Method of planting spruce
1 Landscape Planning and Selection, Soil Preparation and Fertilization, Bed Making
1. 1 nursery site selection
Soil is the foundation of seedling raising, and the key to successful seedling raising lies in land selection. It is best to choose neutral or slightly acidic soil, sandy soil or light clay. The thickness of soil layer is generally above 50cm, and the thickness of black soil layer is above 20cm. It is best to choose areas with flat terrain, fertile soil, abundant sunshine, convenient water sources and good drainage. This land should be fallow and rotated. After bean rotation, the seedling rate, seedling height, ground diameter, root depth and root width of Picea crassifolia seedlings increased obviously, and the dry matter weight was also more than 50%. It is forbidden to cultivate spruce seedlings in saline-alkali land, waterlogged ponds, loess hills, peatlands and sandstone.
1.2 Soil preparation and fertilization
Picea crassifolia has slender and fragile roots at seedling stage, and its rooting and spreading ability is extremely poor. Without fine particles and loose soil conditions, the roots are difficult to stretch and tie down, and intensive cultivation is needed to lay a good foundation for the next production. Generally, land preparation should be carried out three times, once before the soil froze last year, once after thawing in the following spring, and once during soil disinfection. The depth of soil preparation is 25 ~ 30cm. Must it be done? Fine, deep, flat and solid? , the whole layer of broken soil, leaving no dark, hard, chaotic soil layer, before sowing, to save water, so as to achieve the same sowing depth, even seedling feet, strong seedlings.
In the process of soil preparation, it is necessary to rake, fish and clean up the stubble. At the same time, it is necessary to apply fertilizer, preferably farmyard manure, with an organic fertilizer of 2500kg per 667㎡ (using human manure to mix decomposed peat soil and a small amount of sawdust, and then composting with part of livestock manure) and phosphate fertilizer. Soil and fertilizer should be disinfected, and 4 ~ 7 kg of carbon tetrachloride powder or 3 ~ 3.5 kg of quintozene should be used every 667㎡.
1.3 as bed
The height of the bed should be determined according to the site conditions. Beds in low-lying areas should be made higher, and beds in high-lying areas should be made lower, according to local conditions. General bed width1.1~ 10~20m, length10 ~ 20m, aisle width 20 ~ 30cm. The bed surface should be fine and smooth. Flat bed in arid area, low bed in rainy area, bed height 8 ~ 10 cm, high bed in rainy area, bed height 15 ~ 20c. Seven days before sowing, the bed surface was disinfected with 1% ferrous sulfate solution.
2 spruce seed treatment
The processing procedures of spruce seeds are: air separation (removing wings), water separation (removing stones and impurities), warm water soaking (removing floating seeds for 4 hours), cold water soaking (for 20 hours), spreading, drying, disinfection and sowing.
In the process of seed treatment, it is necessary to master the soaking time. According to the experiment, the water absorption of seeds was 66.6% after soaking for 3h, 75.0% at 6h, 9 1.7% at 9h and 100% at 24h. If the soaking time is too long, the seeds will not be good or bad before selection, so the soaking time is 4 ~ 6h hours. Seed soaking, seed selection, disinfection and accelerating germination can improve the germination rate (16% ~ 23%) and seedling quality. The effective temperature of spruce seed germination is 8℃, and it can be sown above 8℃. According to the phenology of Lingyuan area for many years, the cherry peach blossom is the sowing time of spruce. If sowing is late, it will be difficult to survive the winter. The purpose of accelerating germination of spruce seeds is to promote the transformation of seed contents, so as to germinate early, enhance germination potential, shorten emergence time, enhance cold resistance, prolong growth period, and achieve the purpose of rapid, uniform and complete emergence.
