on the ground floor; The waste water discharge pipeline containing volatile gas and steam cannot pass under the ground of domestic rooms such as instrument control room and lounge.
The layout of production process equipment in the workshop should mainly meet the requirements of dustproof, antivirus, heatstroke prevention, cold prevention, noise and vibration prevention, ionizing radiation prevention and non-ionizing radiation prevention.
4.4.3 Separation of hazardous and harmless operations
In the workplace where dust and toxic substances are produced, the layout of their sources should meet the following requirements: when the production process of dispersing different toxic substances is arranged in the same building, high-toxic operations should be separated from low-toxic operations, and non-toxic operations should be separated from toxic operations; Dust and poison sources should be arranged at the downwind side of natural ventilation in the workplace; If it is arranged in a multi-storey building, the production process of escaping harmful gases should be arranged on the upper floor of the building. If it must be arranged in the lower floor, effective measures should be taken to prevent air pollution in the upper floor.
Non-toxic and toxic operations can be separated by seals and pipelines, or toxic operations can be confined to independent operating rooms, and toxic gases can be discharged through ventilation and purification.
4.4.4 In toxic and harmful workplaces where acute occupational injuries may occur, alarm devices should be set up.
Toxic and harmful workplaces where acute occupational injuries may occur refer to workplaces where toxic substances, highly corrosive substances and irritating substances may leak, causing acute harm to workers' lives and health.
Toxic and harmful substances that may cause acute occupational injuries refer to substances that are acute toxic, highly irritating and/or harmful, or may cause irritating, chronic or irreversible tissue damage after short-term contact, and the anesthetic effect is enough to increase possible accidental injuries, affect rescue ability and reduce work efficiency. Refer to the Catalogue of Highly Toxic Substances and GBZ2. 1 for the determination of specific toxic and harmful substances.
The above-mentioned alarm devices must be verified by relevant departments, and corresponding systems should be established, so that the responsibilities are in place, and special personnel are responsible for them, and they should be inspected regularly before and after work and maintained in time to ensure the normal operation of the alarm devices.
4.4.5 Toxic and harmful workplaces where acute occupational injuries may occur should be equipped with on-site first aid supplies.
On-site first-aid articles include personal occupational protective articles used by first-aid personnel in the event of an accident, such as air respirator, fully-enclosed chemical protective clothing, protective gloves, protective shoes and boots. ; It can also be equipped with emergency supplies needed to rescue the rescued, such as artificial respiration one-way valve protective mask, on-site hemostatic supplies, heatstroke prevention and cooling supplies, oxygen supply devices, emergency vehicles and small protective medicine boxes, etc., in case of emergency.
The configuration of first-aid supplies should be based on the needs of field protection, and under the guidance of professionals, production conditions, physical and chemical properties and dosage of chemicals should be considered. First aid supplies should be stored in or near the workshop. In case of an accident, make sure it is available within 10 seconds. Warning signs should be placed in an eye-catching position in the storage place of first aid supplies to ensure that the staff know. Workers should know how to use first aid supplies.
The above-mentioned on-site first-aid articles should be safe and effective, and a corresponding management system should be established, with responsibilities in place and special personnel in charge, daily inspection, timely maintenance or update to ensure the safety and effectiveness of on-site first-aid articles.
4.4.6 Toxic and harmful workplaces where acute occupational injuries may occur should be equipped with washing equipment.
Washing equipment mainly refers to eye washer, flowing faucet and shower equipment. In the workplace where the skin, mucous membrane or eyes may burn money, corrosive and irritating chemicals, the above washing equipment should be equipped. It is especially emphasized that the application of washing equipment is convenient and does not interfere with work, so as to ensure that workers can be washed within 10 seconds in case of accidents. The washing water should be safe and ensure that it is flowing water. The place where washing equipment is set should be clearly marked, eye-catching and easy to find.
Ensure the normal operation of the above washing equipment, and establish a corresponding management system, with responsibilities in place, special personnel in charge, daily inspection and timely maintenance.
4.4.7 Emergency evacuation routes should be set up in toxic and harmful workplaces where acute occupational injuries may occur.
Emergency passages must be kept unobstructed, emergency lighting facilities should be set up, and obvious warning signs should be set up in eye-catching positions. The width of the evacuation passage should be set as required. If vehicles and stretchers are needed, the width should ensure the smooth passage of vehicles and stretchers.
To establish a corresponding management system, the responsibility is in place, someone is in charge, regular inspection, to ensure the smooth flow of emergency channels.
4.4.8 Necessary safe-haven areas should be set up in toxic and harmful workplaces where acute occupational injuries may occur.
According to the production conditions, physical and chemical characteristics and the amount of chemicals used, consider the location, size and material selection of the risk mitigation area.
There should be no substances around the danger zone that may react with toxic and harmful substances discharged into the danger zone, such as flammable and explosive substances. The materials around the dangerous area should not react with dangerous substances, and the leaked substances and washing water should be included in the industrial wastewater treatment system.
Clear warning signs and Chinese warning instructions should be set in conspicuous positions around the risk mitigation area. The warning instructions in Chinese for periodic risk cancellation shall explain the time, materials and precautions for periodic risk cancellation; We should work out the accident rescue plan, as well as the conditions for rescue, the issuer of the rescue order, how to evacuate people during the rescue, the harmless treatment of the rescue materials, the elimination of the danger of secondary accidents, and the aftermath after the rescue, and establish the corresponding management system, so as to clarify that relevant personnel are responsible for the daily management of the rescue and ensure that irrelevant personnel cannot enter the rescue area.