At present, there are four methods to accelerate seed germination: ① mixing sand to accelerate seed germination; (2) soaking in water to accelerate germination; ③ Low temperature stratification promotes germination; ④ Snow storage accelerates germination. In order to adapt to the climatic conditions in Northeast China, snow storage can be used to accelerate germination. The specific method is: before the soil is frozen, dig a pit in a cool place with good drainage. The depth and width of the pit are about 50cm, and the length depends on the number of seeds. First, lay a straw curtain or straw mat at the bottom of the pit, and then lay 1 layer of crushed ice, with a thickness of about 10cm. Then, the seeds and snow are evenly mixed according to the ratio of 1: 3 (seeds, sand and snow can also be mixed according to the ratio of 1: 2: 3), put them in into the pit, cultivate them into snowdrifts, and spread grass curtains or plastic films. Chun Xue is gradually disappearing, but the straw curtain is still covered. Uncover the cover before sowing 1 week, and turn it over 2 ~ 3 times at noon every day to melt the ice and snow. At the same time, check the seeds. If the germination is good, control the low temperature to the sowing time. If the germination is uneven or not well accelerated, it can be completed by solar or indoor heating 1 ~ 3 days. If the amount of seeds is small, you can use iron drums, vats or other containers, but the containers should be placed in a cold room to prevent the sun from exposure, and the proportion of mixed snow is the same as above.
3 Spruce sowing
(1) When sowing, we should first pay attention to whether the soil moisture is suitable. If it is too dry, water should be poured before sowing to ensure sufficient soil moisture, timely and early sowing, strong resistance to damage, long growth period and good lignification. In case of late frost when seedlings are unearthed, it is necessary to know the weather changes in time and do a good job of antifreeze. You can light a cigarette with firewood mixed with sawdust to prevent late frost.
(2) Cover the soil immediately after sowing to prevent the soil and seeds from drying and affecting germination. The thickness of soil cover is closely related to seed germination and emergence. Generally, the thickness of covering soil should be 2 ~ 3 times the diameter of seeds. The thickness of covering soil should be uniform, otherwise the uneven seedlings will directly affect the yield and quality of seedlings. After sowing, cover the soil with 30cm-deep core soil mixed with 1/3 ~ 1/2 humus soil, and screen for disinfection. The suitable thickness of covering soil is 0.3 ~ 0.6 cm, and covering soil over 1cm or as shallow as 0.2cm will reduce the germination rate by 20% ~ 30%. The covering material can be carefully mixed with a certain proportion of peat soil, decomposed manure and sawdust. These materials not only have good water absorption but also have certain fertility, so they should be suppressed in time after covering. Due to the high natural mortality rate of seedlings, proper close planting and sowing should be carried out, and the sowing amount per 667㎡ is 13 ~ 15 kg, mixed with sand and covered with soil for 0.3 ~ 0.6 cm, and covered with grass or film.
(3) timely coverage. The purpose of mulching is to keep the soil moist, adjust the surface temperature, prevent the surface soil from hardening and weed breeding, and more importantly, cover small seeds. Generally, pine needles are used as mulch film, which can achieve the purpose of sterility, labor saving, time saving and greatly reduce the cost of seedlings, and the effect is very good. Seedlings emerge 7 ~ 15 days after sowing, and their drought and moisture resistance are weak, so they should be watered frequently and kept moist; Seedlings have weak resistance to sunlight, so shade sheds should be built to avoid sunburn.
4 tending management of spruce seedlings
4. 1 seedling stage
Before the seedlings are unearthed and shelled, bird damage should be prevented. Someone can drive away birds or pierce some grass to scare people, or make some wind noise. Weed 20 ~ 40 days after sowing. Pay attention to control the temperature and humidity of the seedbed, and cover the bed surface with plastic sheets in rainy days; Pay attention to irrigation in continuous sunny days, and set up a shade shed with a light transmittance of 25% ~ 50%. When it rains for a long time, you can use the roller shutter to dry the seedlings, and you can carry out full-light seedling raising in places with high humidity and clouds. Spruce seedlings grow slowly. The height of 1 year-old seedlings is only 2 ~ 4 cm, so it is advisable to water them 2 ~ 4 times a day, and it is better to reduce watering or stop irrigation in rainy season. Herbicide can refer to the management of larch, but the dosage must be lower than larch. During the interval between seedlings, generally, 600-800 seedlings are left per square meter for 2-year-old seedlings and 400-600 seedlings for 3-year-old seedlings.
4.2 Rooting period
During this period, lateral roots began to appear, and the stems of seedlings changed from red to green. We should continue to pay attention to pest control and water management. In the early stage of fertilization, mixed fertilizer is the main fertilizer, and organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer are used alternately or mixed, with low concentration, and applied for half a month 1 time.
4.3 lignification period
After entering the lignification stage, the stems of seedlings gradually turn yellow and appear longitudinal wrinkles. At this time, fertilization should be strengthened, mainly phosphate fertilizer to promote dry matter accumulation, with the concentration of 1% ~ 2% and the dosage of 3 ~ 5 kg per 667 ㎡. Potassium fertilizer was applied later to accelerate lignification.
4.4 capping period
After entering the peak period, the aboveground parts stopped growing, terminal buds formed and a large amount of dry matter accumulated. In areas with early frost hazards, frost sheds should be built in time and seedlings should be sprayed with 0. 1% ~ 0.2% sodium borate for 7 days.
4.5 Sleep period
During this period, the growth of seedlings basically stopped, and frost sheds should be set up to prevent freezing injury. Close planting and covering should be paid attention to in areas with severe frost. Pay attention to the wet and dry conditions of the bed surface during wintering, prevent freezing and pulling, and pay attention to irrigation in spring drought. The seedling emergence rate and dry matter weight decreased obviously when seedlings were thinned and over-dense. Practice has proved that 1 year, it is appropriate to have no more than 600,000 spruce seedlings per year. Management measures of 2-year-old seedlings in each growth period: applying nitrogen fertilizer at the early stage of seedling germination to promote seedling germination and growth, adding 0.5% ~1%chemical fertilizer to 5% organic fertilizer, and reserving frost shed every 667㎡500kg to prevent late freezing injury.
4.6 Leaf emergence stage
When the leaves and buds are fully released, the frost shed should be removed, but in the areas damaged by late frost, especially in arid areas, it is still necessary to cover the shade shed. Nitrogen fertilizer is the main fertilizer, supplemented by phosphorus fertilizer, and the concentration should be gradually increased, 10 day is 1 time.
4.7 shooting cycle
The contents of total sugar and total nitrogen decreased sharply and increased rapidly. Mainly quick-acting fertilizer, but also topdressing outside the roots.
4.8 lignification period
The content of total sugar and nitrogen increased, the dry matter increased, and the stem changed from green to yellow. Qin Ying applied nitrogen fertilizer in the early stage of lignification, and only applied phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in the later stage to accelerate lignification.
4.9 capping period
With the formation of terminal buds, the contents of total sugar and total nitrogen increased significantly, and a large amount of dry matter accumulated, accounting for 365,438+0% of the total, so fertilization should be stopped. In areas with severe freezing pull-out, some weeds can be properly retained when weeding for the last time, which is beneficial to the overwintering of seedlings.
4. 10 dormant period
Seedling growth activities stopped. Pay attention to bed irrigation in areas with severe frost and drought in spring. The management measures of seedlings over 3 years old are basically the same as those of seedlings over 2 years old. The original bed seedlings should be thinned, and about 200,000 plants should be reserved every 667㎡; 1.5 ~ 200,000 plants/667m2. Shading shed can be removed, but it must be left in areas with dry and cold climate, severe frost and long frost period, and it will not be released until spring to enhance the adaptability of seedlings to the mountains. Cold protection is a key measure to reduce the loss of seedlings in winter, which can be carried out by raising soil. The thickness of soil should be 4 ~ 5 cm higher than the height of seedlings, and the time of soil raising after the spring drought and wind will lead to physiological drought prematurely.
The cultivation period of spruce seedlings varies from region to region. In Lingyuan area, it is best to be 3 ~ 4 years old; It takes 5 ~ 6 years in plateau and hilly areas. It must be a seedling with strong growth, thick stems and luxuriant leaves, normal leaf color, full terminal buds, uniform crown width, thin roots and no disease and early infection.
5 do a good job in pest control.
The occurrence and spread of pests and diseases are closely related to the local climate, temperature, humidity and soil conditions, which must be implemented? Give priority to prevention and actively put an end to it? It is necessary to do a good job in prevention, including selecting nursery land, strengthening management, timely sowing early, doing a good job in soil preparation, sprinkler irrigation, weeding and environmental sanitation, and taking chemical control in time.
Skills of planting spruce
Metasequoia glyptostroboides generally adopts sowing or cutting to raise seedlings, and it is best to cut the whole branches of 1 ~ 5 years old from the annual seedlings as cuttings, with the highest survival rate. Hardwood cutting is carried out in February-March, after defoliation, cutting, bundling and sand storage are carried out for wintering, and the seedbed is inserted in the spring of the following year, and water is sprayed, and roots are born in 30-40 days. Softwood cuttings were carried out from May to June, and semi-lignified branches were selected, which were 12~ 15 cm long and took root 20~25 days after cuttings.
Metasequoia glyptostroboides seeds are small, so sandy loam with flat terrain and convenient irrigation and drainage should be chosen as nursery land. The suitable sowing date is above ground temperature 12 degrees, mostly from late March to early April. During seed germination and seedling stage, we should pay attention to watering frequently, keep the soil moist and shade properly.
When transplanting seedlings, small seedlings should bring more soil, and big seedlings should bring soil balls. Sufficient base fertilizer should be applied before planting, and water should be poured after planting. Keep the soil moist during the growing period. After sowing for two years, apply fertilizer 1 time before germination in spring and 1 time in early summer and autumn. Prune properly at seedling stage and straighten with fine bamboo.
Only 30-year-old plants can bear fruit, and 40-60-year-old plants enter the peak of bearing fruit. It is suitable for sowing in March in spring, the optimum temperature for germination is 12 ~ 20℃, and the germination rate is 8% ~ 15% five days after sowing. The height of seedlings in that year can reach more than 40 cm. Monochamus alternatus: It harms many kinds of pine trees. Larvae eat xylem, adults eat leaves, leading to plant death, but also spread pine wood nematode disease, leading to a large number of plant deaths.
Prevention and cure method
① Spraying 1 week, peak eclosion period 1 week, late eclosion period and three periods with 200 times solution of 50% fenitrothion. Spraying should be thorough and comprehensive, leaving no gaps.
② When the larvae hatch, spray 25% Guo Ke No.3 200 times solution or 40% omethoate 1000 times solution.
(3) After the larvae eat the branches, they are cut into the holes with zinc phosphide poison to kill the larvae.
Dendrolimus punctatus: Also known as pine moth, it harms many kinds of pine trees. Larvae feed on leaves, feeding from the middle of leaves, which leads to leaf fracture, and in severe cases, it will eat all the leaves.
Prevention and control methods: light traps and kills adults. At the peak of larval hatching, spray 2000 times of No.3 urine or 1000 times of trichlorfon.
Control method: due to the obvious bundle, you can manually capture it. Chemical control should be carried out at an early stage. When spraying trichlorfon 800 times solution or dichlorvos 1000 times solution, the bags and bundles must be wet.
Aphids: Control method: Artificial capture can be used, and dimethoate 1000 times solution can be used for control.
Scale insects: prevention and control methods: move the plants to a sunny and ventilated place, brush them off and put them out manually. 600-fold solution of 40% omethoate (forbidden when the temperature is higher than 300C) or 600-fold solution of 1605 dosage can be sprayed for drug control.
Root rot: the plant is lifeless, the needles turn yellow or suddenly blue-green, and the needles become longer. Soon, the needles become soft and fall around, showing gray-black, and some leaves appear a little bit of the same color at the base, and then begin to shed leaves.
Prevention and control methods: firstly, control the water treatment, accelerate the drying of the basin soil, and at the same time ventilate and recuperate, and replace the basin soil and replant it if necessary.
Leaf blight: at the beginning of the plant, there are some brown spots on the tip and middle of the needle, and then the color of the spots becomes dark, and many black mildew spots grow on the dark brown spots. The temperature is around 250 degrees, which is prone to rainy and humid weather.
Prevention and treatment: spray Bordeaux solution (500g copper sulfate, 500g lime and 50kg water) on the affected area.
Control method of stem blight: 65% zineb wettable powder is sprayed with 600 times solution.
Red blight: at the onset, local needles appear macula, the color goes from shallow to deep and expands continuously, and finally dies.
Prevention and control methods: spraying 10% ferrous sulfate 1~2 times in spring every year. Combined with turning pots and changing soil, containers and pots were disinfected with formalin. If bacterial blight is found, it is necessary to remove the diseased leaves in time and spray 500~ 1000 times of thiophanate methyl solution continuously.
Purple feather disease is the harm of bacteria, which mainly harms the roots, produces purple-black feathers, and finally the plants wither and die. The above diseases will be devastating if they are not prevented early.
Prevention and control method: 1. For fruit trees with poor growth on the ground, scrape the soil to dry the roots in autumn, scrape off the diseased parts and apply drugs. Dig up the soil in the root area to find the disease site: for purple feather disease with fine damage and branches at the root, dig up from the seriously ill side first, and then trace the disease site in detail.
2. After finding the diseased part, different treatments should be carried out according to different situations. For local cortical rot, the diseased spots should be completely scraped off with a knife, and the scraped diseased skin should be treated centrally and not thrown casually; You can also burn the diseased part with a blowtorch to completely kill the germs. If the whole root is rotten, it should be sawed off from the root and traced until the root of the disease is dug up. Most of the roots are diseased, so it is necessary to completely remove the root of the disease, and at the same time pay attention to protecting the root of the disease, so as not to damage it easily. After cleaning the diseased part, apply bactericide to the wound to prevent recurrence; For larger wounds, paste mud or wrap plastic sheets for protection; For serious tree holes, it is necessary to inject drugs for disinfection or replace them with new soil without disease. The drug used is 100 ~ 150 times that of 50% mancozeb aqueous solution. In addition, 500-800 times solution of 40% thiram arsenic wettable powder, 2-degree stone sulfur mixture and 50-100 times toxic soil of 40% pentachloronitrobenzene powder can also be used. For the soil around the diseased plants, 0.2kg of 70% pentachloronitrobenzene powder was used for each plant to prepare 1: 50 ~ 100 medicinal soil, which was evenly scattered in the soil around the diseased plants. Or water the roots with 500 times solution of 70% thiophanate-methyl or 50% carbendazim. Dig out the seriously ill trees as soon as possible, collect the roots and burn them. 3. For lightly diseased trees, as long as the diseased parts are completely scraped off and protected with drugs, they can generally be recovered without special management.
Spruce: the pit is built between the phloem and sapwood of pine trees. The tunnel is a compound pit, which can also directly harm healthy trees, often occurring together with other beetles, causing trees to die in pieces.
Prevention and control methods:
(1) agricultural control. Create a mixed forest, combine tending and cutting to enhance the tree potential; Pay attention to the sanitation of forest areas, remove pests and break trees by wind; Under the premise of good sanitary conditions, small-diameter trees were cut down in mid-April, hunted and killed, and then peeled under unified management.
(2) Protect natural enemies, such as walking insects, parasitic bees and woodpeckers.
(3) chemical control. From the end of May to the beginning of July, at the peak of adult flying invasion, 200 times of 2.5% triadimefon ointment or 500 times of 30% cypermethrin ointment were sprayed on the branches of standing trees to control adults.
Cultivation techniques of spruce
Seeding and seedling raising: 5 days before sowing, the seeds are soaked in warm water at 25 ~ 30℃ for 24 hours, then taken out and put into a wooden box, sprayed with warm water at 30℃ for 5 times a day, and kept warm and moist, and can be sown when more than 80% of the seeds crack. Select loam and sandy loam with irrigation and drainage conditions, turn over the bed, sow in mid-May, and water the seedbed with sufficient water three days before sowing. Leveling the border, sowing evenly on the border according to the spacing and sowing width of 10X500px, covering with mixed sawdust of 0.5~25px after sowing, and pressing. After emergence, water should be sprayed in time to keep the seedbed moist and free from weeds.
Spruce planting should bring soil balls. Press 50? 50? 750px or 40? 40? 750px specifications, hole-shaped soil preparation. Where the miscellaneous shrubs are lush or too bare, 2 ~ 5 plants can be planted together to improve the preservation rate. When planting, bury 750px thick planting soil in the hole, arrange the position of seedlings, and then bury 1/3 transplanted soil to fill the hole firmly. After planting, pour enough root water, and then pour root water one week later. Then put on a protective frame and fix the seedlings.